天山不同海拔雪岭云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

为研究不同海拔雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)径向生长对气候要素的响应关系,分别在新疆伊犁尼勒克喀什河流域森林低、中、高海拔采集雪岭云杉树芯样本,建立不同海拔雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表。树轮年表与气象资料相关分析结果显示:影响3个采样点树木径向生长的气候因子主要是平均气温和相对湿度,对降水响应微弱。高、低海拔树轮径向生长对气温和相对湿度的响应相同,均对气温正响应,与相对湿度负响应,中海拔则与高低海拔相反。自1991年研究区气候突变后,雪岭云杉径向生长发生“生长分异”,高、低海拔树轮宽度指数呈显著下降,而中海拔呈显著上升。气候突变点前后,树木径向生长主要对气温和相对湿度响应关系不稳定,中海拔对5—9月的气温的正相关和对相对湿度的负相关显著增强,而低、高海拔主要与7—8月的气温转为显著负相关,与1—2月、7—8月相对湿度的正相关显著加强。根据雪岭云杉对气候要素的响应模式,气温的快速升温会加快水分蒸发,相对湿度随之下降,从而引起的干旱加剧对低、高海拔林区雪岭云杉生长产生负面影响,而适宜的增温可能对森林中部雪岭云杉生长具有促进作用。     

天山北坡中段雪岭云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

分析树木径向生长对气候变化的响应，有利于准确预测未来森林的动态变化。天山北坡中山带广泛分布着以雪岭云杉（Picea schrenkiana）为单优树种的温带针叶林，本研究采集该处高海拔雪岭云杉树芯样本，用树木年轮学方法探究雪岭云杉径向生长对气候因子及干旱事件的响应特征。结果表明：（1）1960—2020年，雪岭云杉树轮宽度指数呈极显著上升趋势，未出现生长衰退现象，表明近期雪岭云杉生长状况良好。（2）雪岭云杉树轮宽度主要与当年6—8月气温，4月降水及除当年7月外的各月scPDSI显著正相关；滑动相关显示，雪岭云杉树轮宽度与气候因子的关系不稳定，1991年后，云杉对气候因子的正响应进一步加强。（3）雪岭云杉径向生长变化百分率在1879—1880年低于-25%，表明其在1879—1885年发生了生长衰退；随干旱频率和强度的增加，雪岭云杉应对干旱事件的抵抗力和恢复力下降，当云杉长时间处于水分较充足的环境而遭受突发干旱事件时，会导致其抵抗力严重下降，易发生生长衰退。综上所述，在气候变化背景下，升温在近期仍有利于该区域高海拔雪岭云杉径向生长，但升温过程中伴随着干旱频率和强度的增加，将使雪岭云杉的抵...     

天山东部树木径向生长与NDVI的关系

利用天山东部巴里坤山上限、下限天山云杉树轮数据和1982-2013年GIMMS 3g NDVI逐月数据及气候数据,分析了树轮宽度指数、归一化植被指数及气候因子之间的关系。结果表明:生长季不同时期NDVI与环境因子的响应不同。森林上限树木径向生长与气温正相关,与前年10月、当年4月、6月和7月气温达到显著水平(p<0.05),树轮宽度指数和非生长季PDSI相关性较好;森林下限树木径向生长与气温负相关,树轮宽度指数与生长季PDSI相关性较好。由于对气候因子的响应一致,上限天山轮宽指数和6月NDVI显著正相关(p<0.05),但与植被生长最为茂盛的7月、8月NDVI没有显著的相关性。     

西伯利亚落叶松树轮稳定碳同位素对气候的响应

利用采自阿尔泰山南坡东段正格采点的西伯利亚落叶松树轮样本,建立树轮宽度年表,对比宽度年表,按照树轮稳定碳同位素研究步骤,提取树轮稳定碳同位素序列（δ¹³C）和去趋势序列（DS）。分析表明：阿尔泰山南坡东部近160 a西伯利亚落叶松树轮δ¹³C变化于-22.8‰～-25.4‰,平均值为-24.0‰,变差系数-0.017。相关分析表明：正格采点树轮宽度序列对各气候要素相关不显著;树轮去趋势序列（DS）对前期气候因子的响应也不敏感;在生长季内（5~9月）,树轮去趋势序列（DS）与富蕴气象站平均气温、平均最高气温和平均相对湿度有较好的相关性,树木生长季内的平均气温、平均最高气温与树轮去趋势序列（DS）显著正相关,6~7月平均最高气温与去趋势序列（DS）相关达到0.611（P<0.000 001);与生长季内平均相对湿度呈负相关关系,其中6~7月相对湿度与去趋势序列（DS）相关最高(r=-0.493, P<0.001),与7月降水量呈负相关关系(r=-0.459, P<0.01)。生长季内的平均最高气温和相对湿度对阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松树轮δ¹³C的响应最为敏感,阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松树木碳同位素分馏的主要控制因子为6~7月的平均最高气温,降水对树轮稳定碳同位素影响不大,相对湿度对树轮稳定碳同位素没有直接影响。     

新疆阿尔泰山森林上树线树轮宽度的气候响应

利用阿尔泰山南坡森林上树线西伯利亚落叶松(Larix sibirica)树芯样本,建立了4个采样点的树轮宽度年表。树轮标准化年表与气候的相关分析结果表明,位于阿尔泰山中部的塔尔阿沙（TEA）年表与其东南端的巴腊朔克萨依（BLS）年表之间的相关系数最大（R=0.411,P<0.01）,4个树轮年表中高频变化的同步性要强于低频变化。阿尔泰山森林上树线树轮宽度年表的气候响应显示,位于阿尔泰山脉西北端的阿库里年表（AKL）树轮生长的主要气候限制因子为气温;位于中部的TEA年表和吐孜巴依（TZB）年表影响其树轮宽度的主要气候因子是降水,气温也有一定的影响;位于东南端的BLS年表的主要气候限制因子为降水。随着树轮采样点沿阿尔泰山体自西北至东南,气温变化对森林上树线树木年轮宽度生长的影响逐渐减弱,而降水的作用则逐渐增强。     

阿尔泰山南坡西伯利亚落叶松生长量与气候变化的关系

研究西伯利亚落叶松生长量与气候因子之间的相互关系,对预测气候变化对森林系统的影响具有重要意义。文中利用相关性分析与多元回归分析的方法分析了西伯利亚落叶松生长量对气候因子变化的响应特征。结果表明:落叶松材积生长量与降水量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),相关系数达到0.998,说明降水是影响落叶松生长的主要限制因子;落叶松材积生长量与年平均气温、年平均最高气温呈显著负相关(p<0.05),说明温度的升高不利于西伯利亚落叶松的生长;而落叶松材积生长量与年平均最低温度呈负相关,但相关性不明显;而降水和温度的共同作用对西伯利亚落叶松生长的影响更显著。     

树木年轮记录的新疆新源350a来温度变化

利用位于天山西部伊犁河谷巩乃斯河源区的雪岭云杉树轮宽度资料,分析了树木径向生长与相邻气象站点气象资料的关系,发现树轮指数与新源气象站7-8月的降水正相关,与7-8月最高气温显著负相关,且存在明显的滞后效应,表明这一区域树木生长主要受水份条件限制。生长季期间的高温导致蒸发量增加,不利于树木当年和次年的生长。利用树轮宽度年...     

塔里木河上游河岸胡杨径向生长对温度的敏感性北大核心CSCD

基于塔里木河上游近64 a的气象数据和上游河岸胡杨年轮资料,分析塔里木河上游河岸胡杨径向生长特征及其与气候因子的关系,并采用敏感度分析方法研究胡杨径向生长的敏感温度。结果表明：（1）近170 a来,胡杨年轮生长出现了两个峰值和一个低值,两个峰值出现在1857年和1879年。在1879年以后年轮生长呈现明显下降趋势,1955年达到最低值。此后年轮生长又开始出现增加趋势,1989年以后年轮生长略微降低。（2）树轮年轮指数与6—9月的平均温度呈现显著负相关,说明温度是限制塔里木河上游河岸胡杨径向生长的主要因子。随着温度的上升,胡杨径向生长呈现逐渐减小的趋势。（3）河岸胡杨径向生长对温度变化响应敏感度不同。随着温度上升,胡杨径向生长灵敏度降低幅度呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,灵敏度最大值所对应的温度为18.6℃。因此,该采样区域的胡杨径向生长的最佳温度是18.6℃。     

树轮记录的中天山150年降水变化特征

位于伊犁河谷东端的巩乃斯河源区,是新疆乃至中国西北地区降水最为丰富的地区之一。利用位于巩乃斯河源区的雪岭云杉树轮宽度资料,分析了树轮宽度对山区气候要素的响应关系,发现制约树木径向生长的主要因子仍然是水分条件。利用一元线性回归模型建立树轮宽度标准化年表与巴音布鲁克站和天山积雪雪崩站上年7月到当年6月降水平均值的转换方程,重建了这一区域150年来的降水变化历史,该转换方程的方差解释量达到55.8%,较好地通过了统计检验,重建降水序列与伊犁地区旱灾历史记录吻合。对150年降水序列的变率特征分析表明,降水变率在1910年前后明显增大,表明极端降水事件发生频率增加。研究区降水变化趋势与整个天山山区的降水变化趋势一致,但没有记录20世纪20年代发生在我国北方大范围的干旱事件。     

塔里木河上游河岸胡杨径向生长对温度的敏感性

基于塔里木河上游近64 a的气象数据和上游河岸胡杨年轮资料,分析塔里木河上游河岸胡杨径向生长特征及其与气候因子的关系,并采用敏感度分析方法研究胡杨径向生长的敏感温度。结果表明:(1)近170 a来,胡杨年轮生长出现了两个峰值和一个低值,两个峰值出现在1857年和1879年。在1879年以后年轮生长呈现明显下降趋势,1955年达到最低值。此后年轮生长又开始出现增加趋势,1989年以后年轮生长略微降低。(2)树轮年轮指数与6—9月的平均温度呈现显著负相关,说明温度是限制塔里木河上游河岸胡杨径向生长的主要因子。随着温度的上升,胡杨径向生长呈现逐渐减小的趋势。(3)河岸胡杨径向生长对温度变化响应敏感度不同。随着温度上升,胡杨径向生长灵敏度降低幅度呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,灵敏度最大值所对应的温度为18.6℃。因此,该采样区域的胡杨径向生长的最佳温度是18.6℃。     

不同时间尺度环境因子对黑河下游胡杨(Populus euphratica)径向生长的影响

本研究以黑河下游额济纳旗成熟的河岸胡杨林为对象,分析不同年龄胡杨(Populus euphratica)的年轮宽度序列与不同时间尺度环境因子的关系。结果表明:①在年尺度上,气温是影响胡杨径向生长的主要因子,但不同年龄胡杨对气温的响应有所不同。②在季节尺度上,休眠季气温越高越有利于壮龄胡杨的径向生长,而生长季气温越高越不利于老龄胡杨的径向生长。③在月尺度上,前一年3月和当年9月的平均气温越高,对壮龄胡杨的径向生长越有利,而当年10月平均气温越高,对老龄胡杨的径向生长越不利;前一年7月径流量的增加对老龄胡杨的径向生长有利,而当年2月径流量的增加对壮龄胡杨径向生长有利。综上所述,在季节和年等相对较长的时间尺度上,气温是影响胡杨径向生长量的主要因素,随着时间尺度的缩小,胡杨对环境因子的响应更为细化,并且表现出一定的滞后效应。径流量作为重要的环境因子在月尺度上才突显出来,前一年7月和当年2月的径流补给对胡杨径向生长有极大的促进作用。因此,在黑河统一调度管理过程中,可通过适度调增2月和7月洪水的下泄量来满足胡杨径向生长对水分的需求。     

Allometric biomass equations of Larix sibirica in the Altay Mountains,Northwest China

Boreal forests are important carbon sinks and have tremendous potential to mitigate climate change. Aboveground biomass of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) stands in the Altay Mountains, Northwest China was studied and allometric equations that are related to the biomass of aboveground components using diameter at breast height (DBH) or both DBH and height (H) as independent variables for L. sibirica trees were derived in this paper. A linear simultaneous equation system by using either DBH or both DBH and H (DBH&H) indices, was used to ensure additivity of the biomass of individual tree components, and was fitted for L. sibirica. Model performance was validated using the jackknifing test. Results indicate that the goodness-of-fit for the regressions was lowest for the needles (R² ranging from 0.696 to 0.756), and highest for the stem wood (R² ranging from 0.984 to 0.997) and the aggregated biomass components (R² ranging from 0.994 to 0.995). The coefficient of determination for each component was only marginally improved in terms of model fit and performance in the biomass equations that used DBH&H as the independent variables compared to that used DBH as the independent variable, and needles yielded an even worse fit. Stem biomass accounted for the largest proportion (87%) of the aboveground biomass. Based on the additive equations that used DBH as the single predicitor in this study, the mean aboveground carbon stock density and the carbon storage values of L. sibirica forests were 74.07 Mg C/hm² and 30.69 Tg C, respectively, in the Altay Mountains. Empirical comparisons of published equations for the same species growing in the Altay Mountains of Mongolia were also presented. The mean aboveground carbon stock density estimated for L. sibirica forests was higher in the Chinese Altay Mountains than in the Mongolian Altay Mountains (66.00 Mg C/hm²).     

Changes in rainfall partitioning caused by the replacement of native dry forests of Lithraea molleoides by exotic plantations of Pinus elliottii in the dry Chaco mountain forests,central Argentina

The replacement of native dry forests by commercial (exotic) tree plantations could generate changes in rainfall partitioning, which further affects the water cycle. In this study, we determined (i) the rainfall partitioning into interception, throughfall and stemflow, (ii) the role of rainfall event size on rainfall partitioning, (iii) the pH of water channelized as throughfall and stemflow, and (iv) the runoff in Lithraea molleoides (a native species) and Pinus elliottii (an exotic species) stands in the dry Chaco mountain forests, central Argentina. On average, interception, throughfall and stemflow accounted for 19.3%, 79.5% and 1.2% of the gross rainfall in L. molleoides stand, and 32.6%, 66.7% and 0.7% of the gross rainfall in P. elliottii stand, respectively. Amounts of interception, throughfall and stemflow presented positive linear relationships with the increment of rainfall event size for both tree species (P<0.01 in all cases). Percentages of interception, throughfall and stemflow were all related to the increment of rainfall event size, showing different patterns. With increasing rainfall event size, interception exponentially decreased, throughfall asymptotically increased and stemflow linearly increased. Both P. elliottii and L. molleoides stands presented significant differences in the pH values of water channelized as throughfall (6.3 vs. 6.7, respectively; P<0.01) and stemflow (4.5 vs. 5.8, respectively; P<0.01). Runoff occupied only 0.3% of the gross rainfall in P. elliottii stand and was zero in L. molleoides stand. Our results showed that the native species L. molleoides presented 13.6% more water reaching the topsoil (i.e., net rainfall; net rainfall=gross rainfall-interception-runoff) than the exotic species P. elliottii. This study improves our understanding of the effects of native vegetation replacement on the local water balance in the dry forest ecosystems.     

Effects of native and invasive Prosopis species on topsoil physiochemical properties in an arid riparian forest of Hormozgan Province,Iran

Biological invasions can alter soil properties within the range of their introduced, leading to impacts on ecosystem services, ecosystem functions, and biodiversity. To better understand the impacts of biological invasions on soil, we compared topsoil physiochemical properties at sites with invasive alien tree species (Prosopis juliflora), native tree species (Prosopis cineraria, Acacia tortilis, and Acacia ehrenbergiana), and mixed tree species in Hormozgan Province of Iran in May 2018. In this study, we collected 40 soil samples at a depth of 10 cm under single tree species, including P. juliflora, P. cineraria, A. tortilis, and A. ehrenbergiana, as well as under mixed tree species. The results showed that organic matter, moisture, potassium, calcium, nitrogen, and magnesium in topsoil at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria were higher than that at sites where P. juliflora was present (P<0.05). Sodium at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria and P. juliflora was lower as compared to that at sites with just A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana. Electrical conductivity was lower at sites with A. tortilis and A. ehrenbergiana growing in combination with P. cineraria, and it was higher at sites with mixed Acacia and P. juliflora trees. Based on the generally more positive effect of native Acacia and P. cineraria on topsoil physiochemical properties as compared to the P. julifora, afforestation with native tree species is preferable for soil restoration. In addition, due to the negative effects of P. julifora on soil properties, P. julifora spread should be better managed.     

石羊河上游地区树轮年表与NDVI关系分析

在石羊河上游地区选择4个样点,采集160余根青海云杉样芯,经过固定、打磨、交叉定年和测量等工作,建立研究区的树轮宽度年表。利用美国NASA戈达德航天中心的GIMMS/NDVI数据,建立研究区1982-2006年逐月标准化植被指数（NDVI）序列。发现研究区NDVI年内变化为单峰型,5-8月为生长季,年际间变化则有波动减少的趋势。经过相关性分析后发现,树轮年表与非生长季（上一年9月到当年4月）降水呈显著正相关,非生长季[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]与非生长季的降水呈较明显负相关。分析NDVI与年表关系后发现,生长季[WTBX]NDVI[WTBZ]与树轮年表相关性较差,而非生长季NDVI与年表相关性较好且为负相关（r=-0.667,p<0.01）。     

树轮记录的酒泉近240 a来6~9月气温变化

利用采自祁连山西部肃南大火烧沟的树轮样本,研制出树轮宽度年表和密度年表。通过相关分析发现,大火烧沟的树轮晚材宽度、早材宽度与酒泉6~9月平均最高气温存在显著的负相关,由此可较好地重建酒泉地区近240 a来6~9月平均最高气温,交叉检验表明重建结果是稳定可靠的。1768-2007年,酒泉6~9月平均最高气温为26.62 ℃。以过去240 a重建温度的平均值为基准,暖期有: 1786-1836年、1851-1885年、1924-1933年、1959-1967年、1988-2007年;冷期有: 1768-1785年、1837-1850年、1886-1923年、1934-1958年、1968-1987年。温度重建序列具有36.6 a,11.3 a,6.1 a,4.8 a,3.4 a,3.0 a,2.6 a和2.4 a的周期变化,并在1804年、1824年、1852年、1886年、1906年、1934年、1971年和1985年发生了突变。     

天山高寒草原植物叶片氮磷化学计量特征对氮沉降的响应

人类活动和气候变化导致的大气氮沉降急剧升高，将会影响高寒草原植物养分循环。为了研究氮沉降对高寒草原植物养分含量及生态化学计量学特征的影响。依托2009年在新疆天山巴音布鲁克高寒草原设置的长期氮沉降研究平台，于2017年7月和10月采集溚草（Koeleria cristata）、二裂委陵菜（Potentilla bifurca）和天山赖草（Leymus tianschanicus）3种植物的成熟叶和老叶，分析3种植物叶片N、P元素生态化学计量对不同施氮水平的响应规律。结果表明：① 3种植物养分浓度及其化学计量比在成熟叶和老叶之间存在较大差异，成熟叶和老叶的N、P含量分别为12.78 mg·g^-1、0.88 mg·g^-1和6.88 mg·g^-1、0.46 mg·g-1mg·g^-1。3种植物成熟叶和老叶的N元素含量均为：二裂委陵菜>天山赖草>溚草,P元素含量同N元素含量趋势一致；② 氮添加增加了成熟叶和老叶N浓度，分别达12%和48%；成熟叶与老叶P浓度对氮添加的响应规律不一致，成熟叶P浓度对氮添加的响应与物种有关，而老叶P浓度呈一致的下降趋势；氮添加对成熟叶和老叶N∶P的比值影响亦不同，其中相对于成熟叶，老叶的N∶P呈显著增加趋势。③ 植物叶片的N元素、P元素和N∶P比三者之间的相关分析表明:N元素和N∶P之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),在生长旺盛期和枯黄期，溚草和天山赖草的N与P元素之间没有发现显著相关性(P>0.05)，而二裂委陵菜呈现一定的差异性，在生长旺盛期二裂委陵菜叶片N与P元素呈显著的正相关、枯黄期呈显著的负相关(P<0.05)。表明长期氮的添加显著影响了3种植物叶片的养分含量和生态化学计量，不同物种间存在一定差异，未来氮沉降升高将会影响天山山地草原的植物养分循环。     

Sap flow characteristics and physiological adjustments of two dominant tree species in pure and mixed plantations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

It is essential to understand the water consumption characteristics and physiological adjustments of tree species under drought conditions, as well as the effects of pure and mixed plantations on these characteristics in semi-arid regions. In this study, the normalized sap flow (SF_n), leaf water potential, stomatal conductance (g_s), and photosynthetic rate (P_r) were monitored for two dominant species, i.e., Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides, in both pure and mixed plantations in a semi-arid region of Chinese Loess Plateau. A threshold-delay model showed that the lower rainfall thresholds (R^L) for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides in pure plantations were 9.6 and 11.0 mm, respectively, and the time lags (τ) after rainfall were 1.15 and 1.76 d for corresponding species, respectively. The results indicated that P. tabuliformis was more sensitive to rainfall pulse than H. rhamnoides. In addition, strong stomatal control allowed P. tabuliformis to experience low g_s and P_r in response to drought, while maintaining a high midday leaf water potential (Ψ_m). However, H. rhamnoides maintained high g_s and P_r at a low Ψ_m expense. Therefore, P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides can be considered as isohydric and anisohydric species, respectively. In mixed plantation, the values of R^L for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides were 6.5 and 8.9 mm, respectively; and the values of τ were 0.86 and 1.61 d for corresponding species, respectively, which implied that mixed afforestation enhanced the rainfall pulse sensitivity for both two species, especially for P. tabuliformis. In addition, mixed afforestation significantly reduced SF_n, g_s, and P_r for P. tabuliformis (P<0.05), while maintaining a high leaf water potential status. However, no significant effect of mixed afforestation of H. rhamnoides was observed at the expense of leaf water potential status in response to drought. Although inconsistent physiological responses were adopted by these species, the altered water consumption characteristics, especially for P. tabuliformis indicated that the mixed afforestation requires further investigation.