杂交稻自生苗中类似杂草稻的生物学特性

在自然条件下,种植不同时间籼型杂交稻后改种常规粳稻,对粳稻田中的杂交稻自生苗展开调查,分析杂交稻自生苗中出现类似杂草稻的频率及其生物学性状,测定杂交稻自生苗对粳稻产量的影响.结果表明,在粳稻田中籼型杂交稻自生苗可以转变成类似杂草稻,即存在籼粳亚种间异交产生杂草稻的可能;连续种植杂交稻3年后改种常规粳稻田块的杂交稻自生苗密度最高,对常规粳稻产量的影响最大.     

江苏省扬中杂草稻生物学特性初步研究

扬中杂草稻具备杂草稻的基本特性，又是一个具有遗传多样性的混合群体。扬中杂草稻具有较强的休眠性，但比稽稻等代表性的杂草稻弱。扬中杂草稻落粒性强，与稽稻等代表性杂草稻表现基本一致。亲和性研究表明，扬中杂草稻与广亲和品种02428（S5^n）正反交杂种F1结实率正常，而与籼稻特青和扬稻6号的杂种F1生育期超亲，在南京不能正常抽穗。与粳稻武运粳7号、粳稻品系27114的杂种F1表现为半不育。     

杂草稻苗期强竞争性的生理机制

为揭示杂草稻比栽培稻苗期生长迅速的机制,随机选择均匀分布于江苏省6个市的杂草稻样品和典型粳稻品种日本晴(Nipponbare),比较了其连续7 d的种子萌发率以及在14、21、28、35 d的幼苗株高变化和光合作用原初反应指标之间的差异。结果表明,江苏省6个市的杂草稻样品均比栽培稻提早2 d萌发,且均未表现出休眠性。杂草稻苗期株高在第35天时,均显著高于栽培稻。在播种后14、21、28和35 d,杂草稻光合作用原初反应的7个指标均高于栽培稻,说明杂草稻苗期具有强光合性能。研究表明,江苏省杂草稻比栽培稻早2 d萌发,至少播种后14 d苗期光合效能开始高于栽培稻,播种后28 d左右株高开始显著高于栽培稻。     

栽培措施对杂草稻和栽培稻生长的影响

无论何种杂草稻密度和移栽措施下,杂草稻生长受到明显抑制,栽培稻生长没有受到明显影响,移栽不仅较好地抑制了杂草稻的发生,同时保证水稻产量,使产量达到3 496.65 kg/hm2。旱直播对杂草稻出苗率影响较小,造成杂草稻密度过高,栽培稻产量严重降低,较移栽下降了1 011.15 kg/hm2。水直播对杂草稻出苗抑制作用要明显优于旱直播,使得杂草稻出苗率较旱直播下降9.14%,但是水直播对杂草稻出苗后的生长抑制不明显,使得杂草稻发生量达到1 219.35 kg/hm2,栽培稻产量仅为1 829.85 kg/hm2。随着杂草稻密度的增大,对自身种群的影响主要表现为个体地上部分干生物量显著降低和抽穗时间的推迟;其对栽培稻的影响主要表现在栽培稻剑叶宽、分蘖数、有效穗数、地上部分干生物量、穗长、每穗饱粒数、每穗总粒数、千粒重和实际产量等方面随着杂草稻密度的增加而逐渐降低。综合考虑各方面因素,可以在杂草稻发生较为严重的田块使用移栽措施,在杂草稻发生中等的田块使用水直播措施,并且适当提高栽培稻播种量。在杂草稻发生较少的田块使用旱直播措施,从而达到成本和收益的平衡。     

水稻对杂草稻生长的影响

室内试验和田间试验结果表明,水稻种子萌发不会影响杂草稻种子萌发.水稻与杂草稻不同比例田间试验结果表明,水稻与杂草稻基本苗在27∶ 1～320∶1时,水稻不影响杂草稻的生长,对杂草稻分蘖数、株高和杂草稻产种量影响不显著.     

不同环境因子对江苏省杂草稻与常规栽培稻发芽势影响的比较

为了搞清楚杂草稻与常规栽培稻萌发特性的差异,采用培养皿水培法,进行了温度、pH值、水势及NaCl胁迫对杂草稻与常规栽培稻发芽势影响的比较研究。结果为：15℃和20℃条件下,杂草稻均具有强于常规栽培稻的发芽势。在pH值为6和8条件下,杂草稻的发芽势也强于常规栽培稻。同样在水势为-0．3MPa和180mmol／LNaCl浓度条件下,杂草稻的发芽势也强于常规栽培稻。说明杂草稻萌发过程的抗逆性强于常规栽培稻,具有较强的环境适应能力,能更有效地竞争环境资源。     

杂草稻的发生、危害与我国水稻生产面临的挑战

水稻是重要的粮食作物,其高产稳产对世界粮食安全具有重要作用。杂草稻是稻田恶性杂草,对水稻的产量及品质均有很大危害,对我国未来的水稻生产带来了巨大的挑战,威胁着我国的粮食安全。介绍了杂草稻的种子落粒性、杂草性、种子休眠性、红果皮、生活周期短、快速适应性进化等基本特性而带来的危害,以及杂草稻的可能起源、遗传多样性和扩散方式对杂草稻防治带来的巨大困难。鉴于目前对杂草稻防治措施存在的不足,建议加强杂草稻生物学特性和发生规律的研究,从源头上控制杂草稻并切断其传播途径;同时,加强有效控制杂草稻方法的研究,以保证我国水稻的安全和可持续生产。     

杂草稻与栽培稻叶片生长的竞争性研究

杂草稻造成栽培稻产量的损失主要表现为叶片间的相互竞争。争夺空间、争夺光照矛盾突出。杂草稻主茎叶片多于栽培稻,最大叶片长于栽培稻,最大叶片宽于栽培稻,叶片披散,形似杂交稻叶。如果在667 m2旱直播稻田接种2.5 kg粳性杂草稻籽,栽培稻上部全被杂草稻稻叶覆盖,栽培稻植株瘦黄、弱小,茎、蘖逐步退化消亡,造成基本绝产。     

杂草稻的发生及其控制措施

杂草稻的发生与耕作方式、栽培方式等因素有关.杂草稻不仅严重影响水稻的产量,而且降低水稻的商品价值.应采取预防、调整耕作栽培方式以及化学防除的杂草稻综合防治措施对杂草稻进行积极的控制.     

杂草稻的分类、起源及利用研究进展

杂草稻是稻田中与栽培稻相伴生的一种杂草，严重影响水稻的产量和品质。同时杂草稻拥有丰富的遗传资源，是水稻遗传改良的重要资源。该文对有关杂草稻的特征、分类、起源和利用研究的进展作了概述。     

杂草稻对水稻生长及产量的影响

通过室内试验和田间试验明确了杂草稻对水稻生长、产量构成因子和产量的影响。水稻营养生长期,不同杂草稻密度对水稻基本苗、株高、单株鲜重、分蘖、倒二叶长与宽均没有影响。而水稻株高、有效穗数、穗长、一次枝梗数、穗粒数、千粒重、结实率、实际产量等均随杂草稻密度的增加而呈现下降趋势。杂草稻密度为1株/m2可导致水稻产量损失9.15%,当杂草稻密度达7株/m2时可导致水稻产量损失50%以上,杂草稻密度达到12株/m2时水稻产量损失可高达72.29%。     

Seed morphological traits and genotypic diversity of weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) populations found in the Thai Hom Mali rice fields of north-eastern Thailand

Weedy rice ( Oryza sativa f. spontanea ) is a problematic weed in the Thai Hom Mali rice production areas of Thung Kula Ronghai in north-eastern Thailand. There is a great need to initiate studies of weedy rice populations in order to perform basic studies to learn about the seed morphology and genetic diversity. The aims of this study were to determine the seed morphological traits and amylose content and to evaluate the genetic variation, based on the polymorphisms of nuclear and chloroplast DNA, of weedy rice. The seeds and flag leaves were collected from a total of 125 weedy rice plants at six rice fields in the region. For the samples, four morphological traits, the amylose content, and the chloroplast identity (ID) sequence and microsatellite genotypes at the waxy locus were determined. The weedy rice that was collected from the Thung Kula Ronghai region varied considerably in its amylose content and both the seed morphology and genotypes. Some of the weedy rice shared the common microsatellite alleles and chloroplast ID sequence with Thai Hom Mali and wild rice, Oryza rufipogon , indicating that the weedy rice in this region might originate from the introgression between cultivated rice and O. rufipogon , which often takes place in nature, mostly in a one-way process from cultivated rice to O. rufipogon.     

Impact of weedy rice populations on the growth and yield of direct-seeded and transplanted rice

To examine the impact of weedy rice ( Oryza sativa L. f. spontanea ) populations on the growth and yield of direct-seeded and transplanted rice ( Oryza sativa ), a field experiment with a random two-factor design that included cultivation methods (direct-seeding and transplanting) and the density of weedy rice (0, 5, 25, and 125 plants per m²) was conducted. The data from the experiment showed that weedy rice had a significantly poorer performance in the direct-seeded fields than in the transplanted fields in terms of its vegetative (plant height) and reproductive traits (panicle and seed production). In contrast, with the interference of weedy rice, cultivated rice showed an improved performance in the direct-seeded fields than in the transplanted fields, with a significantly higher tiller production and grain yield. The results suggest that cultivated rice can tolerate more successfully the infestation of weedy rice in direct-seeded fields because of its enhanced competitive ability compared to that in transplanted fields.     

Pink‐awned weedy rice (Oryza sativa): a potential conduit for gene exchange in rice agro‐ecosystems

Hybridisation between genetically distinct lineages results in increases in overall genetic diversity and is a potential mechanism for the origin and spread of adaptive alleles. Weed and crop hybridisation may result in weedy ecotypes, which have, in addition to classic weedy traits such as seed shattering and long seed dormancy, crop traits that enhance weediness, such as adaptation to field cultivation and harvest strategies. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa) hybridises with cultivated rice and, in the process, may produce new (pink‐awned) weedy rice varieties. Pink‐awned (PA) weedy rice plants have been observed in rice fields in Arkansas. We explored the genetic relationships between PA weedy rice, crop rice, global rice accessions and other weedy rice ecotypes present in the southern United States. Gene sequencing of 48 sequence‐tagged sites (STS loci) revealed a pattern of hybridisation and gene flow between blackhull weedy rice and tropical japonica rice (O. sativa subsp. japonica) cultivars. Our data suggest that PA rice originates from hybridisation between blackhull weedy rice and tropical japonica rice. PA rice offspring segregate phenotypic traits associated with weediness in rice. This segregation could lead to adaptive allele combinations in PA rice, which could potentially move into other weedy rice types through subsequent hybridisation events.     

苏南苏中苏北地区3个杂草稻生物型萌发特性比较研究

为了搞清楚江苏地区杂草稻不同生物型在萌发特性上的差异,选择了苏南、苏中和苏北地区3个杂草稻生物型及2个常规栽培稻品种,采用种子生测法,进行了温度、水势、盐分、pH值和埋土深度对杂草稻与常规栽培稻种子萌发影响的研究。结果表明,在萌发适宜温度范围方面,JT-3、JD-4〉SY63〉GY-LZC〉WYJ7;不同水势条件下,JT-3、JD-4的萌发率〉GY-LZC的萌发率〉常规栽培稻的萌发率。JT-3、JD-4在每个盐浓度处理下的萌发率〉GY-LZC的萌发率;在pH值7~8范围之外,JT-3、JD-4的萌发率〉GY-LZC的萌发率〉常规栽培稻萌发率;当埋土深度在4~7 cm范围内,常规栽培稻的出苗率〉杂草稻。     

杂草稻落粒粳种子的耐冷性评价

采用低温处理方法评价了杂草稻落粒粳（Orayza sativaL.）种子的耐冷潜力。浸种0~48 h,落粒粳种子平均含水量为17.038%,显著低于栽培稻春江11的20.533%和赣早籼的20.180%,落粒粳颖壳具有比两种栽培稻更强的水分阻隔能力。在相同含水量条件下,经过低温-20℃处理3 h和28℃条件下培养4 d的落粒粳种子发芽率显著高于春江11和赣早籼,落粒粳种子具有更强的耐冷能力。     

药用野生稻与栽培稻抗褐飞虱HPLC指纹图谱的比较

应用高效液相色谱技术,研究比较了栽培稻与广西药用野生稻的抗褐飞虱HPLC指纹图谱。结果表明,药用野生稻指纹图谱中既含有与栽培稻抗褐飞虱生物型II相关的峰1、峰2、峰8,又含有与栽培稻抗褐飞虱孟加拉型相关的峰3、峰5、峰9、峰11,但药用野生稻中的峰1、峰2、峰3、峰5的含量特别高。前期的结果表明,峰4与栽培稻对褐飞虱孟加拉型的抗性呈负相关,峰12与栽培稻对褐飞虱两种生物型的抗性均呈负相关,但广西药用野生稻却几乎不含峰4和峰12。广西药用野生稻的这种既与栽培稻相似,又有它自己鲜明特点的HPLC指纹图谱特征,使它对褐飞虱具有广谱抗性。     

Potential gene flow from transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) to different weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) accessions based on reproductive compatibility

BACKGROUND: The possibility of gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives may be affected by reproductive capacity between them. The potential gene flow from two transgenic rice lines containing the bar gene to five accessions of weedy rice (WR1–WR5) was determined through examination of reproductive compatibility under controlled pollination. RESULTS: The pollen grain germination of two transgenic rice lines on the stigma of all weedy rice, rice pollen tube growth down the style and entry into the weedy rice ovary were similar to self‐pollination in weedy rice. However, delayed double fertilisation and embryo abortion in crosses between WR2 and Y0003 were observed. Seed sets between transgenic rice lines and weedy rice varied from 8 to 76%. Although repeated pollination increased seed set significantly, the rank of the seed set between the weedy rice accessions and rice lines was not changed. The germination rates of F₁ hybrids were similar or greater compared with respective females. All F₁ plants expressed glufosinate resistance in the presence of glufosinate selection pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of gene flow between different weedy rice accessions and transgenic herbicide‐resistant rice may differ owing to different reproductive compatibility. This result suggests that, when wild relatives are selected as experimental materials for assessing the gene flow of transgenic rice, it is necessary to address the compatibility between transgenic rice and wild relatives. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

25％双环磺草酮悬浮剂防除杂草稻的使用策略

杂草稻Oryza sativa f. spontanea是一种危害水稻生产、具有杂草特征的水稻，筛选可防除杂草稻的除草剂可有效解决防除杂草稻的难题。为明确25%双环磺草酮悬浮剂(SC)防除杂草稻的使用策略，采用盆栽试验测定了25%双环磺草酮SC 不同用药剂量、用药时间和用药方式 (喷雾法和毒土法) 对杂草稻的防除效果及对水稻的安全性。结果表明:25%双环磺草酮SC按有效成分150~375 g/hm2的剂量分别于杂草稻萌芽期、立针期、1~2叶期和2~3叶期施用，当采用喷雾法施药时，其对杂草稻的株数防效分别达98.0%~100%、94.0%~100%、94.0%~100%和83.0%~100%，而采用毒土法施药时，其防效分别为51.0%~100%、56.0%~93.0%、27.0%~89.0%和28.0%~71.0%；在有效成分为187.5 g/hm2和375 g/hm2剂量下，喷雾法施药对水稻各项生长指标无不良影响，而毒土法施药则对水稻株高、根长、根系和植株鲜重等均有抑制作用。表明与毒土法相比，喷雾法施药具有防除效果好、使用期宽和对水稻安全性高等优点，但该药的速效性较差，施药后20~30 d方能达到最佳防效。本着高效、经济、安全的原则，推荐25%双环磺草酮SC防除杂草稻的使用策略为:于杂草稻萌芽期至1~2叶期采用喷雾法施药，推荐使用剂量为有效成分150~187.5 g/hm2，如推迟至杂草稻2~3叶期防除，则使用剂量应提高至187.5~225 g/hm2。施药时应有水层1~2 cm，施药后保持水层5 d以上。     

25%双环磺草酮悬浮剂对不同叶龄期水稻品种的安全性评价

双环磺草酮是在我国取得水稻田使用登记许可的HPPD抑制剂类除草剂,杀草谱广,尤其对抗性千金子、杂草稻等恶性杂草表现出良好的防除效果。为进一步探索双环磺草酮在直播稻田的应用前景和应用技术,采用盆栽试验法,开展了25%双环磺草酮悬浮剂 (SC) 对不同叶龄期水稻品种的安全性评价。结果表明:在水稻1~2叶期、2~3叶期和3~4叶期浅水层条件和水稻1~2叶期湿润条件下,按有效成分150~375 g/hm2剂量施用25%双环磺草酮SC,对上海地区主栽的3个常规粳稻品种南粳46、沪软1212和松香粳1018 以及申优26杂交粳稻品种生长均安全,对水稻株高、植株地上部分鲜重、根长、根系鲜重等生长指标均无显著影响。表明双环磺草酮对水稻粳稻品种安全,待进一步明确应用技术后,有望成为直播稻田优秀的除草剂品种。