乳腺内氨基酸调控乳蛋白合成的分子作用机制

作为维持哺乳动物生命活动重要的"生物工厂",乳腺利用从流经血液中摄取的氨基酸等营养物质为底物合成乳蛋白。研究证实,氨基酸还可作为一种信号因子,通过乳腺内多种信号级联传导通路,调控乳蛋白基因的转录及翻译过程,从而影响乳腺中乳蛋白的合成。酪氨酸蛋白激酶-信号转导子和转录激活子(JAK-STAT)信号通路和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)信号通路是乳蛋白基因转录和翻译过程中的主要调控路径。本文综述了乳腺JAKSTAT和m TOR信号通路的分子机制及氨基酸通过这些通路调控乳蛋白合成的研究进展,旨在进一步阐明氨基酸调控乳蛋白合成的作用机理。     

营养介导的TOR信号传导研究进展

TOR(target of rapamycin)是一种结构和功能高度保守的蛋白激酶,它能够通过整合营养、能量、生长因子等信号调节细胞的增殖、体积增大及细胞周期进程。作者综述了TOR激酶的上下游信号传导途径及氨基酸和能量等营养状况对这些信号传导通路和细胞生长的影响,为探讨营养调控体蛋白合成的机制及精准营养供给技术的建立提供宝贵的理论基础和开创性思路。     

氨基酸感知与代谢调控的研究进展

氨基酸不仅是蛋白质和其他含氮化合物合成的重要前体,还参与体内主要代谢途径的调控。当氨基酸不足时,机体内多种机制参与调节体内平衡,包括快速停止蛋白质合成、增加氨基酸合成和转运,以及加强自噬作用。越来越多的学者证明氨基酸可作为信号分子参与细胞内信号传导过程,可以调节其他营养素如脂肪和能量的代谢,最终导致机体整体代谢的改变。本文主要综述细胞内氨基酸的营养感知与应答机制,涉及氨基酸应答(AAR)和雷帕霉素靶蛋白(TOR)2条信号转导通路,并探讨这2条信号通路对下游营养素代谢途径的调节。     

TOR信号通路的研究进展

TOR信号通路是一种重要的细胞代谢调节通路,可以通过感知营养状态来调节细胞生长、增殖和代谢等过程。使用营养的手段调节TOR信号通路是当前研究的热点。文章综述了TOR信号通路的激活方式及其在畜禽中对生长发育、免疫调节、繁殖和饲料营养等方面的研究进展,研究TOR信号通路的特点和调节机制,为畜禽产业的发展提供参考。     

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路介导能量和必需氨基酸调控乳蛋白合成

乳蛋白合成是以必需氨基酸为底物的耗能过程。腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是AMPK信号通路的重要分子;可通过感受细胞能量状态的方式来维持能量平衡,从而为乳蛋白合成提供充足的能量。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(m TOR)是AMPK信号通路重要的下游靶点;必需氨基酸主要以m TOR介导的信号通路调控乳蛋白合成。本文主要综述了能量和必需氨基酸通过AMPK/m TOR信号通路对乳蛋白合成调控的研究进展,旨在进一步阐明能量和必需氨基酸对乳蛋白合成调控的作用机理。     

营养素和激素对乳蛋白合成过程中哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路调节作用的研究进展

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)是一种非典型丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,是mTOR信号通路的重要分子。mTOR可整合氨基酸、能量和激素等多种细胞外信号,参与基因转录、蛋白质翻译等生物过程。本文总结了mTOR信号通路特点及信号途径,重点介绍了营养素(氨基酸、能量底物)和激素(主要是胰岛素)在乳蛋白合成过程中对mTOR信号通路的调节作用。     

氨基酸调节哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1信号通路的分子机制

哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1(mTORC1)信号通路能够感受一系列细胞内外环境因素的变化,如氨基酸浓度、能量水平、生长因子等进而调节细胞生长。氨基酸不仅是合成蛋白质的底物,也可作为信号分子激活mTORC1信号通路,促进蛋白质合成。溶酶体是氨基酸激活mTORC1信号通路过程中一个重要细胞器,mTORC1感应氨基酸的上游信号通路需要溶酶体相关蛋白及胞浆蛋白的参与完成。本文综述了氨基酸调节mTORC1信号通路的分子机制,为营养因子调控蛋白质合成的关键通路提供参考。     

高迁移率族蛋白B1传导通路的研究进展

高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)在核外表达时既是炎症早期的启动者,又是炎症晚期的促进者,是内毒素血症致机体死亡病理过程的中间物质。内毒素和多种前炎症因子如TNF-α、IL-1等刺激单核/巨噬细胞后,可诱导HMGB1的释放。JAK/STAT信号传导通路可以上调HMGB1蛋白的表达,MAPKs信号传导通路介导了HMGB1的核浆转移及胞外释放过程,而胞外的HMGB1可通过NF-κB信号传导通路诱导靶细胞产生大量的炎性细胞因子。本文就HMGB1的传导通路、靶细胞上的信号受体及其在致炎细胞因子网络中的作用进行综述。     

转化生长因子β1/Smads信号传导通路在哺乳动物卵巢发育中的调控作用及其作用机制

不同信号转导通路间的彼此协调保证了机体的正常运行。在众多的信号通路中,转化生长因子(TGF)β1/Smads信号传导通路越来越受到学者们的关注,已经成为分子生物学和细胞生物学研究的一大热点。已有研究证实,TGF-β1/Smads信号传导通路是调控卵泡发育的重要途径。本文就TGF-β1/Smads信号传导通路与哺乳动物卵巢卵泡的发育进行综述,分别从TGF-β受体、Smads蛋白、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)、血小板反应蛋白1(THB-S1)、S期激酶相关蛋白1(SKP1)和其他调节机制阐述TGF-β1/Smads信号传导通路在哺乳动物卵巢发育中的调控作用及其机制,旨在引起人们对TGF-β1/Smads调控卵巢发育的关注,并为卵巢发育过程中某些疾病的治疗提供一些参考。     

动物胃肠道氨基酸感应与转运

动物胃肠道中不同类型的内分泌细胞构成了"胃肠道内分泌系统"。饲粮中的蛋白质在动物胃肠道被分解为氨基酸后,能够被内分泌细胞膜上的氨基酸感应受体所识别,介导激素的分泌,调控胃肠道生理活动。位于肠上皮细胞的氨基酸转运载体通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTORC1)和一般性调控阻遏蛋白激酶2(GCN2)信号通路调控细胞氨基酸代谢。本文就动物胃肠道内分泌系统、氨基酸感应受体与转运载体以及氨基酸感知信号通路等方面研究进展进行综述。     

Novel metabolic and physiological functions of branched chain amino acids: a review

It is widely known that branched chain amino acids(BCAA) are not only elementary components for building muscle tissue but also participate in increasing protein synthesis in animals and humans. BCAA(isoleucine, leucine and valine) regulate many key signaling pathways, the most classic of which is the activation of the m TOR signaling pathway. This signaling pathway connects many diverse physiological and metabolic roles. Recent years have witnessed many striking developments in determining the novel functions of BCAA including:(1) Insufficient or excessive levels of BCAA in the diet enhances lipolysis.(2) BCAA, especially isoleucine, play a major role in enhancing glucose consumption and utilization by up-regulating intestinal and muscular glucose transporters.(3)Supplementation of leucine in the diet enhances meat quality in finishing pigs.(4) BCAA are beneficial for mammary health, milk quality and embryo growth.(5) BCAA enhance intestinal development, intestinal amino acid transportation and mucin production.(6) BCAA participate in up-regulating innate and adaptive immune responses.In addition, abnormally elevated BCAA levels in the blood(decreased BCAA catabolism) are a good biomarker for the early detection of obesity, diabetes and other metabolic diseases. This review will provide some insights into these novel metabolic and physiological functions of BCAA.     

Arginine metabolism and its functions in growth,nutrient utilization,and immunonutrition of fish

Fish have limited ability in endogenous biosynthesis of arginine. Arginine is an indispensable amino acid for fish, and the arginine requirement varies with fish species and fish size. Recent studies on fish have demonstrated that arginine influences nutrient metabolism, stimulates insulin release, is involved in nonspecific immune responses and antioxidant responses, and elevates disease resistance. Specifically, arginine can regulate energy homeostasis via modulating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and also regulate protein synthesis via activating the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway. The present article reviews pertinent knowledge of arginine in fish, including dietary quantitative requirements, endogenous anabolism and catabolism, regulation of the endocrine and metabolic systems, and immune-regulatory functions under pathogenic challenge. Our findings showed that further data about the distribution of arginine after intake into specific cells, its sub-cellular sensor to initiate downstream signaling pathways, and its effects on fish mucosal immunity, especially the adaptive immune response against pathogenic infection in different species, are urgently needed.     

动物氨基酸转运载体的研究进展

氨基酸转运载体（AAT）是一类介导氨基酸从细胞外转运到细胞内的重要蛋白，也是一类能介导氨基酸相关的信号通路的重要营养物质感受分子，在机体的生长代谢、营养健康等方面具有重要作用。动物机体中存在多种类型的AAT，它们能感知机体内相关氨基酸水平的变化，介导细胞氨基酸感知信号通路——哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体1（mTORC1）和一般性调控阻遏蛋白激酶2（GCN2）的激活，从而引起通路下游发挥作用。在不同组织细胞中，发挥主导作用的AAT存在差异，表明AAT具有组织特异性，同时，AAT也受多种因素的影响，比如动物机体本身、营养物质水平、激素水平等。作者主要从AAT的类型及转运机制、介导营养信号启动及对mTORC1通路和GCN通路的影响、在不同组织中的作用及AAT表达的调控4个方面进行综述，从宏观方面介绍了AAT，旨在为AAT的研究提供一些参考。     

氨基酸供给与内分泌互作调控乳蛋白合成的研究进展

限制性氨基酸研究是泌乳奶牛研究的热点之一,关于其影响乳蛋白合成途径而进行的一系列体内外研究表明:底物效应可能不是主要原因,更重要的是氨基酸及其构成作为信号因子对神经内分泌和细胞内信号通路的影响。本文从乳蛋白合成的影响因素入手,概括了氨基酸供给、激素分泌及二者相互作用对乳蛋白合成的调节,以期为阐明氨基酸供给影响乳蛋白合成的途径提供一定理论参考。     

Refeeding and insulin activate the AKT/p70S6 kinase pathway without affecting IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation in chicken muscle

p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) is a key enzyme involved in the control of protein synthesis. We have previously shown that this kinase is insulin sensitive in chicken muscle despite a relative insulin resistance in the early steps of insulin receptor signaling in this tissue, particularly with no change in tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). The aim of the present study is to further study the p70S6K pathway in chicken muscle. By analyzing in silico several kinases involved in the protein kinase B (PKB also called AKT)/target of rapamycin (TOR)/p70S6K pathway in the chicken, we showed that the amino acid sequence of the proteins exhibited a very high identity with their homologs in mammalian species and Drosophila. We investigated the regulation of these kinases in vivo or in vitro. Refeeding and insulin treatment significantly (P<0.05) increased the phosphorylation and/or activity of kinases upstream of p70S6K such as AKT and TOR. Similarly, refeeding and insulin increased the phosphorylation of p70S6K on key residues (i.e. T389, T229 and T421/S424) and the phosphorylation of a p70S6K downstream target, the ribosomal protein S6 (by 3-10-fold, P<0.05). Interestingly, we also showed an increase in the phosphorylation level of IRS1 on S632/S635, sites involved in insulin resistance. In conclusion, the AKT/TOR/p70S6K pathway is activated by refeeding and insulin injection, which might negatively regulate IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation. These results indicate some particularities of the insulin signaling in chicken muscle and suggest the involvement of p70S6K in these features.     

Research Progress on Milk Protein Synthesis Regulated by Amino Acids in the Mammary Gland and Its Molecular Mechanism in Dairy Cows

Milk proteins have great nutritional value,rich contain and balanced profile of amino acid,which provide nearly all the essential amino acids for the human body.However more than 90% of milk proteins are synthesed by the amino acids in the mammary gland.Furthermore,the amino acid is not only funcion as the substrates of milk protein synthesis,but also as the signaling molecules to regulate milk protein sysnthesis through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways.It is essential to further study milk protein synthesis regulated by amino acids in the mammary gland and the molecular mechanism in dairy cows.The paper reviewed the supply of amino acids,metabolism of amino acids by mammary gland,factors affecting amino acid utilization and signal pathway for amino acid regulation in milk protein synthesis.     

氨基酸对奶牛乳腺蛋白质合成调控及其分子机制的研究进展

乳蛋白中含有大量人体所需的必需氨基酸,其组成平衡、含量丰富,是一种具有极高营养价值的蛋白质,而乳中 90%以上的蛋白质是乳腺利用氨基酸从头合成的,因此氨基酸对奶牛乳蛋白合成发挥着重要的作用。此外,氨基酸不仅是合成乳蛋白不可或缺的前体物质,而且还是重要的信号调控因子,通过哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR） 信号通路调控乳蛋白的合成。基于此,作者就影响奶牛乳腺氨基酸供应、摄取、利用的因素及氨基酸的信号传导作用的研究进展进行综述,以期为提高乳蛋白的合成提供一定的理论基础。     

Effects of Amino Acids on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Signaling Pathways

The intestine is the primary organ responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients and is frequently subjected to external environmental stimulations leading to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can cause serious harm to intestinal health in animals. Dietary amino acids play important roles in promoting intestinal development and maintaining intestinal health and exert diverse effects through multiple signaling pathways on the prevention and treatment of IBD, including affecting the physiological activities of intestinal epithelial cells, improving intestinal barrier function, reducing intestinal oxidative damage, regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines, and promoting the expression of endogenous antimicrobial peptides, and involved in main signaling pathways including AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). In this review, basic characteristics of IBD, effects and involved signaling pathways of the amino acids on IBD, and effects and applications of amino acids in maintaining intestinal health in livestock and poultry production were reviewed, so as to provide effective clues and strategies for dietary nutrients in the prevention and treatment of IBD.