不同生育期温度逆境处理对早稻产量的影响

为研究温度逆境对水稻的响应,采用盆栽种植的方法,在早稻分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期,利用人工智能气候室,通过不同时期的温度逆境处理,分析其对早稻产量及构成。结果表明:生物量表现为低温中温高温,灌浆期孕穗期分蘖期处理;分蘖期和孕穗期的温度变化对有效穗影响较大,灌浆期的温度变化对有效穗基本无影响;孕穗期进行温度处理对结实的影响最明显,且高温会显著降低结实率;孕穗期高温处理显著降低千粒重,其余各时期温度处理的千粒重差异不显著;单株产量表现为低温中温高温,灌浆期处理分蘖期处理孕穗期处理,孕穗期高温处理的产量最低,较同时期低温处理减少26.80%~42.46%,较同时期中温处理减少21.16%~36.22%。试验表明,高温对早稻产量及产量构成影响最大,3个时期中,孕穗期是早稻产量及产量构成的最敏感时期。     

不同基本苗对湖南双季早稻产量形成的影响

为了更进一步地了解基本苗与早稻产量的关系,通过采用不同分蘖能力的水稻品种或组合（2个常规品种和2个杂交组合）,在大田条件下,研究不同栽插基本苗（2苗/穴,3苗/穴,4苗/穴）对湖南双季早稻产量及产量形成的影响,并对产量及其构成、干物质积累和茎蘖数进行考察。结果表明,随栽插基本苗的增加,早稻产量、有效穂数、总干物质重呈增加趋势,每穗粒数、结实率、收获指数则呈下降趋势,千粒重变化不大。出叶速度随栽插基本苗的增加而略有减慢。从茎蘖动态来看,在最高分蘖期（移栽后28天）以前,各个处理的分蘖速度基本相同,处理间的最高苗数表现出较大差异,但是基本苗较少的处理,后期的死亡分蘖数相对较少,至成熟期,各处理间的有效穂数差异较小。综合来看,在本试验条件下,早稻的每穴基本苗多,有利于产量形成,较易获得稳产高产。     

福建省杂交早稻主要性状与产量的统计分析

利用DPS数据统计软件对杂交早稻7个主要性状进行多元逐步回归、偏相关和通径分析。结果表明,有效穗数、穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重四大因素与产量呈极显著正相关,且相互制约,生育期与产量呈极显著负相关,穗长、株高与产量相关不显著。影响杂交早稻产量的最重要因子为穗总粒数,其次是有效穗数和千粒重。福建省杂交早稻育种和栽培目标是生育期适中,在保证一定穗数基础上,主攻大穗。     

播期对机插杂交籼稻不同茎蘖部位稻穗枝梗数和颖花数的影响

为探究播期对机插杂交籼稻不同茎蘖部位稻穗枝梗数和颖花数的影响,以穗型差异较大的杂交籼稻品种F优498和宜香优2115为材料,通过分期播种试验研究机插杂交籼稻不同播期下不同茎蘖部位稻穗的枝梗数和颖花数。结果表明,(1)每穗一次、二次颖花数及二次枝梗数为:主茎一次分蘖二次分蘖,主茎和一次分蘖的一次、二次颖花数及二次枝梗数随播期推迟呈增加趋势,且平均一次、二次颖花数及二次枝梗数也随播期推迟而增加。每穗总枝梗数及总颖花数表现出了相同趋势。平均每穗总枝梗数和总颖花数也随播期推迟呈增加趋势。(2)相关分析表明,主茎、一次分蘖和二次分蘖的每穗总枝梗数及总颖花数与平均每穗总枝梗数及总颖花数呈极显著正相关,相关系数表现为主茎一次分蘖二次分蘖,且通径分析表明,主茎和一次分蘖的每穗总枝梗数及总颖花数对平均每穗总枝梗数及总颖花数的贡献率远大于二次分蘖。(3)主茎、一次分蘖和平均每穗大部分枝梗及颖花性状与穗分化期最高温度、平均温度和平均日照时数呈显著或极显著的正相关。综合看来,不同播期下主茎、一次分蘖和二次分蘖的枝梗数和颖花数有较大差异,选择大穗型籼稻品种进行机插更有利于获得较高的稻穗枝梗数和颖花数,同时根据播期确定相应的高产策略,早播机插在保证较高一次分蘖数的基础上,应注重提高每穗枝梗数和颖花数以提高产量,迟播机插在保证较高每穗颖花数的基础上,应注重提高结实率、千粒重。     

淹涝胁迫条件对水稻形态的试验研究初报

为分析不同品种早稻对水淹胁迫的响应,于2012年3—7月分别对不同品种水稻的分蘖期、抽穗扬花期耐淹能力及不同淹涝强度对一些农艺性状的影响进行了研究。结果表明：分蘖期不同品种籼稻在不同的淹涝强度处理间的株高变化结果不一。不同淹水处理小区出现主茎穗和分蘖穗发育进程不一致,生育期延长天数与淹水天数之间呈现极显著的正相关关系。因为‘湘早籼24’植株相对比较矮,受钻心虫危害比较严重。钻心虫发生面积和淹水强度之间呈现极显著的正相关关系。淹水处理造成水稻产量降低,试验结果表明同一品种,产量降幅随淹水时间延长而加大。     

不同类型杂交早稻农艺性状的遗传分析

采用6个杂交稻三系不育系和10个杂交早稻父本品种,通过不完全双列杂交配置了60个杂交早稻组合。分析了在相同栽培环境条件下三系杂交早稻亲本及其所配置的杂交早稻组合的12个农艺性状的遗传规律。结果表明：12个农艺性状的遗传以加性效应为主,各性状的狭义遗传力大小顺序依次为千粒重>株高>穗长>穗实粒数>结实率>穗总粒数>生育期>理论产量>实际产量>有效穗>成穗率>最高苗;除穗长外,其余性状受父本的影响较大;理论产量与结实率、穗实粒数、株高、成穗率及有效穗呈正相关,可通过这几个性状对产量进行间接选择;穗实粒数是杂交早稻选择指数中最重要的选择性状。     

氮肥运筹对陆两优996产量形成与氮利用效率的影响

以‘陆两优996’为材料,研究了氮肥运筹方式对超级早稻产量形成与氮利用效率的影响,结果表明：氮肥运筹方式显著影响超级早稻源库特性与产量,与D2处理（6:2:1:1）相比,D3处理（4:2:3:1）穗分化期略有延长,穗粒数略有提高,成穗率、有效穗数与叶面积显著提高,茎鞘物质输出率显著下降,产量显著提高;氮肥运筹方式显著影响超级早稻氮利用效率,与D2处理,D3处理氮素累积量、氮肥利用率、氮素吸收效率、氮肥效率显著提高。可见,适当增大穗肥比例有利于改善超级早稻源库关系,有利于提高产量、氮肥利用率与氮利用效率。     

播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖成穗的影响及与气象因子的关系

为探讨不同播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖成穗的影响,以F优498和宜香优2115两个超级杂交籼稻品种为材料, 设置3月21日(S1)、3月31日(S2)、4月10日(S3)、4月20日(S4)和4月30日(S5) 5个播期,秧龄均为30 d,移栽期依次为4月21日、5月1日、5月11日、5月21日和5月31日,研究其分蘖发生成穗特点及与气象因子的关系。结果表明,不同播栽期水稻产量差异显著,随着播栽期推迟,产量呈降低趋势,早播S1的产量最高、迟播S5的产量最低。不同播栽期处理下水稻主茎对产量的贡献表现为(S1~S4) < S5,一、二次分蘖总和对产量的贡献表现为(S1~S4) > S5,S1优势蘖位为第3~第6叶,而S2~S5优势蘖位为第3~第5叶。随播栽期推迟,分蘖发生和成穗叶位趋于集中,F优498一次分蘖发生在S1~S4以3/0~7/0为主,而在S5以3/0~6/0为主;宜香优2115 在S1以3/0~7/0为主,在S2~S5以3/0~6/0为主。一次分蘖成穗率在S1以3/0~6/0为主,而在S2~S5以3/0~5/0为主;二次分蘖发生和成穗以第3~第4叶为主。气象因子对分蘖发生和成穗的影响为一、二次分蘖发生率与日平均相对湿度呈显著负相关,而与平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数呈显著或极显著正相关;一次分蘖成穗率与分蘖期日平均相对湿度、平均气温呈显著负相关,与分蘖期平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数呈显著正相关,与幼穗分化期日平均相对湿度呈显著负相关,与抽穗开花期日照时数呈显著正相关。综合看来,成都平原地区机插超级杂交籼稻在4月11日前播种5月11日前移栽有利于产量的提高,在4月21日前播种5月21日前移栽有利于稳产,在4月21日以后播种5月21日后移栽产量显著降低。     

不同外源激素对糜子成穗及产量的影响

研究不同种类外源激素对糜子成穗及产量的影响。用5种外源激素在糜子3~4叶期喷施,连续处理2次,喷清水为对照。记录糜子苗期基本苗数、拔节期总茎数、成熟期穗数等性状,用统计软件SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。结果表明,施用脱落酸（ABA）能够显著降低糜子的分蘖数,施用赤霉素（GA₃）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、矮壮素（CCC）也能减少糜子分蘖数,但是与对照差异不显著,施用多效唑（PP₃₃₃）对糜子分蘖数没有明显影响;施用GA₃、IAA、CCC能够增加分蘖穗数,而ABA、PP₃₃₃降低分蘖穗数;各处理分蘖成穗率都较对照高,ABA处理分蘖成穗率为最高达到25.20%;ABA处理主茎穗占比较对照增加,分蘖穗占比降低;GA₃、IAA、CCC处理主茎穗占比相对于对照降低,分蘖穗占比增加,PP₃₃₃处理与对照相近;5种外源激素对糜子产量的影响差异显著,施用ABA产量最高,可能与主茎穗占比高和分蘖成穗率高有关系。在糜子3~4叶期喷施5种外源激素,对糜子有显著作用的是ABA,主要表现在ABA能够降低糜子分蘖数,保证了主茎的成穗数量,增加了分蘖成穗率,从而提高了糜子产量。     

气象条件对杂交水稻汕优63产量构成因子的影响

以水稻品种汕优63为材料,分析了信阳地区水稻不同生育期的气象条件与产量构成因子之间的相互关系。研究发现分蘖率在300％左右成穗率较高,适宜的日平均温度和日照时数分别为26℃和5.5h;分蘖期有效穗数与日照时数的变化成正比,当日照时数达到5h以上时有效穗数的变化不大;孕穗期温度在28~30℃,日较差在8~10℃时有效穗数较高;孕穗、抽穗期的高温（>30℃）及光照不足（<5h）会显著降低水稻的结实率;灌浆期日照总量、降水总量和气温日较差对水稻千粒重均有影响;各产量构成因子的重要程度依次为结实率>有效穗数>千粒重     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.