马铃薯新品种丽薯6号选育

<正>1选育过程丽薯6号,原名丽200201,1997年丽江市农科所从国际马铃薯中心提供的马铃薯杂交实生种子A10-39×NS40-37组合中选育。     

马铃薯品种大西洋不同杂交组合后代的产量表现

以马铃薯品种大西洋为母本的6个杂交组合的无性一代为试验材料,对组合的各个产量性状进行评价。结果表明:综合表现较好的组合为大西洋×D2和大西洋×早大白,这两个组合产量高,单株商品薯重也较高,平均单株产量分别为621.6 g和511.0 g,平均单株商品薯重分别为426.9 g和409.2 g;尤其是大西洋×早大白组合,后代的单株结薯数量较少(4.9个),且单薯重高(107.9 g),是大薯块类型的高产组合。大西洋×克新16号组合和大西洋×T1800组合的产量中等,可结合其它性状评价其利用方向。大西洋×克新2号组合的产量较低;且单株商品薯重也较低(187.7 g),是利用价值较小的组合。大西洋×中薯4号组合的平均单株产量低(380.7 g),但单株结薯数量少(4.5个),因而单薯重较高(93.5 g),可以选择高产的单株进一步鉴定。     

马铃薯实生种子优良杂交组合评价

本文研究了国内最新配制的马铃薯实生种子9个杂交组合,通过试验,分析和比较了F_1实生苗世代主要经济性状的表现,综合评价了各个杂交组合在杂种优势利用中的价值,筛选了可用于商品生产的优良组合.对主要亲本的配合力进行了估计,为实生种子利用提供科学依据并研究优良自交系.试验结果表明:W_4×NS_(79-12-1),W_5×NS_(79-12-1)和肯德×8342-36为优良杂交组合,W_4×NS_(79-12-1)可用于实生种薯生产.自交系NS_(79-12-1)和8342-35为优良自交系,后者在提高单薯重量降低单株结薯个数上有较高的配合力.本文还讨论了我国马铃薯实生种子选育和杂种优势利用的进展和发展潜力.     

马铃薯杂交组合后代加工相关品质性状的评价

以马铃薯品种大西洋和东农303为母本的6个杂交组合的无性一代为试验材料,对其产量和加工相关品质性状进行评价。结果表明:综合表现最好的组合为大西洋×T1800,该组合产量高,平均单株产量可达604g;单薯重较高,平均单薯重可达80 g;高淀粉、低还原糖个体较多,后代中符合油炸加工类型的无性系比率最高。以东农303为母本的3个杂交组合后代比重偏低,但平均单株产量和平均单薯重均较高,可从这3个组合后代中筛选出高产鲜食的材料。     

橡胶树热研7-33-97不同杂交组合子代早期鉴定研究

橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis）优良品种热研7-33-97具有生长速度快、抗性强、产胶潜力大和干胶理化性能好等优点。为研究热研7-33-97作为杂交亲本选育优良新品种的潜力，分别对热研2-73×热研7-33-97、热研5-11×热研7-33-97、热研7-33-97×海垦1的人工杂交授粉子代进行生长量和产量早期鉴定。结果表明：不同杂交组合子代的茎围生长和产量均有显著差异，热研7-33-97作为父本或者母本均能较好地遗传其速生、高产性状。子代性状的正态分析表明，从热研2-73×热研7-33-97杂交组合子代中选育出胶木兼优品种的可能性较大，从热研5-11×热研7-33-97杂交组合子代中选育出高产品种的可能性较大，从热研7-33-97×海垦1杂交组合子代中有选育出抗风高产品种的可能性。     

马铃薯新品种丽薯7号选育

<正>1选育过程丽薯7号原名丽200202,是1997年丽江市农科所从云南省农业科学院隋启君老师提供的马铃薯杂交实生种子肯德×Alamo组合中选育。经品比试     

马铃薯杂种后代无性系性状的评价

西藏马铃薯种质资源丰富,但主栽品种较少,专用品种匮乏。利用西藏当地马铃薯品种做亲本配置组合,进行马铃薯杂种后代无性系性状评价,为选育适合西藏当地生态环境的马铃薯专用品种提供参考。被测无性系17个,以当地品种‘艾玛土豆’和油炸品种‘大西洋’为对照,进行植株性状、产量性状、品质性状及炸条级别的评价。试验结果表明,‘XZ07-1’产量与商品薯重均达最高,适合鲜薯食用;‘XZ25-1’淀粉含量最高18.59%,薯肉为白色,适合淀粉加工;‘XZ14-1’产量与商品薯率高,还原糖含量低于对照‘大西洋’,炸条级别为1级,适合油炸或全粉加工。另有9个无性系部分性状表现较好,可进一步评价,并对其优良特性在育种中加以利用。因此,利用西藏当地马铃薯品种资源可选育适合西藏当地生态环境的马铃薯专用新品种。     

商洛市加工型马铃薯品种试验

为了选择适宜商洛种植的马铃薯加工型品种,在大田生产条件下,对新引进大西洋等6个马铃薯加工型品种进行产量、品质等试验研究。经方差分析和差异显著性测验(LSR法),结果表明:紫花白、克新1号为高产菜用型兼加工薯条品种,在商洛市大面积推广种植;大西洋、费乌瑞它、秦薯30号综合评价属炸薯片、薯条、土豆泥、膨化食品加工品种,大面积示范种植;夏波蒂综合评价差,可作为加工型育种材料。     

马铃薯加工性状亲子代间表现型差异的研究

试验选用20个具有良好加工性状表现的马铃薯品种或品系,配制了16个杂交组合,在实生苗当代进行子代测验,以验证亲本的表型和杂种实生苗当代块茎表现的关系。通过对后代群体块茎的比重、长宽比、芽眼深浅等性状的表现,来评价亲本和组配方式对后代性状表现的影响。结果表明:根据亲本表现在比重、薯形,芽眼三个性状上不能够完全准确地预测其子代表现,需要通过其子代表现来进行评价。在组合的配制效应上,Vester×Fl1867、Fl1771×台湾红皮、Wauseon×Caribe、以及CIP380854.3×Fl1533的后代群体表现好,可以作为选育加工品种的组合在育种应用。     

马铃薯新品种‘庄薯4号’的选育

‘庄薯4号’是甘肃省庄浪县农业技术推广中心以‘庄99-2-1’为母本,‘小白花’为父本杂交选育而成的淀粉加工型马铃薯新品种。该品种中晚熟,生育期113 d左右,薯块椭圆形,黄皮黄肉,芽眼浅,大中薯率72%以上,生产试验平均产量28 355 kg/hm2,抗旱、高抗晚疫病。适宜在甘肃省高寒阴湿、二阴、半干旱地区及同类型地区推广种植。     

马铃薯杂种群体的模糊数学综合评价

应用模糊数学综合评判方法,综合评价了16个马铃薯杂种实生薯群体,结果表明:801-5×Katahdin、801-5×Baraka、高原7号×Katahdin和高原7号×Baraka 4个组合以小区实际产量、丰产素质和块茎一致性为主,包括株高一致性和对花叶、卷叶两类病毒抗性在内的12个性状的综合评价明显优于对照组合(自84040×NS79-12-1),达到优良的评价标准,综合指标值分别比对照增加58.3％,51.7％,33.6％和25.4％,综合性状稳定性好。模糊数学综合评判方法,能够全面、客观和定量地反映杂种群体的综合特征,能以统一的综合指标评价TPS选育的全部目标性状,克服了组合评价中以单因素独立评价群体优劣的不足,对于新组合或新品种的审定、推广利用都具有实际意义。     

Screening for Chip-Processing Potato Line from Introgression of Wild Species’ Germplasms with Post-Harvest Storage and Chip Qualities

The processing of potatoes into chips is expanding in China. There is a need for new processing cultivars that are well-suited for the local ecological environment. Eleven potato varieties were bred from hybridization and backcrossing between the local cultivated potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.) and wild potato species. Lines from different wild species’ germplasms showed that the ability to accumulate reducing sugars was significantly different during low temperature storage (4 °C). A correlation analysis was conducted to determine the correlation coefficient among reducing sugars, acid invertase, free amino acids, chip colors and the content of acrylamide after storage at room and low temperatures. The lines 0706-116, 0737-6 and 0726-205 had low levels of reducing sugars, acrylamide content and acceptable chip colors for potato chip processing. The results indicated that the transfer of wild species’ processing traits into local cultivars by hybridization and continuous backcrossing is an effective potato breeding method and that the wild germplasm resources S. phureja and S. chacoense are suitable for improving the processing traits of local varieties.     

Glycoalkaloid content of B5141-6 potatoes

A cross-Canada survey of B5141-6³ potatoes grown at 12 locations showed a distinct bitter off-flavour found to be due to the presence of unusually high total glycoalkaloid content (TGA), mostly in excess of 20 mg per 100 gm of fresh weight. Samples of check varieties commonly grown in the selected locations, Kennebec, Irish Cobbler and Netted Gem, showed comparably low, normal TGA levels. As there is strong evidence that the high TGA levels in B5141-6 tubers are reached before detachment from the mother plant, it is assumed that the ability of B5141-6 to produce or accumulate such high levels is strongly inherited. To date, high TGA levels were found to be only due to the effects of post-harvest environment (6, 7). The implications of the TGA potential are discussed in relation to the existing potato improvement programmes and the need for a routine screening test for new introductions.     

马铃薯杂种群体的性状相关及其配合力分析

本试验以7个优良马铃薯品种(系)按不完全双列杂交设计配制组合,分析了群体主要性状与生产力的遗传相关及其配合力效应.结果表明,群体平均单株结薯数、平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量及小薯数量和产量与群体产量的遗传相关达显著或极显著.平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量是筛选商品价值较高的优良群体的重要相关性状.亲本的一般配合力效应在平均单株结薯数、平均决茎重、商品薯产量、小薯产量和数量几个性状上对模型Ⅰ差异显著,组合间的特殊配合力效应均达到显著差异.特殊配合力方差为总方差的61.47%～147.52%,表明该群体的生产力主要由非加性基因控制.相对配合力总效应值与产量的相关达极显著水平(r_(3.4)=0.99).综合评定亲本801-5,Katahdin和Baraka在马铃薯群体和品种选育中具有较高的利用价值.     

Chloroplast DNA variation in European potato cultivars

Summary The chloroplast DNA of 27 potato cultivars and 2 wild species has been examined by Southern blotting using probes representing the entire chloroplast genome of barley. 16% of the probe × enzyme combinations detected polymorphism between the potato cultivars. Cvs Maris Piper, Croft, Shelagh, Stormont Enterprise and Estima and the wild species could be distinguished from the other cultivars by their chloroplast DNA restriction patterns. These results are discussed in relation to cytoplasmic diversity and potato improvement.     

Agronomic performance of potato germplasm selected for high resistance to verticillium wilt

A three-year study was conducted from 1991 through 1993 to evaluate the field performance of potato clones that had been selected for resistance to wilt symptom development and stem colonization byVerticillium dahliae. The total yield, size distribution, and specific-gravity of these highly resistant clones were compared with standard cultivars and two parent clones with high Verticillium resistance and high yield, A66107-51 and A68113-4. Two groups of Verticillium resistant germplasm were selected in 1991. One group was the highly resistant progeny from a cross between A66107-51 and A68113-4. The second group consisted of hybrids between wild species accessions with high Verticillium resistance and cultivated diploid and tetraploid germplasm. Twenty-one out of 125 progeny clones from the A66107-51 × A68113-4 cross were highly resistant to Verticillium infection and were tested in yield trials for two years. Another eight selections had high Verticillium resistance but such low yield of seed tubers that they were tested only one year for yield. Eleven of the original 29 highly resistant selections were significantly lower in total yield than Russet Burbank. Only one clone was significantly higher in yield than RB, and none outyielded either of the resistant parents. Reddale and Century Russet had moderate to high Verticillium resistance, respectively. Both outyielded Russet Burbank and were comparable with the high yielding resistant parents. Of 15 interspecific hybrids tested in 1991, only four had sufficient yield to produce seed for yield trials and good wilt resistance after three successive seasons of evaluation. We concluded from this study that selecting at early stages of variety development strictly for Verticillium resistance is likely to be inefficient. Rather, selection should be for yield and other agronomic criteria in Verticillium infested fields.     

10个玉米自交系穗部性状的配合力分析

采用5×5不完全双列杂交设计,对10个玉米自交系的单株产量等7个性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行了分析。结果表明:交51、7922、丹340、自330有较高的一般配合力,黄早四×7922、自330×木4、Mo17×5331、丹340×095、32×7922、自330×交51和丹340×交51有较高的特殊配合力。在所有杂交组合中,丹340×交51的产量最高,丹340×095、自330×交51的产量次之,这3个组合可作为潜势组合进一步试验。在选择性状时,玉米穗长、穗粗、穗行数和单株产量宜早代选择,行粒数、出籽率、百粒重宜晚代选择。     

Populations of aphids on named varieties of Irish potatoes

Populations of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the potato aphid,Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), were observed on 27 named varieties of Irish potatoes in the Yakima Valley of Washington intermittently from 1947 through 1968. The Epicure, Great Scot, and B5141-6 varieties produced relatively fewer green peach aphids than other varieties tested; Bliss Triumph and Red Pontiac produced relatively fewer potato aphids. Except for Doebay Red, the red-skinned varieties, Bliss Triumph, Red McLure, Norland, and Earnly Rose, were extremely to moderately productive of the green peach aphid. No correlation was apparent between abundance of aphids and the specific gravity or yield of tubers.