陆地棉棉仁蛋白质、脂肪及脂肪酸含量

1983—1985年对334个陆地棉棉仁品质含量分析的结果:粗蛋白质含量平均40.53%,以巴棉1号含量最高。19个国内自育品种含量高于其他系统,平均为41.67%。棉仁粗脂肪含量平均34.29%,Dixie Triumph 251品种含量最高,各系统相比,以Delfos系统含量最高,平均为35.09%。棉仁中5种脂肪酸含量分别为:豆蔻酸0.2—2.6%,棕榈酸21.1—27.7%,硬脂酸0.1—3.0%,油酸10.0—28.0%,亚油酸44.0—62.1%。     

微胚乳玉米籽粒脂肪酸组分的配合力及遗传率研究

为了解微胚乳油用玉米的脂肪酸组成,选用2个高油酸微胚乳玉米自交系和6个中低油酸微胚乳玉米自交系,按NCⅡ设计组配12个微胚乳玉米杂交组合,对其籽粒直榨油的脂肪酸成分进行测定,研究其配合力和遗传参数。结果表明,12个杂交组合的油酸含量42.67%～47.80%,亚油酸含量31.90%～40.93%,亚麻酸含量0.64%～0.79%,棕榈酸含量10.85%～14.50%,硬脂酸含量3.08%～4.44%,亚麻酸、花生酸、花生一烯酸、山嵛酸、木焦油酸、棕榈一烯酸和十七烷酸等7种脂肪酸含量均小于1%。油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸和木焦油酸等4个性状的一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差均显著,其总配合力相对效应值的大小与各性状测定值的大小顺序一致。亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和棕榈一烯酸等4个性状的一般配合力方差较大,加性效应起主要作用。亚油酸和木焦油酸特殊配合力方差较大,非加性效应起主要作用。油酸的一般配合力方差为52.56%,受加性效应和非加性效应的共同影响。     

紫苏种子发育过程中脂肪酸组分变化研究

以野生紫苏与栽培紫苏为材料,通过气相色谱对2个紫苏品种种子发育过程中脂肪酸组分的含量及其变化进行了研究.结果表明:紫苏种子脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸5种成分组成,不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的90％左右,其中α-亚麻酸含量最高,达60％以上.种子发育过程中棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量相对较为稳定,亚油酸含量随种子发育逐渐降低,而α-亚麻酸含量随种子发育不断增加直至成熟,占总脂肪酸的60％以上.     

向日葵籽仁脂肪和脂肪酸含量近红外光谱模型的建立

为实现向日葵品质的快速无损检测,选取50份具有代表性的油用向日葵材料,采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）构建籽仁脂肪、亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸和棕榈酸含量的近红外光谱（NIRS）模型。结果表明,脂肪、亚油酸、油酸含量模型校正和验证相关系数均大于0.96,且预测值与化学值相对误差均在10%以下,能够达到样品成分含量的快速测定。硬脂酸和棕榈酸含量模型校正相关系数分别为0.92和0.82,验证相关系数分别为0.83和0.74,预测值与化学值相对误差在4.66%~17.99%之间,可用于样品成分含量的初步预测。本研究构建的NIRS模型,有助于油用向日葵种质资源品质鉴定和快速筛选。     

早实类型核桃品种坚果性状及脂肪酸组分分析

为了解不同早实类型核桃品种果实坚果性状及核桃仁中脂肪酸含量的差异性,以17个山西省农科院果树所核桃品种园内早实类型核桃新品种果实为试材,对其坚果性状进行调查测定,并采用气相色谱法,测定了其核桃仁脂肪酸组分。结果表明:17个早实类型核桃新品种中‘金薄香6号’、‘礼品2号’的坚果性状表现突出。17个品种核桃仁中共同检测出6种脂肪酸,包括不饱和脂肪酸:油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸,饱和脂肪酸:棕榈酸、硬脂酸及其他酸等。其中油酸和亚油酸相对总含量占到80%左右,以亚油酸相对含量最高。‘辽宁1号’核桃仁中含油量最高达78.00%,‘薄丰’的最低仅59.40%;且各品种间含油量具有显著差异性。17个早实类型核桃品种中‘扎343’的油麻比最高达12.40%,‘金薄香4号’的最低为3.50%。‘金薄香1号’核桃仁中棕榈酸含量最高达7.30 g/100 g,‘礼品2号’的最低为5.10 g/100 g。在选育油料核桃品种时,要以出油率较高且高油酸、高亚油酸、低亚麻酸含量的品种为最佳试材。经综合比较,‘礼品2号’、‘金薄香6号’、‘扎343’的油酸、亚油酸含量较高,亚麻酸、棕榈酸含量较低,是比较理想的核桃油用品种,为山西省核桃油用型良种的选育和开发利用提供一定的理论依据。     

江西地区油茶籽含油率和脂肪酸组成的调查与分析

油茶籽油作为具有食疗效果的油脂,市场发展前景非常广阔。本文对江西地区2011年产的38个油茶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:油茶籽含油率在20.48%～49.84%之间,平均为37.07%。油茶籽油脂肪酸主要是由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸等脂肪酸组成,棕榈酸含量平均值8.19%;硬脂酸含量平均值2.48%;油酸含量平均值81.02%;亚油酸含量平均值7.74%;花生一烯酸含量平均值0.46%。主要不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸含量平均达到了88.76%,说明江西地区的油茶籽油符合高品质食用油的标准。     

中外海岛棉不同开花期棉子油分性状与物理性状研究

为了筛选出高油含量的海岛棉品种及最优花期,以中国新疆、埃及、美国、中亚海岛棉20个品种8个开花期所结的棉子为试验材料,采用生物学统计法和索氏抽提法,分析其物理性状以及油分性状的变化特征及其间的关系。海岛棉的种子油分指数和种仁油分指数存在明显的遗传变异性,变异系数均为12.86%;XH-36、XH-41、DJC-3、DJC-4、DJC-5、A-Za的棉子油分性状指标显著高于其他品种,且这6个品种在7月5日的油分性状最优,其次是6月30日和7月20日。该试验初步筛选出6个高油性状的优质海岛棉品种,同时相关性分析表明棉子的物理性状和油分性状间相互作用,共同影响棉子品质,且棉子油分性状受其物理性状调控。     

野生花生脂肪酸组成的遗传变异及远缘杂交创造高油酸低棕榈酸花生新种质

以花生属19个近缘野生物种87份种质和113份栽野远缘杂交后代为材料, 系统分析野生花生脂肪酸组成的遗传变异及其在栽培种花生脂肪酸改良中的潜力。结果表明, 野生花生的棕榈酸含量与栽培种花生相似, 硬脂酸和油酸含量略低于栽培种花生, 亚油酸含量略高于栽培种。不同物种间以及同一物种内不同资源间的脂肪酸组成存在较大差异。A. rigonii棕榈酸含量较低, A. pusilla和A. duranensis油酸含量较高, A. batizocoi亚油酸含量较高, A. rigonii和A. duranensis油酸和亚油酸含量变幅较大。发掘出油酸含量达60%以上的野生资源2份(19-6, A. duranensis和23-1, A. sp.), 亚油酸含量达40%以上的资源7份, 其中A. rigonii(编号为11-4)亚油酸含量高达48%, 是目前所发现的花生资源中亚油酸含量最高的种质。远缘杂交后代脂肪酸的变异远远超过亲本间的差异, 而且不同组合间的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量差异达显著或极显著水平。通过远缘杂交获得了6份油酸含量达64.0%以上且棕榈酸含量在8.5%以下的新种质, 其中yz8913-8油酸含量达67.85%, 比其栽培种亲本提高近30个百分点, 且棕榈酸含量仅7.60%。SRAP检测表明, 这6份远缘杂交后代除整合了亲本的DNA片段外, 还产生了新的DNA片段, 有的还丢掉了亲本的某些片段。农艺性状分析表明, 其中4份种质的综合农艺性状较好, 具有重要育种利用价值。     

花生种子发育过程中脂肪酸积累规律的研究

以鲁花14为材料,对花生种子发育过程中荚果和种子的发育情况以及花生种子脂肪酸的累积过程进行了研究。结果表明,在果针入土的第39天,小种子(远离果针一端)的平均长度超过大种子(靠近果针一端),在接近成熟时,小种子的平均质量超过大种子。在花生种子中,可以检测到12种脂肪酸。按含量由高到低依次为油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、山萮酸、花生酸、二十四烷酸、花生烯酸、异油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈油酸、豆蔻酸。在花生种子发育过程中,脂肪酸含量随种子的发育逐渐增加,油酸含量不断增多,而亚油酸则呈缓慢减少的趋势。在接近成熟时,油酸和亚油酸占全部脂肪酸含量的79.4%。油酸亚油酸的比值随着种子的发育呈逐渐增大的变化规律。     

东北地区大豆品种资源脂肪酸组成的分析研究

测定2341份我国东北地区大豆品种资源5种脂肪酸含量。以亚油酸含量最高,45—62%。平均含量依次为亚油酸>油酸>棕榈酸>亚麻酸>硬脂酸。分析比较结果,各脂肪酸含量,不同种皮色、脐色、结荚习性、叶形和花色品种间存在显著差异。棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量,不同栽培类型、不同粒形品种间有显著差异。硬脂酸、油酸和亚麻酸     

我国主栽棉花品种的棉籽油资源评价与分析

【目的】探讨不同地区、不同棉花品种棉籽油脂肪酸含量与组成的差异。【方法】以收集于我国棉花主产区的82份棉花品种的棉籽为试验材料,采用索氏法提取种子中粗脂肪,并利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸组成和含量,最后通过聚类分析等分析脂肪酸组成与棉花品种和产地之间的内在联系。【结果】棉籽仁脂肪总含量在188.4~302.8 mg·g~(-1),平均为249.52 mg·g~(-1)。棉籽仁中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(104.88~180.68 mg·g~(-1))、棕榈酸(41.53~69.77 mg·g~(-1))、油酸(28.29~48.86 mg·g~(-1))和硬脂酸(3.56~6.8 mg·g~(-1));各品种脂肪酸含量具有差异。聚类分析表明,棉籽脂肪酸总含量和脂肪酸组成与产地具有相关性。【结论】本研究筛选得到棉籽脂肪酸总含量以及油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸高的材料,明确了82份种质资源的棉籽油分特征、特性和利用价值。     

Effect of Planting Date on Seed Yield, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Cultivars Grown in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different planting dates (25 April, 5 May and 15 May 1998 and 30 April, 15 May and 25 May 1999) on the seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition of three safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) cultivars (Yenice 5‐38, Dincer 5‐118 and 5‐154) grown in fields of the research facility of Akdeniz University in Antalya, Turkey. While seed yield, oil content, and palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid contents decreased, linoleic acid content increased from 50.86 to 55.72 % with delay in planting date. The effect of genotype on fatty acids was greater than that of environment.     

Effect of 1,1-Dimethyl Piperidinium Chloride (Pix) on the Seed, Protein, Oil and Fatty Acids of Egyptian Cotton

Two field experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 on the cotton cultivar, Giza 75 (Gossypiitm barbadense L.) to determine the effect of foliar application of Pix at 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 ppm on cottonseed yield, seed index, protein and oil contents and fatty acid compositions of cottonseed oil. Pix was sprayed once at 90 days or twice at 90 and 110 days from sowing date.
Seed yield/plant or /ha, protein and oil yield/ha, and seed index increased due to the application of Pix compared to the control. The highest response occurred with 40 or 60 ppm Pix and with one application rather than two. The seed protein percentage increased due to Pix application, especially at 10 ppm. A slight increase in seed oil percentage was detected throughout Pix applications. The number of applications had no noticeable effect on seed protein and oil %. Application of Pix caused a general decrease in the saturated fatty acids (myristic, stearic, and palmitic), associated with an increase in the unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic). These results were confirmed bv the ratio of total unsaturated fatty acids to total saturated (TU/TS). Ten ppm Pix gave the highest TU/TS. Generally, the saturated fatty acids decreased while the unsaturated fatty acids increased with one application rather than two. Palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid, whereas linoleic acid was the most abundant unsaturated ones.     

The accumulation pattern in developing seeds and its relation to fatty acid variation in soybean

Sixty soybean cultivars from Japan and the USA formed five maturity groups (IIb‐Vc) based on number of days from sowing to flowering and number of days from flowering to maturity. Highly significant intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were found in all the maturity groups, especially in IIc. Stearic and oleic acids showed a larger variation than palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Principal component analysis suggested that the total variation of fatty acid composition depended mainly on the desaturation levels from oleic to linoleic acid. Three cultivars exhibiting unique fatty acid composition, together with a standard cultivar, were examined for the contents of the five fatty acids, as well as crude oil at eight seed‐filling stages. For all four cultivars, it was found that crude oil content increased sigmoidally with advancing filling stage, and that the accumulation patterns of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were similar to that of crude oil. However, the accumulation pattern of stearic acid was different from that of crude oil and divided the cultivars into two distinct groups. For oleic acid, only the cultivar ‘Aburamame’ showed a rapid increase in proportion with advancing filling stage, although not differing markedly in accumulated content from the other cultivars. These results indicate that analysing the accumulation patterns of fatty acids could explain the latent genetic variation in fatty acid composition of soybean seeds.     

Survey of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm for variants in fatty acid composition and other seed characters

Summary Two hundred safflower accessions, originated in 37 countries, and multiplied in two environments, were evaluated for fatty acid composition of the seed oil and other seed characters. Overall mean values of stearic and palmitic acids were similar in both environments but differed for seed weight and oil content. Oleic and linoleic acids showed also similar overall mean content in both environments but some entries with intermediate contents of these acids displayed significant variation among environments. Oleic and linoleic acids showed a tremendous range of variation, from 3.1 to 90.60% and from 3.9 to 88.8%, respectively. The ranges of variation observed for stearic, oleic and linoleic acids indicate that all the reccessive genes, already discovered, controlling high content of these acids, st, ol and li, are present in the collection. Moreover, the upper values of oleic, ten points higher than the published values for the high oleic genotype olol, suggest than other genes controlling such levels may be present.     

Genetic variability and interrelationship of traits in the industrial oil crop Vernonia galamensis

Vernonia galamensis is a wild plant from the family Asteraceae which is endemic to East Africa and has the potential to become a new oil crop for industrial uses. Its seed oil is rich in vernolic acid, a fatty acid of high interest for oleochemical applications. However, a breeding program for Vernonia galamensis cultivars with high seed and oil yields requires knowledge about the genetic variability of traits that influence seed and oil production. This study was undertaken to examine phenotypic and genotypic variability, broad-sense heritability, genetic advance under selection and interrelationships of agronomic and seed quality traits. A total of 122 Vernonia accessions, 115 collected from different regions of Ethiopia and seven introduced, were grown at two locations in Ethiopia (Alemaya and Babile), in 2001/2002 and were analyzed for 20 traits including phenology, yield, yield components, and seed quality with special emphasis on fatty acid composition. The collections exhibited significant variation for all traits except for days to emergence. Genotypes and locations interacted significantly (P 0.01) for all traits. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 11% (for days to emergence) up to 79% (for days to maturity). Expected genetic advance was between 1.3% (for days to emergence) and 44.8% (for seed oil yield). Genetic correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plant is highly and positively correlated with seed weight and head number; highly significant and negative correlations (r = –0.59, –0.82, –0.85, and –0.89) were found between vernolic acid and palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid, respectively. Highly significant positive correlations (r = 0.55, 0.44, and 0.36) were observed between vernolic acid and oil content, meal protein content and seed oil yield, respectively. Path-coefficient analysis indicated seed weight and secondary head number to be the most important components of seed yield per plant. Vernolic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid had positive direct effects and stearic acid had a negative direct effect on oil content. The direct positive effect of oleic acid on oil content was, however, compensated by the negative indirect effects of stearic and vernolic acid resulting in a negative correlation (r = –0.60) between oleic acid and oil content. These observations will support the selection of accessions with high seed and oil yield, high meal protein contents, and high vernolic acid content.     

大豆脂肪酸组分的胚、细胞质和母体遗传效应分析

利用5个大豆品种配制20个杂交组合,采用广义种子遗传模型分析了大豆脂肪酸组分的胚、细胞质和母体植株等3套遗传体系的基因主效应和基因型×环境效应。棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量和亚油酸含量是以基因型×环境互作效应为主。亚麻酸和油酸的遗传主效应和基因型×环境互作效应相近。在脂肪酸组分的遗传主效应中,棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸含量是以胚主效应为主。油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以细胞质主效应为主。在基因型×环境互作方差中,脂肪酸组分以极显著的胚互作方差为主。亚麻酸含量是以基因的加性效应和加性×环境互作效应为主,棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量、油酸含量和亚油酸含量以基因的显性和显性×环境互作效应为主。棕榈酸含量和油酸含量是以普通狭义遗传率为主。硬脂酸、亚油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以互作狭义遗传率为主。在普通狭义遗传率中,棕榈酸含量、油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以细胞质普通遗传率和母体普通遗传率为主。在互作狭义遗传率中,油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以胚互作狭义遗传率为主,亚油酸含量以母体植株互作遗传率为主。棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量、油酸含量和亚油酸含量以细胞质及母体选择响应和互作选择响应为主,亚麻酸含量的胚普通选择响应和互作选择响应为主。     

大豆籽粒发育过程中脂肪酸组分的累积动态

在大豆籽粒形成过程中,随着棕榈酸、亚麻酸的含量下降,硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量上升。在棕榈酸累积的中、后期,高蛋白品种与其他品质类型品种有一定差异。油酸的累积主要在大豆籽粒形成的早期,但高油品种红丰9号与其他5个品种有较大差异。亚油酸的累积则主要在中后期。开花后51 d是这5种脂肪酸累积的共同转折点。     

Fatty Acid Composition of Oil from Erucic Acid-Free Summer Rape Seed (Brassica napus L.) in Relation to Nitrogen Nutrition and Raceme Position

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen supply (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) and raceme position on the fatty acid composition of oil extracted from erucic acid-free summer rape seed ( Brassica napus cv. Callypso ). The seven fatty acids analyzed for include palmitic, palmitolcic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolemc, and eicosenoic acids; of which oleic (59.54–64.84 %) and palmitoleic (0.36–0.4 %) acids were the highest and lowest levels respectively. Generally, N nutrition influenced fatty acid pattern only to a little extent. Palmitic, palmitoleic and stearic acid levels were increased by 170 ppm N, depending on raceme position, but oleic and linolenic acids were unaffected. Similarly, 170 ppm N produced the highest fatty acid levels in seeds on the lower portions of racemes, with the exception of oleic acid. This was also true in the case of the upper portions of racemes, except that 30 ppm N produced the highest levels of oleic and linoleic acids in rape seeds. Under the optimum N supply level (i.e. 100 ppm N), position of raceme on the rape plant did not greatly influence the levels of different fatty acids in lipids.