单粒花生主要脂肪酸含量近红外预测模型的建立及其应用

脂肪酸组成是影响花生营养价值和货架寿命的主要因素,高油酸花生以其营养保健价值高、化学稳定性好、耐储藏等特点,深受广大消费者和花生加工企业的喜爱。因此,培育高油酸品种是花生育种的重要目标,建立快速、高效、准确检测花生中主要脂肪酸含量的无损方法是加快花生脂肪酸改良和高油酸品种选育进程的重要技术保障。本研究利用近红外光谱技术建立了可以非破坏性地快速检测单粒花生中油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸含量的数学模型,其中油酸模型的决定系数(R2)为0.907,均方差为3.463;亚油酸模型的决定系数为0.918,均方差为2.824;棕榈酸模型的决定系数为0.824,均方差为0.782。使用100粒花生验证该模型的准确性,结果油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸的近红外预测值与化学值的相关系数分别为0.88、0.90和0.71,表明此模型可以准确地预测单粒花生中这3种脂肪酸的含量。本研究借助该模型建立了一种不依赖分子标记的快速、高效选育高油酸花生的方法,并成功应用于高油酸花生育种,选育出高油酸花生品种中花215。     

春大豆荚果发育过程中脂肪含量及其组分变化研究

本研究选用了3个品质类型的5个春大豆品种,研究荚果发育过程中脂肪含量及其组分的动态变化.结果表明:脂肪含量随着开花天数的增加呈上升趋势,始花后68d达到最大值,5个品种表现一致的规律性;26～32d脂肪含量增加较为缓慢,开花32～50d是脂肪含量快速增加时期,50～68d增长缓慢;脂肪酸组分中亚麻酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸所占比例呈降低趋势,亚油酸呈升高趋势,油酸先升高后降低;5个品种脂肪含量和油酸所占比例与始花后天数都呈极显著正相关关系;亚油酸所占比例与始花后天数没有达到显著正相关水平;硬脂酸、棕榈酸、亚麻酸所占比例与始花后天数呈负相关,但个别品种未达到显著水平;脂肪及其组分所占比例表现不同程度的相关性,脂肪与亚油酸、油酸呈显著或极显著正相关,脂肪与亚麻酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸呈显著或极显著负相关关系.     

胡麻RIL群体中粗脂肪和脂肪酸组分的分离及其相关性分析

为了解胡麻粗脂肪含量和脂肪酸组分在RIL群体中的分离分布规律,以DYM(♀)和STS(♂)构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体及其亲本为材料,分析了粗脂肪、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸等品质性状在RIL群体中的分布规律及其相关性。结果表明,上述品质性状在RIL中呈连续变异,各成分含量的频次、偏度和峰度表现均符合正态分布,同时存在超亲分离现象,表现为数量性状遗传。群体中粗脂肪含量的遗传倾母本遗传,而5种脂肪酸含量均倾双亲平均值遗传。油酸与粗脂肪和亚麻酸含量呈显著负相关,与亚油酸呈极显著负相关,与硬脂酸呈极显著正相关;亚麻酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸含量呈极显著负相关,亚油酸与棕榈酸含量呈显著正相关。同时筛选出了16份品质优异的株系供育种利用。     

微胚乳玉米籽粒脂肪酸组分的配合力及遗传率研究

为了解微胚乳油用玉米的脂肪酸组成,选用2个高油酸微胚乳玉米自交系和6个中低油酸微胚乳玉米自交系,按NCⅡ设计组配12个微胚乳玉米杂交组合,对其籽粒直榨油的脂肪酸成分进行测定,研究其配合力和遗传参数。结果表明,12个杂交组合的油酸含量42.67%～47.80%,亚油酸含量31.90%～40.93%,亚麻酸含量0.64%～0.79%,棕榈酸含量10.85%～14.50%,硬脂酸含量3.08%～4.44%,亚麻酸、花生酸、花生一烯酸、山嵛酸、木焦油酸、棕榈一烯酸和十七烷酸等7种脂肪酸含量均小于1%。油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸和木焦油酸等4个性状的一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差均显著,其总配合力相对效应值的大小与各性状测定值的大小顺序一致。亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和棕榈一烯酸等4个性状的一般配合力方差较大,加性效应起主要作用。亚油酸和木焦油酸特殊配合力方差较大,非加性效应起主要作用。油酸的一般配合力方差为52.56%,受加性效应和非加性效应的共同影响。     

油茶生长发育过程中脂肪酸成分的测定分析

为了研究油茶生长发育过程中脂肪含量及脂肪酸成分的变化,分析测定2个油茶品种在不同生长时期油茶籽中的脂肪酸成分。采用索氏提取法提取油茶籽中的脂溶性成分,经甲酯化处理后用气象色谱分离和鉴定,运用面积归一法确定各成分的相对百分含量。结果表明,在整个发育过程中油脂形成有两个高峰,分别在9月上旬和10月上旬;种子种脂肪酸的主要组成是不饱和脂肪酸,油酸含量最高,其次是亚油酸和油酸,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主,其中油酸呈明显上升趋势,棕榈酸和亚油酸呈明显下降趋势,硬脂酸呈小幅上升趋势,亚麻酸呈小幅下降趋势。     

大豆籽粒发育过程中脂肪酸组分的累积动态

在大豆籽粒形成过程中,随着棕榈酸、亚麻酸的含量下降,硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量上升。在棕榈酸累积的中、后期,高蛋白品种与其他品质类型品种有一定差异。油酸的累积主要在大豆籽粒形成的早期,但高油品种红丰9号与其他5个品种有较大差异。亚油酸的累积则主要在中后期。开花后51 d是这5种脂肪酸累积的共同转折点。     

大豆脂肪酸组分的胚、细胞质和母体遗传效应分析

利用5个大豆品种配制20个杂交组合,采用广义种子遗传模型分析了大豆脂肪酸组分的胚、细胞质和母体植株等3套遗传体系的基因主效应和基因型×环境效应。棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量和亚油酸含量是以基因型×环境互作效应为主。亚麻酸和油酸的遗传主效应和基因型×环境互作效应相近。在脂肪酸组分的遗传主效应中,棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚油酸含量是以胚主效应为主。油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以细胞质主效应为主。在基因型×环境互作方差中,脂肪酸组分以极显著的胚互作方差为主。亚麻酸含量是以基因的加性效应和加性×环境互作效应为主,棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量、油酸含量和亚油酸含量以基因的显性和显性×环境互作效应为主。棕榈酸含量和油酸含量是以普通狭义遗传率为主。硬脂酸、亚油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以互作狭义遗传率为主。在普通狭义遗传率中,棕榈酸含量、油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以细胞质普通遗传率和母体普通遗传率为主。在互作狭义遗传率中,油酸含量和亚麻酸含量以胚互作狭义遗传率为主,亚油酸含量以母体植株互作遗传率为主。棕榈酸含量、硬脂酸含量、油酸含量和亚油酸含量以细胞质及母体选择响应和互作选择响应为主,亚麻酸含量的胚普通选择响应和互作选择响应为主。     

江西地区油茶籽含油率和脂肪酸组成的调查与分析

油茶籽油作为具有食疗效果的油脂,市场发展前景非常广阔。本文对江西地区2011年产的38个油茶籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:油茶籽含油率在20.48%～49.84%之间,平均为37.07%。油茶籽油脂肪酸主要是由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸等脂肪酸组成,棕榈酸含量平均值8.19%;硬脂酸含量平均值2.48%;油酸含量平均值81.02%;亚油酸含量平均值7.74%;花生一烯酸含量平均值0.46%。主要不饱和脂肪酸油酸和亚油酸含量平均达到了88.76%,说明江西地区的油茶籽油符合高品质食用油的标准。     

不同品种核桃仁脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成与成分分析

以国内外不同品种核桃为试材,采用气相色谱法,测定不同品种核桃仁中脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成成分,结果表明:核桃仁中的脂肪含量在66%左右.核桃仁中共检测出肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕橱油酸、珠光脂酸、顺-10-十七碳-烯酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、花生酸和顺-11-二十碳.烯酸、二十二碳酸12种脂肪酸.脂肪酸碳链长度主要集中在C16-C18之间,以亚油酸含量最高,其次为油酸、α-亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸,其他脂肪酸含量较少(<0.15g/100g).不同品种核桃仁中均以多不饱和脂肪酸为主,其次为单不饱和脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸含量较低,各品种间多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异显著.亚油酸含量以青林核桃为最高,为42.19 g/100g;元林核桃最低,为36.12 g/100g.     

东北地区大豆品种资源脂肪酸组成的分析研究

测定2341份我国东北地区大豆品种资源5种脂肪酸含量。以亚油酸含量最高,45—62%。平均含量依次为亚油酸>油酸>棕榈酸>亚麻酸>硬脂酸。分析比较结果,各脂肪酸含量,不同种皮色、脐色、结荚习性、叶形和花色品种间存在显著差异。棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量,不同栽培类型、不同粒形品种间有显著差异。硬脂酸、油酸和亚麻酸     

Estimating the fatty acid composition of the oil in intact-seed rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid method to estimate the fatty acid composition of the oil in intact-seed samples of rapeseed. A total of 549 samples (3 g intact seed) from selected mutant and breeding lines were scanned by NIRS, and 220 of them were selected and scanned again by using two different adapters, which reduced the sample size to 300 and 60 mg, respectively. Selected samples were analysed by gas liquid chromatography and calibration equations for individual fatty acids were developed. Calibrations for oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and erucic acid were highly accurate, with values of r² in cross validation from 0.95 to 0.98 (samples of 3 g), from 0.93 to 0.97 (300 mg), and from 0.84 to 0.96 (60 mg). Calibrations for palmitic and stearic acid were less accurate, with values of r² in cross validation always lower than 0.8, probably because of the narrow range available for these fatty acids. The accuracy of the calibration equations for eicosenoic acid was very low (r² = 0.69 in 3 g samples), although improved equations were developed (r² from 0.78 to 0.91) when the relationship between erucic and eicosenoic acid was taken into account. We conclude that NIRS is a powerful technique to estimate the fatty acid composition of the oil in rapeseed, provided that samples covering a wide range of fatty acid levels are available, with the advantage that such estimation is possible with few additional costs when NIRS is used for the determination of other seed quality traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Estimation of seed weight, oil content and fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed ( Brassica napus} L.) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The potential of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for the simultaneous analysis of seed weight, total oil content and its fatty acid composition in intact single seeds of rapeseed was studied. A calibration set of 530 single seeds was analysed by both NIRS and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and calibration equations for the major fatty acids were developed. External validation with a set of 75 seeds demonstrated a close relationship between NIRS and GLC data for oleic (r = 0.92) and erucic acid (r = 0.94), but not for linoleic (r = 0.75) and linolenic acid (r = 0.73). Calibration equations for seed weight and oil content were developed from a calibration set of 125 seeds. A gravimetric determination was used as reference method for oil content. External validation revealed a coefficient of correlation between NIRS and reference methods of 0.92 for both traits. The performance of the calibration equations for oleic and erucic acid was further studied by analysing two segregating F2 seed populations not represented in the calibration set. The results demonstrated that a reliable selection for both fatty acids in segregating populations can be made by using NIRS. We concluded that a reliable estimation of seed weight, oil content, oleic acid and erucic acid content in intact, single seeds of rapeseed is possible by using NIRS technique. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The accumulation pattern in developing seeds and its relation to fatty acid variation in soybean

Sixty soybean cultivars from Japan and the USA formed five maturity groups (IIb‐Vc) based on number of days from sowing to flowering and number of days from flowering to maturity. Highly significant intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were found in all the maturity groups, especially in IIc. Stearic and oleic acids showed a larger variation than palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Principal component analysis suggested that the total variation of fatty acid composition depended mainly on the desaturation levels from oleic to linoleic acid. Three cultivars exhibiting unique fatty acid composition, together with a standard cultivar, were examined for the contents of the five fatty acids, as well as crude oil at eight seed‐filling stages. For all four cultivars, it was found that crude oil content increased sigmoidally with advancing filling stage, and that the accumulation patterns of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were similar to that of crude oil. However, the accumulation pattern of stearic acid was different from that of crude oil and divided the cultivars into two distinct groups. For oleic acid, only the cultivar ‘Aburamame’ showed a rapid increase in proportion with advancing filling stage, although not differing markedly in accumulated content from the other cultivars. These results indicate that analysing the accumulation patterns of fatty acids could explain the latent genetic variation in fatty acid composition of soybean seeds.     

Survey of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm for variants in fatty acid composition and other seed characters

Summary Two hundred safflower accessions, originated in 37 countries, and multiplied in two environments, were evaluated for fatty acid composition of the seed oil and other seed characters. Overall mean values of stearic and palmitic acids were similar in both environments but differed for seed weight and oil content. Oleic and linoleic acids showed also similar overall mean content in both environments but some entries with intermediate contents of these acids displayed significant variation among environments. Oleic and linoleic acids showed a tremendous range of variation, from 3.1 to 90.60% and from 3.9 to 88.8%, respectively. The ranges of variation observed for stearic, oleic and linoleic acids indicate that all the reccessive genes, already discovered, controlling high content of these acids, st, ol and li, are present in the collection. Moreover, the upper values of oleic, ten points higher than the published values for the high oleic genotype olol, suggest than other genes controlling such levels may be present.     

Response of Some Quality Traits of Sunflower Seeds and Oil to Different Environments

Five sunflower hybrids and one open-pollinated variety were sown at two locations in West Germany and at two-sowings at Giza, Egypt (summer and winter seasons). Cultivars showed different response concerning oil and protein contents as well as fatty acid composition. Highest protein content was observed from Giza in winter season. Cultivars differed significantly with this respect under different environments. However, oil content was not significantly affected by environments X cultivars interaction.
Regarding fatty acid composition, palmitic and stearic acids were insignificantly affected. However, highest oleic acid percentage (57.5%) was observed at Giza in summer sowing by Nhy , hybrid, while at Giza in winter sowing the highest value (25.7%) was produced by Semu 209 hybrid. The differences between the two Germany locations were relatively low in range from 14.6–17.6%. Concerning linoleic acid, it showed an opposite trend.
Environments X cultivars interaction showed significant influence on total tocopherol content.     

Sunflower mutant containing high levels of palmitic acid in high oleic background

A new sunflower mutant, CAS-12, was obtained, which has both high palmitic (≈30%) and high oleic acid contents, and also a substantial amount of palmitoleic acid (≈7%). The mutant was selected after X-ray irradiation of dry seeds of the inbred line BSD-2-423, which had normal palmitic (≈3%) and high oleic (≈88%) acid levels. The increase of palmitic and palmitoleic acids occurred at the expense of the oleic acid content, which decreased to around 55% in respect to the original line. Linoleic acid content is always under 5%. Palmitic and palmitoleic acid levels were similar to those of the high palmitic mutant CAS-5 obtained in a previous programme from a low oleic line isogenic to BSD-2-423 using a similar mutagenic treatment. In that previous programme we also selected three high stearic acid mutants using chemical mutagenic treatment on the same sunflower line (RDF-1-532). We attempted to obtain mutants in other lines but were unsuccessful. The isolation of similar mutants in isogenic parental lines illustrates the importance of the genetic background in the development of specific mutants with an altered seed oil fatty acid composition. The oil of this mutant will increase the range of potential uses of sunflower oil. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

我国主栽棉花品种的棉籽油资源评价与分析

【目的】探讨不同地区、不同棉花品种棉籽油脂肪酸含量与组成的差异。【方法】以收集于我国棉花主产区的82份棉花品种的棉籽为试验材料,采用索氏法提取种子中粗脂肪,并利用气相色谱法分析脂肪酸组成和含量,最后通过聚类分析等分析脂肪酸组成与棉花品种和产地之间的内在联系。【结果】棉籽仁脂肪总含量在188.4~302.8 mg·g~(-1),平均为249.52 mg·g~(-1)。棉籽仁中主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(104.88~180.68 mg·g~(-1))、棕榈酸(41.53~69.77 mg·g~(-1))、油酸(28.29~48.86 mg·g~(-1))和硬脂酸(3.56~6.8 mg·g~(-1));各品种脂肪酸含量具有差异。聚类分析表明,棉籽脂肪酸总含量和脂肪酸组成与产地具有相关性。【结论】本研究筛选得到棉籽脂肪酸总含量以及油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸高的材料,明确了82份种质资源的棉籽油分特征、特性和利用价值。