兽用天花粉蛋白胶囊研制及应用

胎衣不下是奶牛产科发病率较高的一种疾病,发病率一般均在10%—25%左右,少数地区高达40%以上。国外某些国家胎衣不下的发病率也在20%左右。奶牛胎衣不下往往导致子宫内膜炎或生殖系统的其它     

陕西绥德奶牛生殖系统疾病调查分析

本文对陕西省绥德县城区2004~2010年奶牛生殖系统疾病状况进行了调查,结果表明,患生殖系统疾病奶牛数量占能繁母牛数的11.6%。在各种生殖疾病中,以慢性子宫内膜炎、卵巢静止为主。本文还针对该县奶牛患生殖系统疾病具体情况提出了建议和改进措施。     

奶牛产后生殖系统疾病的病因及防控措施

奶牛产后生殖系统疾病是导致奶牛生育能力低下的重要因素之一。大量研究表明,全球多达一半的奶牛会在产后遭受至少一种生殖系统疾病的危害,严重影响了奶牛的繁殖性能,给奶牛养殖业和乳制品行业带来巨大经济损失。因此,本文对奶牛产后常见的生殖系统疾病包括子宫炎、子宫内膜炎以及卵巢功能受损的病因、诊断方法以及防控措施进行了论述,旨在为奶牛养殖业和乳制品行业防控奶牛产后生殖系统疾病提供科学参考。     

奶牛乳房炎及子宫内膜炎诊治

近十多年来,我国奶牛养殖业有了长足的发展,但奶牛生殖系统疾病严重影响产奶量,造成奶牛养殖户不必要的损失。奶牛生殖系统疾病的种类很多,目前多发及对畜牧业影响较大的生殖系统疾病有:奶牛乳房炎、流产、子宫内膜炎、卵巢囊肿、持久黄体等,特别是奶牛乳房炎及子宫内膜炎对奶业有严重影响,本文就此两种疾病进行分析。     

奶牛生殖系统疾病治疗

<正>近年来,随着奶产业的不断壮大,奶牛生殖系统疾病呈上升趋势。生殖系统疾病包括奶牛乳房炎、流产、子宫内膜炎、卵巢囊肿及持久黄体。由于生殖系统与其他内脏器官具有密切关联,因此,生殖系统疾病同时影响奶牛生产的健康发展,给养殖户造成很大的损失。所以,有效防治奶牛生殖系统疾病对发展奶产业     

某奶牛养殖场2022年上半年疾病调查与分析

为了解新疆呼图壁某奶牛养殖场荷斯坦奶牛常见疾病的发病情况，通过实地访谈、查阅奶牛事件信息记录等方法，对2022年上半年呼图壁某奶牛养殖场3 463头荷斯坦奶牛进行调查，分析奶牛常见的产科疾病、消化系统疾病、外科疾病和呼吸系统疾病的发病率，从而探究该奶牛养殖场常见病的发病规律，分析发病原因，为奶牛养殖场制定科学的防治措施提供参考。结果发现：3 463头奶牛中患产科疾病、消化系统疾病、外科疾病及呼吸系统疾病的牛分别为497、315、314和100头，发病率分别为14.35%、9.10%、9.07%和2.89%。患病奶牛中产科疾病发病率最高，为40.54%；消化系统疾病和外科疾病发病率相近，分别为25.69%和25.61%；呼吸系统疾病率最低，为8.16%。产科疾病主要有乳房炎、流产、子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下，发病率分别为8.84%、2.08%、1.36%和1.21%；消化系统疾病主要有腹泻、肠炎、前胃弛缓和四胃变位，发病率分别为4.71%、1.50%、1.01%和0.98%；外科疾病主要有蹄病、拉伤和外伤，发病率分别为7.80%、0.35%和0.32%；呼吸系统疾病有感冒和肺炎，发病率分别为1...     

复方仙阳汤加味治疗奶牛持久黄体

<正>持久黄体是奶牛生殖系统疾病在临床上常见的疾病之一,该病在高产奶牛中发病率比其他种类牛发病率明显高,影响和阻碍了奶牛养殖的健康发展,同时给奶牛养殖户造成了一定经济损失。其特征是奶牛的发情周期停止循环或停止发情。发病的主要原因:饲养的环境因素,奶牛养殖场地狭小,主要是一些散养户,经常将奶牛在家拴养,造成了奶牛运动量不足;饲料因素,饲料     

奶牛修蹄技术

奶牛肢蹄病是奶牛四肢和蹄部疾病的总称,肢蹄病引起的经济损失主要表现在产奶量下降、繁殖效率低下和饲料报酬降低,严重时常常导致奶牛过早淘汰,给奶牛业造成巨大损失.奶牛肢蹄病在国内外发病率较高,目前已与乳房炎和生殖系统疾病成为奶牛三大高发疾病之一.为降低奶牛肢蹄病的发生,对奶牛定期实施维护性修蹄就显得尤为重要,以下针对奶牛修蹄技术相关的几个方面分别进行阐述.     

内蒙古地区奶牛子宫内膜炎大肠杆菌的分离及其耐药性研究

子宫内膜炎是奶牛常发的一种生殖系统疾病,不仅影响机体正常的生理功能,而且会导致患牛长期不孕,有的甚至造成终生不孕.据调查,我国奶牛子宫内膜炎的平均发病率约为20%.在奶牛不孕症中,由子宫内膜炎所致的不孕奶牛约占60.1%～92.0%[1].该病主要由分娩或产后子宫感染病原微生物引起,其中以大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、链球菌等感染最为常见[2].     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测与防治措施

奶牛乳房炎是制约乳业发展的重要因素之一。一般而言,7～9月份气温高,奶牛隐性乳房炎的发病率处于高峰期,而冬季较低。环境卫生好,环境病原菌的种类和数量相对较少,隐性乳腺炎的发病率相对较低。生殖系统疾病的发生,饲养管理不当,营养     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅱ: Reproductive Diseases

With the rapid development of dairy breeding and the scale feeding level,the average individual milk yield of dairy herds in China has been greatly improved over the last few decades.However,the reproductive performance of dairy cows,especially in high-producing dairy cows,has declined continuously and affected severely dairy farm profitability.Reproductive performance of dairy cows was influenced by many factors including environment,herd management,genetics and various diseases.It has become more evident that genital tract diseases(also known as reproductive diseases) decreased reproductive performance of dairy cows during the last 10 years.The effect of reproductive diseases on reproduction of dairy cows has received more attention.This paper briefly described the incidence of reproductive diseases such as metritis,various types of endometritis and retained fetal membrane and ovarian diseases such as ovarian cyst,persistent corpus luteum in China and abroad.This paper highlighted the effects of reproductive diseases on reproductive performance such as days open,calving interval,pregnancy rate,estrus detection,days to first breeding and breeding index.Moreover,we analyzed in more detail the possible mechanisms by disrupting endocrine signaling,damaging intrauterine environment and causing ovarian dysregulation.Lastly,we looked forward to the future research direction of reproductive diseases of dairy cows that provided data reference and theoretical support for improving the management measures of scale feeding,reducing the incidence of reproductive diseases,improving the production and reproductive capacity of dairy herds in China.     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅱ:生殖器官疾病

在过去几十年，随着奶牛育种和规模化饲养水平的快速发展，中国奶牛群单产水平大幅提高，但是奶牛，特别是高产奶牛繁殖性能呈现不断下降趋势，严重影响了奶牛养殖的盈利能力。繁殖性能的降低受多种因素影响，包括环境、畜群管理、遗传和各种疾病等。近年来，生殖器官疾病（也称繁殖疾病）降低奶牛生殖能力的情况越来越明显，其对奶牛繁殖的影响受到了越来越多的关注。文章简述了国内外生殖道疾病如子宫炎、子宫内膜炎、胎衣不下和卵巢疾病如卵巢囊肿、持久黄体等繁殖疾病发生情况。通过文献检索和数据比较，重点介绍了繁殖疾病对奶牛繁殖性能如空怀天数、产犊间隔、妊娠率、发情检出率、产后首次配种天数、配种指数等繁殖指标的影响和研究成果。同时，重点分析了繁殖疾病通过干扰生殖内分泌，损伤子宫内环境，导致卵巢功能异常影响奶牛繁殖性能的可能机制，并对奶牛繁殖疾病研究方向提出了展望，以期为改进中国规模牧场管理措施、减少繁殖疾病发生、提高奶牛群生产和生殖能力提供数据参考和理论支持。     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅲ:营养代谢性疾病

现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅲ: Nutritional Metabolic Diseases

Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows.     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅰ:现状与机制

过去二十多年，随着奶牛群体遗传改良计划的持续推进和养殖技术的不断进步，中国奶牛集约化养殖水平和产奶量正在不断提高。但是，历年来的繁育数据显示，越是高产的牛群，繁殖性能下降的趋势越明显，繁殖问题越突出，高产引发的繁殖力下降已经成为制约中国乃至全球奶业发展的瓶颈。低繁殖力会严重影响奶牛生产群的更新速度以及优质牛群泌乳性能的正常发挥。奶牛养殖生产中，造成高产奶牛繁殖性能降低的因素众多，包括遗传因素、环境因素和疾病因素等。近年来，疾病因素对奶牛繁殖性能的影响越来越突出。根据疾病的发生部位，可将影响高产奶牛的疾病分为生殖器官疾病和非生殖器官疾病。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料，重点分析了疾病通过神经系统、生殖内分泌系统和体液免疫系统等多个途径影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制，并对疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考，以期为提高中国高产奶牛群繁殖效率和经济效益提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅰ: Current Situation and Its Mechanism

Over the past 20 years,with the continuous promotion of the genetic improvement plan of dairy cow population and the continuous improvement of feeding technology,the intensive level and milk yield of dairy cow population in China are continuously improving.However,the reproduction data over the years showed that the more milk yield,the more obviously decline in reproductive performance,and the more prominent of the reproductive problems.The decline of fertility caused by high yield has become the bottleneck of the development of dairy industry in China and even in the world.In dairy farming,there are many factors that cause the reduction of reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows,including genetic factors,environmental factors and disease factors.Recently,the influence of disease factors on reproductive performance of dairy cows has become more and more prominent.According to the location of the disease,the diseases can be divided into genital diseases and non-genital diseases.This paper discussed the relevant research data on the effects of different diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focusing on the analysis of the molecular mechanism of diseases affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows through the nervous system,reproductive endocrine system and humoral immune system.The prospect and thinking for the future research of diseases and reproductive performance of high-yield dairy cows were put forward to provide reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency and economic benefits of high-yield dairy cows in China.     

Incidence of multifactorial diseases in Estonian dairy herds--a survey

An important precondition of a well-functioning dairy production is knowledge about the incidence of environmentally evoked non-infectious diseases in a particular herd, in the region and in the country as a whole. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rate of environmentally evoked multifactorial diseases in Estonian dairy herds, and to compare the disease incidence in small (< or = 100 cows) and large herds (101-300 cows). The disease incidence was recorded by local veterinarians in twelve production units with a total of 33 cowsheds and about 5000 dairy cows. Fourteen disease groups were formed. In order to describe the range of disease incidence, the relative frequency of each group of diseases was determined, as well as the incidence rate. The 95 % confidence interval was applied in order to assess the reliability of the incidence rates. The most common disorders of Estonian dairy cows are udder diseases, followed by uterine infection, metabolic diseases and retained placenta. The disease incidence in Estonian dairy herds is similar to that of other European countries. Most of the diseases occur more often in small herds than in large herds.     

Effect of relationships among clinical mastitis incidence,reproductive performance,and culling rate on the lifetime of dairy cows at Hiroshima University Farm

Farm managers' decision to cull dairy cows is based on the cows' milk production, history of disorder(s), and reproductive performance, each of which affects dairy cows' lifetime (herd life and productive lifespan). We investigated the relationships among the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM), the reproductive performance, and the culling rate. We also assessed the effects of these relationships on the lifetimes of dairy cows, using the records made before and after the introduction of an automatic milking system (AMS) at Hiroshima University Farm. Milk yield, CM incidence density, and culling rate of dairy cows increased after the AMS introduction. The CM incidence was associated with an elongation of the calving interval in cows with the same parity. CM in the 1st parity might have caused the reductions of the cows' lifetime and their parity at culling. A higher age at first calving (AFC) was associated with an increase in culling rate but did not lead to a significant decrease in lifetime. Investigations of the factors mediating CM in the 1st parity or AFC with CM incidence or culling rate in the later stages might contribute to the control of lifetime of dairy cows.     

奶牛酮病发病原因及其对生产性能影响调查分析

探索奶牛酮病发病原因、发病规律及其对生产性能的影响,对986头围产期奶牛进行跟踪调查分析。结果表明,奶牛酮病发病率为31.74%,死亡率为4.15%;秋季发病率最高,可达37.4%,其次是冬季和夏季,春季发病率最低;随着胎次、年龄和产乳量的增加,奶牛酮病的发病率明显增高;在第1个泌乳月奶牛酮病的发病率最高,可达50.43%;日粮种类和微量元素越少,奶牛酮病就越容易发生;奶牛发病后受胎率明显降低;发病后产乳量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质比发病前均明显降低,差异显著（P〈0.05）。奶牛酮病发病具有一定的规律性,且可降低奶牛的繁殖性能、产奶量和乳品质。     

Epidemiological Description of Cystic Ovarian Disease in Argentine Dairy Herds: Risk Factors and Effects on the Reproductive Performance of Lactating Cows

To describe the epidemiology of cystic ovarian disease (COD), to find possible risk factors associated with the incidence of cysts and to analyse the impact of COD on the reproductive performance of dairy cows, databases from 22 dairy herds from the main dairy region in Argentina were retrospectively evaluated throughout a 3‐year period (2009–2011). A total of 248 COD cases over 9156 parturitions were recorded, resulting in a cumulative incidence rate of 2.7%. Cystic ovarian disease incidence density was lower during the first 100 days post‐partum (DPP) than during later stages of lactation. Seasonality had a significant influence on the disease presentation with higher incidence rates during winter and spring. Cows with a previous diagnosis of clinical mastitis showed 2.72 times more chances of developing ovarian cysts. Cystic cows had longer calving to first service and calving to conception intervals and lower conception rate than controls.