收获前花生黄曲霉综合预防控制技术

根据花生收获前黄曲霉感染因素,探讨了收获前栽培管理、病虫害防治和遗传控制等一系列措施,综合预防控制花生黄曲霉毒素污染.     

出口花生黄曲霉毒素污染的预防与控制

花生是我国重要的油脂和食品原料,是我国具有国际市场竞争力的出口创汇经济作物.黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉等真菌感染后产生的次生代谢物质,黄曲霉毒素污染花生具有偶然性和不均匀性,黄曲霉毒素超标是目前我国花生出口中存在的主要质量问题.针对我国花生出口贸易实际,分析提出了我国出口花生黄曲霉毒素污染的预防和控制措施.从生产、收购、贮藏、...     

花生黄曲霉毒素污染预警技术研究进展

中国是世界第一大花生消费国和生产国,黄曲霉毒素是影响花生安全消费和出口贸易的主要风险因素。开展花生黄曲霉毒素污染预警技术研究,变事后污染脱毒为事前预警防控,不仅可以减少大量脱毒费用,而且还能显著减少因化学、生物脱毒造成的二次污染所带来的消费安全风险,是目前花生黄曲霉毒素控制技术研究的一个新方向。本文对花生中黄曲霉毒素的收获前预警、收获后预警及全程预警方法进行了综述,以期为花生黄曲霉毒素污染控制提供有效途径。     

临沂地区花生生长期黄曲霉毒素污染状况及控制措施

对临沂地区花生生长期黄曲霉毒素污染情况进行调查分析,结果表明：不同区域污染水平不同,同一区域不同年份污染程度也存在差异。对此提出控制污染的建议和措施,对确保花生质量安全和扩大花生出口具有重要的指导意义。     

地膜覆盖花生黄曲霉污染的防治研究

采用单因素完全随机试验设计,通过地膜覆盖和裸露种植的方法,对不同试验地块土壤样本菌相、花生生长期土层温度等生长条件进行测定分析。结果表明,不同地块土壤中含黄曲霉菌数量不同,且不同地块菌株数量存在显著差异;不含产毒菌株的地块,覆膜种植对花生污染黄曲霉毒素的影响不显著;含产毒菌株的地块,覆膜种植对花生污染黄曲霉毒素的影响较大,且产毒菌株越多,受黄曲霉毒素污染越重。从果针下扎到收获期间,覆膜种植土层温度高于裸露种植是导致覆膜种植花生黄曲霉毒素污染加重的重要因素。实际生产中可采取综合防治技术以达到降低黄曲霉毒素污染的目的。     

花生对黄曲霉毒素产生的抗性

在世界大多数花生生产国,当花生被黄曲霉(Aspergillus Flavus)侵染后,就会发生黄曲霉毒素的污染。预防干旱、及时收获、收后迅速干燥,荚果、籽仁在大田和仓贮期间尽量避免虫害,这些措施在很大程度上降低了污染,但也受到一定限制,特别在落后国家。因此,防止黄曲霉毒素污染的另一种可行的措施是种植对黄曲霉菌侵染具有抗性的品种。另外是寻找籽仁虽能被黄曲霉菌侵染,但不利于黄曲霉毒素产生的基因型。     

花生黄曲霉毒素污染臭氧脱毒技术研究

研制了一种花生黄曲霉毒素污染臭氧脱毒专用装置,分析花生黄曲霉毒素污染的臭氧脱毒技术和脱毒效果,包括通气方式、臭氧浓度、处理时间和花生水分含量对脱毒的影响等。结果表明,T-1（即下部通入臭氧气体,上部排气）方式下,臭氧浓度6.0mg/L、处理时间30min、花生水分含量为5%时脱毒效果最佳。在此条件下,花生中黄曲霉毒素总量和B1脱毒百分率分别为65.88%和65.90%,脱毒效果显著。花生黄曲霉毒素污染臭氧脱毒装置和技术操作简单、重现性好、环境友好,适用于花生及粮油制品黄曲霉毒素脱毒。       

花生黄曲霉抗性遗传改良与新品种培育获突破

黄曲霉毒素污染一直是世界范围内花生生产、贮藏及加工中面临的严重威胁。我国是花生黄曲霉毒素污染较严重的国家之一,在长江流域和南方的广大青枯病地区尤为严重。     

产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染监测抽样方法研究

以连续5年全国13个花生主产省产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染监测数据为材料,分析适合我国产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染监测的抽样方法。采用方差分析、回归分析等方法,研究了我国不同花生主产省黄曲霉毒素污染程度与其标准差和变异系数之间的相关性,并以安徽省为例,研究了在一定精确度保证下的最优抽样方案。结果显示:我国各花生主产省产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染水平差异显著,污染程度与样本标准差呈正相关。以安徽省为例,在满足一定抽样精度要求下,最优抽样方案为选取8个花生主产县市,每个县市随机选取8个村,每个村抽取1个样本。     

黄曲霉毒素限量标准对我国居民消费安全和花生产业的影响

2009-2010年对全国花生黄曲霉毒素污染进行了普查监测,根据检测结果,利用蒙特卡罗方法,开展了我国与CAC、欧盟、日本、澳大利亚和新西兰等国际组织和主要贸易国不同花生黄曲霉毒素限量对我国人群直接食用花生的致癌风险和对产业影响的研究。结果表明,不同花生黄曲霉毒素限量标准对我国人群摄入产后花生导致的原发性肝细胞癌年发生率影响差异不显著,但对经济和产业造成的影响差异显著。研究结果为制定我国花生黄曲霉毒素限量标准以及促进花生生产、贸易提供技术参考。     

Effect of non-aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus on aflatoxin contamination of pre-harvest peanuts in fields in China

Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is one of the most concerns in peanut production in China. Applying non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains, based on competitive exclusion, has been proved to be a promising strategy to reduce aflatoxin contamination in pre-harvest peanuts. Two non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains collected in China, which have been proved effectively reducing aflatoxin in the laboratory, were mixed with high aflatoxin producer to the soil in peanut growing season. The two non-aflatoxigenic strains significantly (P ​< ​0.05) reduced aflatoxin contamination in peanut kernels under both normal and drought stresses in two fields. Compared to control, the total aflatoxin (sum of aflatoxin B₁ and B₂) was reduced 26.7–99.12% in field 1, and 84.96–99.33% in field 2. The aflatoxin was reduced 84.96–99.33% under drought stress in two fields. The present study indicated the non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains could be potential biocontrol agents for reducing aflatoxin contamination under field condition.     

襄阳市主要花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握襄阳市主要花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从襄阳市主要花生种植区采集土壤样品36份,进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。结果表明,襄阳市不同花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌落数平均为5997.6 cfu/g,且分布存在显著差异,菌落数由高到低依次为襄州、枣阳、宜城、谷城;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占63.6%,产毒量范围 ND~304.9 μg/L,不产毒菌株占36.4%;产毒菌株可分为7种产毒类型组合,其中同时产AFB₁、AFB₂和AFG₁三种类型的黄曲霉菌占比最多,为54.0%。在适宜培养条件下,产毒力分析结果为襄州地区每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFT的理论值最高,可达2080.0×10³ μg/L,且其中分离出的菌株平均产毒量最高,为218.7 μg/L。可以看出襄阳市花生代表性产区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布数量显著高于我国南、北方花生主产区的平均水平,但其菌株的平均产毒能力却远低于全国其它地区。本研究初步得出了襄阳市花生主产区黄曲霉菌的分布特征和产毒特征,可为襄阳市花生黄曲霉毒素防控提供理论依据。     

Fungal species isolated from peanuts in major Kenyan markets: Emphasis on Aspergillus section Flavi

A survey was conducted in Nairobi, Nyanza and Western provinces in Kenya between March and July 2009 with 1263 peanut products sampled out of which 705 samples underwent microbial analysis. The study aimed at determining the incidence of fungal species – emphasis on Aspergillus section Flavi – associated with peanut products. A 0.5 kg representative sample was obtained from each surveyed vendor and the colony forming units (CFU) of fungal species determined. The samples were also analyzed for total aflatoxin level while isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were screened for production of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Eight fungal species were detected in the samples and were in decreasing order of CFU/g of sample: A. flavus S-strain (467), A. flavus L-strain (341), Penicillium spp. (326), Aspergillus niger (156), Aspergillus tamari (27), Aspergillus alliaceus (21), A. parasiticus (10), and Aspergillus caelatus (5). The overall incidence of A. flavus S-strain in samples from Nairobi was 92 and 1425% higher than samples from Nyanza and Western regions, respectively. The combined incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus was varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with peanut product: peanut flour (69%), shelled raw peanuts (53%), spoilt peanuts (49%), boiled podded peanuts (45%), podded peanuts (39%), peanut butter (31%), fried peanuts (22%) and roasted peanuts (20%). Seventy three percent of A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolates produced at least one of the aflatoxin types, with 66% producing aflatoxin B1. The total aflatoxin level among peanut products ranged from 0 to 1629 μg/g; and there was a positive correlation (r = 0.2711) between the incidence of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, and total aflatoxin level. The high incidence of aflatoxin producing fungi in peanuts traded in Kenyan markets implies a risk of aflatoxin contamination, highlighting the need for stakeholders to promote sound practices at all stages of the peanut value chain in order to minimize market access by non-complying products.     

中国西南花生产区黄曲霉菌分布、产毒力及花生黄曲霉毒素污染

为探明中国西南花生产区黄曲霉菌分布、产毒力及产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染情况,从云南广南、西藏察隅、四川蓬安采集177份花生、土壤样品,共分离鉴定出黄曲霉菌206株,分析其分布及产毒特征,并调查71份产后花生样品黄曲霉毒素污染情况。结果表明,四川蓬安花生产地黄曲霉菌分布最广,数量最多,其检出率和菌落数分别为50.0%、212.0 CFU/g,西藏察隅黄曲霉菌分布最少（18.1%,52.8 CFU/g）。菌株产毒力研究结果表明,88.6%的菌 株能产生黄曲霉毒素,产毒类型以B族毒素为主,尤其是AFB1,其含量在0～8500μg/L,平均产毒能力排序为：云南广南（4393.4μg/L）>西藏察隅（1991.0μg/L）>四川蓬（1259.3μg/L）;不产毒菌株占11.4%,均来自西藏察隅。对产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染研究发现,西南地区花生黄曲霉毒素污染较轻,阳性样品检出率为7.0%,AFB1含量在0~7.2 μg/kg;四川蓬安花生样品AFB1检出率为4.2%,含量0~7.2 μg/kg,云南广南AFB1检出率为16.7%,含量0~2.1 μg/kg, 西藏察隅样品未检出AFB1。西南产区黄曲霉菌检出率越高、菌落数越多,产后花生黄曲霉毒素污染越严重。     

花生抗黄曲霉菌侵染和产毒机制研究进展

黄曲霉菌（Aspergillus flavus L.）侵染花生导致黄曲霉毒素（Aflatoxin）污染是影响花生食用安全性和限制花生产业发展的重要因素,其污染抗性分为抗侵染和抗产毒两种类型。抗性机制主要包括形态机制、生理机制和分子机制。种皮中决定花生抗侵染的主要因素为蜡质层厚度、栅栏细胞排列密集程度及有无裂纹等特征。种子中单宁酸、胰蛋白酶抑制剂、白藜芦醇等与花生抵抗黄曲霉菌侵染及毒素合成有关。病程相关蛋白基因、转录因子基因、脂氧合酶基因等均参与了花生抵抗黄曲霉菌侵染的过程。随着生物技术的迅猛发展,将来可利用全基因关联分析和多组学结合的方法,从基因调控网络水平上开展花生黄曲霉抗性研究,在更深层次上阐明花生黄曲霉抗性机制。     

黄曲霉对花生和玉米的侵染研究

黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)极易侵染花生、玉米等多种农作物,并且在侵染后产生具有致癌、致畸、致突变作用的有毒代谢产物——黄曲霉毒素.黄曲霉的侵染和黄曲霉毒素污染不仅发生在作物生长环节,而且在收获、干燥、储运等过程也会发生,严重威胁农产品消费安全和人畜生命健康.因此,解析黄曲霉对粮油作物的侵染过程及侵染...     

Drought,pod yield,pre-harvest Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination on peanut in Niger

Soil moisture and soil temperature affect pre-harvest infection with Aspergillus flavus and production of aflatoxin. The objectives of our field research in Niger, West Africa, were to: (i) examine the effects of sowing date and irrigation treatments on pod yield, infection with A. flavus and aflatoxin concentration; and (ii) to quantify relations between infection, aflatoxin concentration and soil moisture stress. Seed of an aflatoxin susceptible peanut cv. JL24 was sown at two to four different sowing dates under four irrigation treatments (rainfed and irrigation at 7, 14 and 21 days intervals) between 1991 and 1994, giving 40 different ‘environments’. Average air and soil temperatures of 28–34 °C were favourable for aflatoxin contamination. CROPGRO-peanut model was used to simulate the occurrence of moisture stress. The model was able to simulate yields of peanut well over the 40 environments (r² = 0.67). In general, early sowing produced greater pod yields, as well as less infection and lower aflatoxin concentration. There were negative linear relations between infection (r² = 0.62) and the average simulated fraction of extractable soil water (FESW) between flowering and harvest, and between aflatoxin concentration (r² = 0.54) and FESW in the last 25 days of pod-filling. This field study confirms that infection and aflatoxin concentration in peanut can be related to the occurrence of soil moisture stress during pod-filling when soil temperatures are near optimal for A. flavus. These relations could form the basis of a decision-support system to predict the risk of aflatoxin contamination in peanuts in similar environments.     

Farmers’ perceptions,knowledge and management of aflatoxins in groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India

Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare, are the major toxins affecting the quality of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) meant for human consumption. Groundnuts can be infected with aflatoxin-producing fungi pre-harvest, at harvest and post-harvest. This survey was conducted in Gujarat province in India in order to assess farmers’ and other stakeholders’ (extension staff and traders) perceptions and knowledge of aflatoxin contamination of groundnuts and to evaluate the agronomic and market practices used to manage it. The survey investigated the effects of the socioeconomic background of the farmers. The results showed that the socioeconomic and psychological characteristics, viz. education, caste, farm size, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness and perception had positive and significant associations with farmers’ knowledge. The extension staff and traders had a good understanding of the problem and of the importance of managing aflatoxin contamination but farmers did not. Farmers’ who practised effective crop husbandry in order to increase production were unwittingly managing aflatoxin contamination to some extent. Their marketing practises showed that the problem of aflatoxin contamination was neglected at both the production and marketing stages. We suggest that extension agencies need to train farmers in the use of biological control agents, post-harvest management and identification of aflatoxin contamination. Partnerships need to be forged between research institutions, the departments of agriculture of various states, marketing agencies, NGOs, farmers’ groups, consumer groups, agrochemical manufacturers and other stakeholders in order to develop strategies for addressing the problem of aflatoxin contamination.