饲料中胆固醇和卵磷脂水平及添加表面活性素对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳间期的影响

通过2组试验分别研究饲料中胆固醇和卵磷脂水平对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)蜕壳间期及添加表面活性素对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳间期和肝胰脏抗氧化能力的影响。试验一:将100尾均重为(0.61±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为10组(每组10个重复,每个重复1尾虾),即饲喂基础饲料的对照组以及饲喂分别添加0.2%、0.4%和0.6%胆固醇与1.0%、2.0%和3.0%卵磷脂的试验饲料的9个试验组,试验期为35 d,研究饲料中胆固醇和卵磷脂水平对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳间期的影响。试验二:将90尾均重为(0.48±0.03)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为6组(每组15个重复,每个重复1尾虾),对照组饲喂试验一中胆固醇和卵磷脂水平分别为0.4%和2.0%的试验饲料,5个表面活性素添加组分别饲喂在对照组饲料基础上添加10、20、40、80和160 mg/kg表面活性素的试验饲料,研究饲料中添加表面活性素对凡纳滨对虾蜕壳间期及肝胰腺抗氧化能力的影响,试验期为28 d。结果表明:饲料中胆固醇水平显著影响凡纳滨对虾蜕壳间期(P0.05),卵磷脂水平对蜕壳间期的影响不显著(P0.05);饲料中胆固醇和卵磷脂水平对蜕壳间期的影响存在显著的交互作用(P0.05)。胆固醇和卵磷脂水平分别为0.4%和1.0%组、胆固醇和卵磷脂水平分别为0.4%和2.0%组以及胆固醇和卵磷脂水平分别为0.6%和2.0%组的蜕壳间期显著短于其他组(P0.05),其中胆固醇和卵磷脂水平分别为0.4%和2.0%组蜕壳间期最短。与对照组相比,仅10 mg/kg表面活性素添加组凡纳滨对虾蜕壳间期显著缩短(P0.05),肝胰腺总抗氧化能力显著提高(P0.05);各表面活性素添加组的肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶活性均较对照组显著上升(P0.05);与对照组相比,10和20 mg/kg表面活性素添加组的肝胰腺过氧化氢酶活性升高(P0.05),其他表面活性素添加组则显著降低(P0.05);除10 mg/kg表面活性素添加组外,各表面活性素添加组的肝胰腺谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均较对照组显著上升(P0.05);仅10和20 mg/kg表面活性素添加组的肝胰腺丙二醛水平较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。由此得出,本试验条件下,饲料中胆固醇水平及其与卵磷脂水平的交互作用显著影响凡纳滨对虾蜕壳间期,胆固醇和卵磷脂水平分别为0.4%和2.0%时蜕壳间期最短;在胆固醇和卵磷脂水平分别为0.4%和2.0%的饲料中添加10 mg/kg表面活性素可缩短凡纳滨对虾的蜕壳间期,提高肝胰腺抗氧化能力。     

抗菌肽对建鲤生长性能和脏体指数及肌肉成分的影响

试验旨在研究抗菌肽对建鲤鱼种生长性能、脏体指数及肌肉营养成分的影响。试验选用鲤鱼鱼种300尾,随机分成5组,每组设3个重复,每个重复放养20尾。在基础饲料中分别添加0、100、200、400、600 mg/kg的抗菌肽,饲喂60 d。测定末均重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、肥满度、脏体指数和肌肉营养成分等指标。结果表明:建鲤鱼种配合饲料中抗菌肽的添加浓度为100、200、400 mg/kg时末均重和特定生长率均显著高于对照组组(P0.05),添加浓度为400 mg/kg时增重率显著高于对照组(P0.05);饲料系数显著低于对照组和600 mg/kg组(P0.05);肥满度随着抗菌肽添加浓度的增加呈现先升高后下降的趋势,且各组之间差异不显著;400、600 mg/kg抗菌肽组肾脏体指数显著低于于对照组(P0.05);400 mg/kg抗菌肽组肌肉中粗蛋白、钙含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),600 mg/kg组肌肉中钙含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);200、400、600 mg/kg抗菌肽组磷含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);肌肉中水分、粗脂肪和灰分含量各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。综合分析,在建鲤鱼基础饲料中添加适量的抗菌肽能够提高建鲤鱼种生长性能,有利于肌肉中蛋白质和钙磷的沉积。     

实用饲料中补充铜对斑点叉尾生长和体色的影响

在实用饲料(含铜11.1 mg/kg)中分别添加0(对照)、5、10、20和40 mg/kg铜[以五水硫酸铜(CuSO_4·5H_2O)形式],制成5种试验饲料,投喂平均体重为(98.1±0.5)g的斑点叉尾42 d,研究实用饲料中补充铜对斑点叉尾生长和体色的影响。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养20尾鱼。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲料中添加10 mg/kg铜显著提高了鱼体的增重率(P0.05),显著降低了饲料系数(P0.05);饲料铜添加量进一步增加到40 mg/kg,鱼体的增重率则较添加量为10 mg/kg时显著降低(P0.05),同时饲料系数显著升高(P0.05)。肝脏和骨骼铜含量随着饲料中铜添加量的增加而上升,其中20、40 mg/kg铜添加组的肝脏铜含量显著高于对照组和5 mg/kg铜添加组(P0.05),40 mg/kg铜添加组的骨骼铜含量也显著高于对照组(P0.05),而肌肉铜含量保持基本不变(P0.05)。饲料中添加0~40 mg/kg铜对斑点叉尾背部皮肤、肌肉色度值、总叶黄素含量及背部皮肤酪氨酸酶活性均未产生显著影响(P0.05)。各组血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性和总胆红素(T-Bil)含量以及肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量无显著差异(P0.05)。10 mg/kg铜添加组具有最高的血清铜锌-超氧化物歧化酶(Cu,Zn-SOD)活性,显著高于其他各组(P0.05),而其他各组间则无显著差异(P0.05)。综上,在本试验条件下,斑点叉尾实用饲料中铜的添加量建议为10 mg/kg(饲料铜含量实测值为20.2 mg/kg)。     

饲料中添加抗菌脂肽对中华鳖稚鳖生长性能及肠道消化酶活性的影响

为研究饲料中不同水平抗菌脂肽Surfactin对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)稚鳖生长性能及肠道消化酶活性的影响。试验选取平均体重为(14.55±0.28)g的中华鳖稚鳖240只,随机分为4组,投喂基础饲料中抗菌脂肽添加水平为0(对照组)、5、10 mg/kg和20 mg/kg的试验饲料;每组3个重复,每个重复20只鳖,试验期为6周。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,20 mg/kg抗菌脂肽添加组中华鳖稚鳖终末体重显著提高(P0.05),饲料系数显著降低(P0.05),10 mg/kg和20 mg/kg抗菌脂肽添加组的增重率显著提高(P0.05),其他添加组上述指标无显著变化(P0.05);各抗菌脂肽添加组的日摄食量和成活率无显著变化(P0.05)。抗菌脂肽添加组的脂肪酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),各添加组间无显著差异(P0.05);抗菌脂肽添加组(除5 mg/kg添加组外)的蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05);各处理组间的淀粉酶活性无显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中添加抗菌脂肽可以提高中华鳖稚鳖的生长性能和肠道消化酶活性,本试验条件下的适宜添加水平为20 mg/kg。     

不同防霉剂对发酵饲料的防霉效果比较

本试验旨在比较几种防霉剂对非密封状态下乳酸菌发酵饲料的防霉效果。试验选用丙酸钙、柠檬酸、双乙酸钠或山梨酸钾四种添加剂,按不同比例分别加入发酵饲料中混匀后置于普通培养皿中,在28℃和相对湿度为72%的恒温箱中储存30 d,分别在试验开始后第1、2、4、6、8、10、15和30天采集样品进行检测,根据观察结果选择效果较好的双乙酸钠和丙酸钙进行梯度添加试验,然后从效果较好的组中采样检测p H、乳酸、乳酸菌和霉菌数。4种防霉剂的比较结果显示,双乙酸钠和丙酸钙组到第6天仍未出现霉变,效果优于山梨酸钾和柠檬酸;梯度添加试验的结果显示,发酵饲料中添加2.00%的丙酸钙和0.30%的双乙酸钠可达到更好的防霉效果;在试验的第6天,添加0.30%的双乙酸钠组的乳酸含量显著高于对照组和添加2.00%的丙酸钙组(P<0.05);在实验的第8天和第10天,添加双乙酸钠和丙酸钙组的发酵饲料p H值显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在试验的开始后第1天和第6天,丙酸钙组的发酵饲料中的乳酸菌数量显著低于对照组和双乙酸钠组(P<0.05),且从第2天开始,双乙酸钠组和丙酸钙组的霉菌数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。综合添加剂的经济性和添加量,发酵饲料中添加0.30%的双乙酸钠,在6 d内可起到很好的防霉效果。     

饲料添加抗菌肽对建鲤肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响

试验旨在研究饲料中添加不同浓度的抗菌肽对建鲤肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响。根据饲料配方在基础饲料中添加0、100、200、400、600 mg/kg的抗菌肽,制成5种饲料。选用健康的建鲤鱼种300尾,随机分成5组,每组3个重复,饲养在15个100水族箱中,养殖水体经过曝气处理,温度控制在24~26℃,每周根据摄食情况调整投食量,试验期为60 d。结果表明:饲料中添加100、200、400 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提高肌肉中脯氨酸的含量(P0.05),添加100、200、400、600 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提高半胱氨酸的含量(P0.05);添加400 mg/kg抗菌肽可显著提高肌肉中粗蛋白质的含量(P0.05);400 mg/kg抗菌肽组肌肉中总氨基酸含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),200、400 mg/kg抗菌肽组必需氨基酸含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),600 mg/kg抗菌肽组肌肉中脂肪酸总量、不饱和脂肪酸总量和C18:2含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),100、200 mg/kg抗菌肽组肌肉中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),100 mg/kg抗菌肽时DPA的含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),400 mg/kg抗菌肽时DHA含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。综上所述,饲料中添加抗菌肽能够提高建鲤鱼种肌肉中蛋白质、脯氨酸、半胱氨酸、EPA和DHA的含量。     

丙酸、丙酸钙对饲料霉变效果的比较

为比较丙酸与丙酸钙对饲料的防霉效果,将中猪全价料分为A、B、C三组,每组10kg,A组不添加防霉剂,B组加含50%丙酸钙10g,C组加50%丙酸10g,存放于30℃,70%(相对湿度)条件下.分别于第1d,10d,20d,30d,40d,50d,60d取样,ELISA法测定各样品的的黄曲霉毒素含量.测定结果:第60d,A组饲料黄曲霉毒素为73.5μg/kg,超过了国家饲料卫生标准的20μg/kg;B组和C组饲料的黄曲霉毒素分别为8.85μg/kg、7.30μg/kg,符合国家饲料卫生标准.试验表明丙酸钙和丙酸均有明显的防霉效果,其中丙酸防霉效果更优.     

肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长、非特异性免疫力及肠道菌群组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加肌醇对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长、非特异性免疫力及肠道菌群组成的影响。本试验共挑选1 120尾、均重(0.65±0.01) g、健康且均匀的幼虾，随机平均分为7组，分别饲喂添加0(对照组)、150、300、600、900、1 200、2 000 mg/kg肌醇的7种等氮等脂饲料，每组4个重复，每个重复40尾虾。养殖时长为56 d。结果表明：1)与对照组相比，饲料中添加肌醇后，凡纳滨对虾幼虾蛋白质效率(PER)和特定生长率(SGR)显著提高(P<0.05),1 200 mg/kg组增重率(WGR)显著提高(P<0.05);饲料系数(FCR)显著降低(P<0.05);当肌醇添加量为150 mg/kg时，饲料系数达到最低值1.46,其他各添加组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)随着饲料中肌醇添加水平上升，凡纳滨对虾幼虾全虾粗脂肪(EE)含量整体呈现先下降后上升的趋势，600、900、1 200和2 000 mg/kg组显著低于对照组(P<0.05),添加量为1 200 mg/kg时达到最低值。3)随着饲料中肌醇添加水平上升，血清中甘油三酯(T...     

乳酸菌制剂对全株玉米青贮品质及营养成分的影响

本研究探讨了乳酸菌制剂对全株玉米青贮品质及营养成分的影响。选取新鲜全株玉米720 kg,平均分为4组,每组12个重复,每个重复15 kg。对照组不添加乳酸菌制剂,试验组分别添加2、10和20 mg/kg的乳酸菌制剂,置于室温条件下保存,试验期60 d。于45和60 d取样分析。结果表明,与对照组相比:1)各试验组感官评价指标无显著变化(P0.05)。2)试验组乳酸菌数量显著提高(P0.05),10 mg/kg组45 d及各试验组60 d的霉菌数量显著降低(P0.05)。3)试验组45 d乳酸、乙酸含量显著升高(P0.05),丁酸含量显著降低(P0.05);2和10 mg/kg组60 d乙酸含量显著升高(P0.05)。4)45 d,2和10 mg/kg组粗蛋白质含量显著提高(P0.05),2 mg/kg组中性洗涤纤维含量显著提高(P0.05),各试验组氨态氮含量显著降低(P0.05);60 d,20 mg/kg组水溶性碳水化合物含量显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,添加乳酸菌制剂可以改善全株玉米青贮品质,提高营养价值,以发酵过程中霉菌数量最低为依据,推荐乳酸菌制剂的添加量为10 mg/kg。     

发酵中药渣对仔猪生长性能的影响

研究仔猪饲料中添加不同剂量的发酵中药渣对其生长性能的影响,并确定发酵中药渣在仔猪生产中的最适添加量。选择体重无显著差异的三元杂交仔猪200头,按照单因素试验设计平均分成4组,每组50头仔猪。对照组仔猪采食基础饲料,试验1组仔猪采食基础饲料+5 mg/kg发酵中药渣,试验2组仔猪采食基础饲料+10 mg/kg发酵中药渣,试验3组仔猪采食基础饲料+20 mg/kg发酵中药渣。试验周期35 d,包括7 d的预试验期和28 d的正式试验期。试验结束后,记录各组仔猪的生长性能及腹泻率。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲喂含有10 mg/kg的发酵中药渣的仔猪试验末重、平均日增重均得到显著提高(P<0.05);料重比显著降低(P<0.05);饲喂含有10mg/kg和20 mg/kg的发酵中药渣的仔猪的腹泻率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。说明适量的发酵中药渣可以有效改善仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻发生的概率,且发酵中药渣的最适添加水平为10 mg/kg。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.