乡土灌草青贮与牛羊健康饲喂研究进展与展望

本文系统地回顾了近60年以来国内外乡土灌草青贮利用与牛羊健康饲喂的研究现状与进展。通过对已有研究文献的年度分布、研究内容与研究区域进行分析,结合饲草青贮技术领域、草食畜牧业领域以及社会发展的背景,将乡土灌草青贮与牛羊健康饲喂划分为3个阶段,20世纪50年代到80年代末期为萌芽阶段、20世纪80年代末期到21世纪初期为缓慢增长阶段、21世纪初期至今为快速增长阶段。其次,根据研究内容从理论研究、监测评价、技术示范、技术研发4个方面进行归纳总结,分析了各分支领域的主要成果与关键问题,提出下阶段应重点研究的内容,应加强对乡土灌草饲料生产与牛羊健康饲喂的研究,综合提高饲料能量与蛋白质的利用率,尽可能改善牛羊的能氮平衡,促进畜牧业和饲料加工业的发展。     

狐貉自咬症疾病行为观察及防治技术试验

通过观察狐貂自咬症疾病行为特点,分析发病原因,传播途径,及时诊断治疗,以提高狐,貉养殖的经济效益。     

Description and classification of abnormal cercariae of Schistosoma mattheei and a method of concentration and collection

Over a period of about 12 years, 30 abnormal Schistosoma mattheei cercariae were found among a total of approximately 2.8 million examined. Initially seven were recovered from about 1.02 million (0.0007%), which were examined individually while being counted with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. Subsequently, on the strength of relatively high percentages of abnormal individuals recovered when counting cercariae that failed to penetrate into oxen, it appeared that the morphologically abnormal cercariae were unable to swim and would mostly sediment out of a suspension while most of the normal cercariae would remain swimming. This surmise is supported by recovery of 23 morphologically abnormal cercariae (0.001%) from about 1.8 million, by examining the sediment after the cercarial suspension had been left standing undisturbed in glass measuring cylinders. The abnormalities ranged from aberrant tails only (e.g. an underdeveloped tail, or different degrees of schism) or aberrant heads only, to abnormalities of both the heads and tails. A suggested schematic classification of abnormal cercariae is presented. A young, adult hamster was exposed to eight S. mattheei cercariae with complete schism of the shaft of the tail, by pipetting the cercariae onto the shaved abdominal skin of the anaesthetised animal. Two underdeveloped females were subsequently encountered in squash preparations of the liver when the hamster was killed for worm recovery 10 weeks after infection, thus showing that some of the abnormal cercariae were viable. A method is also described for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining some of the shining brilliance of live cercariae, without them becoming shrivelled, granular and semi-opaque, as occurs when cercariae die spontaneously or are killed with heat. This is apparently the first report of abnormal cercariae of S. mattheei. In addition, a method of concentrating abnormal cercariae after emergence from a snail, a schematic classification of abnormal cercariae and a method for killing and fixing cercariae while retaining much of the shiny brilliance of live cercariae are also reported for the first time as far as is known.     

猪葡萄球菌EXHC、SHETA基因的克隆、序列分析及蛋白结构预测

为分析猪葡萄球菌脱落毒素EXHC和SHETA基因结构并预测其所编码蛋白的结构和功能,本试验根据GenBank已报道的猪葡萄球菌脱落毒素EXHC和SHETA基因序列分别设计了1对特异性引物,从猪葡萄球菌GDZC株中扩增获得EXHC和SHETA基因片段,大小分别为1007和971 bp。序列分析结果表明,EXHC基因与猪葡萄球菌丹麦分离株(GenBank登录号:AF515455)及猪源松鼠葡萄球菌河北分离株(GenBank登录号:JF755400)的核苷酸序列、氨基酸序列同源性均为100.0%,而与其他葡萄球菌脱落毒素基因的核苷酸、氨基酸序列同源性分别为3.3%~53.9%和7.9%~44.2%。SHETA基因与日本分离株(GenBank登录号:AB036768)的核苷酸序列同源性为96.2%,氨基酸序列同源性为98.4%,在保守区共有31个碱基发生突变。利用DNAStar软件对EXHC和SHETA蛋白结构进行分析,结果显示EXHC基因编码的蛋白为亲水性蛋白,SHETA基因编码蛋白为疏水性蛋白,抗原性较差。本研究从猪葡萄球菌GDZC株中成功扩增获得EXHC和SHETA基因片段并对其编码的蛋白结构进行了预测,证实了中国分离的猪葡萄球菌同时携带有EXHC和SHETA 2种毒素基因,为进一步研究猪葡萄球菌的致病机理及毒素之间的相互作用提供了理论依据。     

Shape and size of teeth of dogs and cats-relevance to studies of plaque and calculus accumulation

Crown width, height and buccal surface areas were measured on heads or skulls of four dogs and four cats, and were compared with similar measurements on models of human dentition. Buccal surface area variability was greater in dogs and cats than in humans, and teeth of cats were smaller. Horizontal (gingival and occlusal halves) and vertical (mesial, middle, and distal thirds) buccal surface area variability was also greater in canine and feline teeth compared with human teeth. This increased variability suggests the need for testing of reliability and repeatability of scoring when using plaque and calculus indices based on horizontal or vertical segmentation. Buccal surface area variability between teeth also prompts questioning the validity of equal weighting of smaller, irregularly-shaped teeth when calculating a mean mouth score. Whether equal or more reliable results would be obtained from scores of whole teeth in comparison with segmentation indices used currently has yet to be determined.     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

秦川牛种质资源保护利用、存在问题及对策建议

秦川牛因原产于陕西八百里秦川而得名,具有体躯高大、遗传稳定、适应性强、肉用性能好等特点,是我国著名的地方品种和国家级资源保护品种,是肉牛新品种培育和产业化发展的基础.文章介绍了秦川牛种质资源保护利用情况和取得的成效,并针对当前存在的问题提出了相应的对策和建议,以期对秦川牛种质资源的保护和开发提供科学指导,推动肉牛产业的健康发展.     

Metabolism and genetics of chlamydias and rickettsias

Chlamydial and rickettsial diseases pose a hazard to man and to domesticated and wild animals. The virulence mechanisms which aid the establishment of these obligate intracellular parasites in the eukaryotic host are still not within our grasp. Recent knowledge of the biochemical stratagem, the metabolic capabilities and the genetic diversity of these microbes illustrate fundamental differences in ecology and evolutionary divergence. The preferred site of intracellular residence determines the strategy for uptake, for nutrient assimilation and also for evasion of the host's immunological defenses. The Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Coxiella are the most extensively studied of the genera. Whereas the Ehrlichia and Cowdria are poorly understood, they are also the most intriguing of the Rickettsiae. A number of antigenically and genetically distinct species are identified for the genera Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Ehrlichia, whereas the Coxiella and Cowdria may not represent such a wide diversity. Recent information on the genetic heterogeneity of the chromosomal and plasmid DNAs of the strains of Coxiella suggest the diversity is greater than was originally envisioned. New information regarding the antigenic structure of Cowdria and their cellular tropisms suggests that they are closely related to the Ehrlichia. In this review we compare the metabolic capabilities and the genetic diversity of these different intracellular bacteria.     

《贝类增养殖学》课程教学改革与创新

《贝类增养殖学》是高等院校中的水产专业本科人才培养中极为重要的一门专业课,具有直观性、实践性强等高要求特点。从课堂教学、课程实验和产学研方面进行了探讨,以期为《贝类增养殖学》课程教学的改革和创新提供参考。     

胭脂虫开发利用的研究及前景展望

系统阐述了胭脂虫分类、生物生态特性、人工繁养、胭脂虫红色素的性质及加工利用、胭脂虫产业的发展等,并对其开发应用前景进行了展望。     

Estimations of repeatability and heritability of egg albumen antimicrobial activity and of lysozyme and ovotransferrin concentrations

1. The repeatability and heritability of growth inhibition by egg albumen of two major pathogenic bacteria, a Gram-negative (Salmonella Enteritidis) and a Gram-positive (Staphyloccocus aureus) and of two antimicrobial albumen proteins, lysozyme and ovotransferrin, were estimated in commercial pedigree hens. 2. Repeatability was evaluated in 100 egg-type hens at the beginning, middle and end of the laying cycle on eggs collected for 3 weeks. Heritabilities were estimated at 36 to 40 weeks of age on 400 pedigree hens (2 eggs/hen), which were the offspring of 25 sires each mated with 4 dams. Ovotransferrin and lysozyme were quantified by ELISA. Salmonella Enteritidis (S.E.) and Staphyloccocus aureus (S.A.) were inoculated into a sample of sterilised albumen and enumerated after incubation. 3. Total protein content in albumen decreased with age of laying hens, whereas there were increases in lysozyme or ovotransferrin concentrations and in the bacteriostatic effect of albumen. 4. Repeatability for bacterial growth in albumen ranged from 0.29 to 0.39 for the number of S.E. (log cfu/ml) one day post inoculation (p.i.) but was lower and more variable at 5 d p.i. or for S.A. number. It ranged from 0.27 to 0.38 for S.E. and S.A. number at the mid period of the laying cycle. Repeatabilities were low and variable for total egg albumen protein or lysozyme and ovotranferrin concentrations (0 to 0.22). 5. Negative phenotypic correlations were observed between lysozyme concentrations and S.E. number but that between lysozyme and S.A. number was not significant. 6. Heritabilities were low (0.01 to 0.09) for protein traits. They were 0.11 for S.A. number and 0.16 for S.E. number one day p.i. 7. It appears to be more efficient to select on global bacterial growth than on specific antimicrobial proteins. The most promising trait is the number of S.E. one day p.i.     

Pharmacokinetics of boldenone and stanozolol and the results of quantification of anabolic and androgenic steroids in race horses and nonrace horses

Anabolic steroids (ABS) boldenone (BL; 1.1 mg/kg) and stanozolol (ST; 0.55 mg/kg) were administered i.m. to horses and the plasma samples collected up to 64 days. Anabolic steroids and androgenic steroids (ANS) in plasma were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The limit of detection of all analytes was 25 pg/mL. The median absorption (t1/2 partial differential) and elimination (t1/2e) half-lives for BL were 8.5 h and 123.0 h, respectively, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUCho) was 274.8 ng.h/mL. The median t1/2e for ST was 82.1 h and the was 700.1 ng.h/mL. Peak mean (X+/-SD) plasma concentrations (Cmax) for BL and ST were 1127.8 and 4118.2 pg/mL, respectively. Quantifiable concentrations of ABS and ANS were found in 61.7% of the 988 plasma samples tested from race tracks. In 17.3% of the plasma samples two or more ABS or ANS were quantifiable. Testosterone (TES) concentrations mean (X+/-SE) in racing and nonracing intact males were 241.3+/-61.3 and 490.4+/-35.1 pg/mL, respectively. TES was not quantified in nonracing geldings and female horses, but was in racing females and geldings. Plasma concentrations of endogenous 19-nortestosterone (nandrolone; NA) from racing and nonracing males were 50.2+/-5.5 and 71.8+/-4.6 pg/mL, respectively.     

Comparison of electrophoretograms of normal canine serum and plasma and of serum and plasma of hemolyzed specimens.

Comparison of the electrophoretograms of normal canine plasma and serum revealed a greater concentration of the beta3-fraction in plasma due to the presence of fibrinogen. When serum or plasma of hemolyzed canine blood was analyzed electrophoretically, there were slurring of the beta-globulin peaks due to the presence of free hemoglobin and increases in alpha2-globulins due to the formation of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex.     

广东省猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌分离鉴定及耐药表型和耐药基因检测与分析

【目的】了解广东省部分规模化猪场引起猪传染性胸膜肺炎(PCP)的病原菌猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)的耐药表型和耐药基因携带情况,并分析比较其相关性,为有效防控该病提供理论依据。【方法】将2019-2021年从广东省不同地区规模化猪场采集的疑似猪传染性胸膜肺炎病死猪病料通过病原分离培养、革兰氏染色、生化试验、PCR扩增等方法进行病原菌分离鉴定和测序分析,随后对分离株进行药敏试验并通过PCR检测其耐药基因,确定其耐药表型和耐药基因的携带率,分析比较两者的一致性。【结果】分离菌需在含有血清和NAD的培养板中生长;革兰氏染色结果显示分离菌为红色,可判定为革兰氏阴性细菌,通过生化试验、PCR结果及测序分析确定分离到20株APP,且没有表现出明显的地域特性。所有菌株均呈现多重耐药且约50%菌株呈8重及以上耐药;其中对四环素类、磺胺类、氯霉素类和大环内酯类药物耐药率较高,分别为77.5%、65.0%、55.0%和48.8%;进一步分析发现,分离菌主要对四环素、磺胺异噁唑、氟苯尼考和林可霉素等抗菌药物耐药,而对头孢唑啉(先锋Ⅴ)和阿奇霉素敏感。23种主要耐药基因中共检测到bla_CMY、aph(2″)-Ⅰb、sul1、sul2、sul3、tetA、tetB、tetM、tetO、tetR和floR这11种耐药基因,携带率分别为85%、85%、50%、60%、75%、30%、100%、85%、100%、70%和80%;未检测到喹诺酮类、大环内酯类和林可胺类相关耐药基因。【结论】从广东省猪群中分离到的APP表现出广泛耐药性,且为多重耐药,耐药基因与耐药表型基本一致,表明耐药基因的携带是细菌对抗菌药物产生耐药的主要原因之一,但也可能存在其他未检测的耐药基因,或存在新的耐药机制。     

The influence of duration of photoperiod and hemicastration on growth and testicular and endocrine functions of boars

Yorkshire boars were used to evaluate the influence of duration of photoperiod and hemicastration on growth and testicular and endocrine functions. At 10 wk of age, 5 hemicastrate (HC) and 5 intact (I) boars were assigned to either 8 or 16 hr of light daily until 6 mo of age. Body weights were recorded biweekly throughout the experiment. Venous cannulae were placed in all boars at 6 mo of age, and serum was collected at 30 min intervals from 0800 to 2000 hr. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) was infused at 2000 hr (50 micrograms) and at 2030 hr (250 micrograms), and samples of serum were collected until 2400 hr. The following day, all boars were castrated, and the weights and sperm content of the testes and epididymides were determined. At castration, all pigs were given implants containing testosterone. Two weeks later, pigs were again canulated, and serum was obtained at 15 min intervals for 2 hr. Growth of boars was not significantly affected by duration of photoperiod or number of testes. Duration of photoperiod did not affect weight or sperm content of testes or epididymides. Hemi-castrated boars had greater testicular (P less than .01) and capita-corpora (C-C) epididymal weights (P less than .05) and more testicular and C-C sperm (P less than .01) per testis. Neither average concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) nor number and amplitude of pulses of LH were affected by photoperiod treatment. However, HC boars had greater average concentrations of LH (P less than .05) than I boars (.71 +/- .05 vs .52 +/- .05 ng/ml). Hemicastrated boars in 16 hr light daily had greater concentrations of FSH in serum (P less than .05) than 8I, 8HC, and 16I boars. Intact and HC boars had similar concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and testosterone. Similarly, concentrations of PRL and testosterone were not affected by duration of photoperiod. Secretion of LH and testosterone after treatment with GnRH was not significantly affected by duration of photoperiod. In general, HC boars released more LH in response to GnRH treatment than I boars. Concentrations of LH were greater (P less than .05) in HC than I boars at .5, 1, 2, and 3 hr after GnRH and tended (P less than .10) to be elevated at 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4 hr after GnRH. The FSH response to GnRH was greater (P less than .05) for 16HC than 8I, 8HC, or 16I boars.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Control of reproduction and of undesirable social and sexual behaviour in dogs and cats

Delmadinone acetate (DMA)? was tested by oral or parenteral administration to forty female and ten male dogs, and to twenty female and ten male cats for the control of heat and ovulation, and suppression of undesirable sexual and social behaviour. The indications, particulars of medication and the results obtained are shown in the table. The mode of action on the hypothalamus, pituitary and target organs is discussed. Over a thirty-six month trial period DMA proved to be a safe and efficacious drug for the control of sexual and related social functions in female and male pet animals. There were indications that even lower dosages than those employed may prove to be equally effective. Résumé. De l'acétate de delmadinone a été soumis à des tests, par administration buccale ou parentérale, sur quarante chiens femelles et dix chiens mâles et sur vingts chats femelles et dix chats mâles, pour le contrôle du rut et de l'ovulation et pour la suppression de comportement indésirable, sexuel et social. Les indications, les détails de médication et les résultats obtenus sont indiqués à la table. On discute du mode d'action sur Phypothalamus, l'hypophyse et les organes-cibles. Au cours d'une période d'essai de 36 mois, l'acétate de delmadinone s'est révelé une drogue éfficace, sans danger, pour le contrôle des fonctions sexuelles et sociales apparentées, chez les animaux familiers femelles et mâles. Il y avaient certaines indications, que même des doses plus faibles que celles utilisées peuvent se montrer également éffectives. Zusammenfassung. Delmadinonazetat (DMA) wurde durch orale oder parenterale Vera-breichung an vierzig weibliche und zehn männliche Hiade und an zwanzig weibliche und zehn männliche Katzen zur Kontrolle der Hitze und Ovulation, und Suppression von unerwünschtem sexuellem und sozialem Verhalten, gegeben. Die Indikationen, Eigenheiten von Medikation und die erlangten Ergebnisse sind in der Tabelle verzeichnet. Die Art der Wirkung auf den Hypo-thalamus, die Hypophyse und die Erfolgsorgane ist erört. Über eine 36 monatige Versuchsperiode, DMA bewies sich als ein sicheres und wirksames Medikament zur Kontrolle von sexuellen und verbundenen sozialen Funktionen in weiblichen und männlichen Haustieren. Es gab Anzeichen, dass selbst eine niedrigere Dosis als die angewand, sich ebenso wirksam erweisen mag.     

Prevalence and characteristics of attaching and effacing strains of Escherichia coil isolated from diarrheic and healthy sheep and goats

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) in diarrheic and healthy small ruminants. ANIMALS: 502 lambs and kids with diarrhea and 511 healthy sheep and goats. PROCEDURE: Fecal samples from diarrheic and healthy sheep and goats were screened for the eae gene. In addition, E coli isolates with positive results for the eae gene (E coli eae+) were analyzed for the espB gene, production of verotoxins (VT), and serogroup. RESULTS: A significantly higher prevalence of healthy lambs and kids were infected with AEEC, compared with diarrheic lambs and kids and healthy adult sheep and goats. Some differences in the characteristics of E coli eae strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy animals were detected. Thus, the espB gene was detected more frequently among E coli eae+ strains isolated from healthy animals than in those isolated from diarrheic animals, and VT production was only detected in E coli eae+ strains isolated from healthy lambs and kids. The E coli eae+ isolates belonged to several O serogroups. However, 17 of 40 (42.5%) isolates from diarrheic lambs and only 4 of 168 (2.4%) isolates from healthy sheep belonged to serogroup 026. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our results suggest that E coli eae+ 026 strains may play a role in diarrheal disease in lambs, whereas E coli eae+ strains that also had VT production and eae+ strains that had positive results for the espB gene did not appear to be associated with diarrhea in small ruminants.     

饲料稻研究现状及发展前景

饲料稻由于最适水田环境,在需要水田转种、低质水田种植食用稻品质不佳或荒废湿地再利用等地区,作为转种或再植作物逐渐引起人们的重视,它不仅可以保住水田面积,还能生产较为优质的饲料,带来较高的经济效益和生态效益.本研究就国内外饲料稻的品种开发、栽培管理和加工利用等方面的研究现状进行了论述、分析,并就其发展前景进行了探讨.     

生物炭与化肥配施对紫色土肥力与微生物特征及油菜产量品质的影响

研究不同梯度的生物炭与常规施肥、减量施肥相配合对紫色土肥力与微生物特征及油菜产量品质的影响,为实际生产中制定生物炭与化肥的配施方案提供理论参考。依托西南地区特有的紫色土,采用裂区试验设计,试验处理包括:B₀F₁ (不施生物炭+减量肥)、B₀F₂(不施生物炭+全量肥)、B₁F₁(低量生物炭+减量肥)、B₁F₂(低量生物炭+全量肥)、B₂F₁(高量生物炭+减量肥)、B₂F₂(高量生物炭+全量肥)。结果表明:生物炭改良后的土壤全碳、全氮、全钾、阳离子交换量(CEC)、pH显著高于B₀处理,且F₁各土壤肥力指标水平与F₂相近。生物炭的输入提升了土壤微生物Shannon多样性指数(H)、Simpson 优势度指数(D)、碳源利用丰富度指数(S),促进了根际微生物对糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类、聚合物类、酚酸类碳源的利用程度。生物炭有效提高了油菜产量,在F₁水平下,生物炭的施用显著降低籽粒中芥酸、硫苷、亚麻酸的含量,提升了高油酸、油酸、黄籽度水平。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,对油菜品质指标的重要性排序为:全钾>全碳>全氮>全磷>CEC>pH。其中,全钾、全碳、全氮、全磷对籽粒品质有显著影响(P<0.05)。总之,生物炭与化肥联合施用可显著改善土壤肥力状况,提升土壤微生物活性,促进了微生物对碳源的利用程度。生物炭的施用量以35 t·hm^-2为宜,可有效弥补化肥减量后的养分亏缺,促进油菜增产和籽粒品质的改良。     

昆明犬胫腓骨骨折的诊治

本研究通过回顾分析临床上使用外固定支架治疗11例昆明犬胫腓骨骨折病例,探讨使用外固定支架治疗昆明犬胫腓骨骨折的临床效果。手术后100 d回访,骨折全部愈合,骨折愈合最短时间为30 d,最长为90 d,除少数有针孔感染和固定针松动外,无其他重大并发症。结果表明,外固定支架是治疗昆明犬胫腓骨骨折的理想方法。