武汉市垃圾填埋场选址评价模型研究

为实现垃圾卫生填埋处置对环境影响最小化，填埋场场址的合理选择至关重要的一步。笔者在专家调查的基础上，利用层次分析法(AHP)，建立了以城市规划要求、交通运输条件、与城市的距离、环境保护条件、地质环境条件、建场条件为一级指标的垃圾填埋场选址评价模型，为武汉市的垃圾填埋场选址提供科学依据。     

One-dimensional Steady-state Model for Gas Pressure Distribution in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Gas pressure distribution in landfills is of great importance to control hazards and improve recovery of landfill gas. An one-dimensional steady-state model and its solving approach are presented for gas pressure distribution in layered waste landfills. The model can be used to investigate the gas pressure distribution of the landfill with horizontal gas collection layers having specified pressure or flux. The influences of layered properties, horizontal permeable layer under final cover and horizontal gas collection layers and bottom leachate drainage systems dually serving as gas collection layers on gas pressure distribution are investigated. The results of parameter analyses using the presented model show that the assumption that homogenizations of gas generation rate and gas permeability through a landfill considerably overestimate gas pressure in landfill; horizontal permeable layer under final cover and horizontal gas collection layers can effectively reduce gas pressure in landfills; the bottom leachate drainage systems dually serving as gas collection layers can significantly reduce the gas pressure in the lower portion of landfills. The presented model provides a useful tool in the designing of landfill gas collection systems, such as, the positions and spacing of horizontal gas collection layers and pump section.     

Treatment Difficulties and Strategies for Landfill Leachate

The current status of leachate treatment in garbage landfills and its treatment difficulties were elaborated and summarized. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of various landfill leachate treatment technologies, a multi stage treatment composed of pretreatment, bio treatment and deep treatment was suggested as an ideal treatment. A new way to treat landfill leachate was presented. It combines electrochemical and oxidation ditches with sand filtration. The advantages of the new technique were also analyzed.     

Neighborhood Exposure to Toxic Releases: Are There Racial Inequities?

This paper explores the use of empirical evidence to determine whether the exposure of minorities to environmental risks constitutes aversive racism. Connections are drawn between definitions of aversive racism and statistical approaches to research into the relationship between race and risk, paying particular attention to the influence of both non-racial discrimination and industrial location factors. Federal judicial and executive remedies to aversive racism are examined in light of the standards of evidence presented. An empirical study of the connection between race and exposure to toxic releases is then presented for Census block groups in Georgia and Ohio. It was found that the significance of race depends on the breadth of the explanatory model used in the analysis. A model of overall exposure to toxic releases shows that race is significant in a narrow model of discrimination but not in a broader model including industrial location factors. However, a model of targeting of minorities in the recent location of toxics-emitting facilities fails to show discrimination in any of the regression analyses. These findings support the view that environmental justice concerns cannot be addressed through reform of siting processes; broader remedies involving more stringent protection of exposure to toxic emissions are more likely to be effective.     

柑橘皮渣资源化利用研究进展

中国是柑橘种植大国,柑橘加工产生的大量皮渣污染环境,已经成为限制柑橘产业持续发展的重要瓶颈之一。笔者从经济环保的角度出发,分析比较了目前国内外柑橘皮渣处理的主要方式：卫生填埋、柑橘皮渣烘干饲料、有效成分提取及发酵生产有机肥等的优缺点。最后得出了利用高效优良菌株为核心发酵生产有机肥,既利用柑橘皮渣中的有效物质,又避免了环境污染,处理过程简单,成本低廉,是一种既经济又环保的皮渣处理方式,可以实际推广应用。     

Existing Situation on Disposal of Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant in Three-Gorges Reservoir Area

At present 18 wastewater treatment plants operateing in the Small towns of Three Gorge Areas of Chongqing Municipality, producing 132.95 tons surplus sludge everyday. As regards to the disposition of such numerous surplus sludge, the major disposition technique in these wastewater water treatment plants, i. e. , thickening and mechanical dewatering technique followed by feeding into the municipal solid waste landfill, seems to have a rather bad effect on the normal operation of the municipal solid waste landfill, due to the unstabilized sludge resulted from this technique of the sludge disposition and high moisture in the sludge, which is higher than 80%. This paper has paid some attention to this phenomenon. With respect to the small towns having the the municipal solid waste landfill, the techniques of mechanical dewatering, calcareousness stabilized etc. before feeding into the municipal solid waste landfill, seem to be feasible, while the composting and comprehensive utilization of sludge is available in the small towns which have no municipal solid waste landfills.     

Accessibility,Diversity, Environmental Quality and the Dynamics of Intra‐Urban Population and Employment Location

This paper investigates intra‐urban population and employment shifts over 1980–2000, using the Cincinnati Metropolitan Area as a case study. Population and employment are disaggregated by ethnicity (White, Black, Others) and industry (10 sectors) to better capture different location behaviors. Inter‐industry relationships are considered when constructing accessibility variables. Additional diversity, locational and socio‐economic variables are included. A location‐specific index of air quality is also considered, as a proxy for environmental quality. A structural equation model is specified to account for the dynamic interactions between populations, activities, and air quality. The results reveal strong interactions between ethnic groups, confirm the existence of agglomeration effects, and suggest that diversity has positive effects on both firms and households in both periods (1980–1990 and 1990–2000). For firms, better access to their potential customers and employees is more important than better access to their input–output sectors. Better air quality attracts population, which in turn worsens it. The results reveal changing dynamics, from 1980–1990 to 1990–2000, for different population and activity groups, and suggest that overall, firm location behaviors are more stable than household behaviors.     

污泥与城市生活垃圾混填的力学特性及稳定性

工业污水和生活污水排放量日益增多,污水处理厂污泥产量日趋加大,污泥填埋关键技术问题已成为当今环境工程以及环境岩土工程的热点问题之一。污泥和垃圾混合填埋在其他国家已得到应用,但由于目前中国关于污泥及其城市生活垃圾混合样的基础性室内试验成果不多,对污泥与城市垃圾混合样的工程力学特性及其混合填埋的适宜比例等不甚了解,从而导致中国污泥垃圾混合填埋工程事故频繁发生。对不同配比的污泥与城市生活垃圾混合样进行了固结压缩实验、三轴固结不排水实验、无侧限抗压强度实验,得出污泥与城市生活垃圾混合样的工程力学特性;同时,用ANSYS数值模拟方法,对不同配合比的污泥城市生活垃圾混合填埋边坡的稳定性进行分析,从而对污泥与城市生活垃圾混合填埋的适宜配合比及其稳定安全问题提出理论支撑。     

Assessment of Gas Utilization for Landfill

In order to fulfill the landfill gas's energizing and protect the environment, many measures to control and exploit the landfill gas are taken. In this paper, a targets system and an analytic hierarchy process method which assesses the measures are put forward based on the systematic impact of environmental,economical and social benefits. It is useful to make a decision reasonably.     

辣椒素生物合成路径及调控基因研究的最新进展

辣椒素是辣椒果实最重要的品质性状,在食品、医药和工业上都具有重要应用前景,其含量高低决定辣椒辣度大小,本文总结了辣椒素类物质积累部位及其含量的环境、遗传影响因素,并图示了最新辣椒素生物合成可能的路径,分析了辣椒素生物合成途径相关基因表达与辣味的关系,以及控制辣椒素生物合成的关键基因的克隆和功能鉴定情况,最后阐明了有关辣椒素含量的QTL分析和分子标记研究最新进展.     

Performance Analysis of the Timeslot Synchronous in the Upstream Channel for the HFC Networks

In this paper, in the light of the percolating flow mechanics problems in the field of environmental science research , the transport mechanism and law of the volatile organic pollutants in the soils and the transport model and law of the underground water multi-component reacting solute are discussed, and the gas transport and the second pollution problems in the solid waste landfill are analyzed~ Based on the research given above, the transport process and two aspects of the control mechanisms uncertainty for the volatile organic matter and the necessity to establish the coupling model of multi-component water chemistry model and waterdynamic transport model are pointed out. The result is of great theoretical importance and practical significance to the further understanding of the overlapping research problems in environmental science and percolating flow mechanics.     

基于层次分析法的工矿废弃土地复垦潜力分区研究

工矿废弃土地复垦潜力分区评价的合理程度,对复垦工作的实施与管理有着密切的联系。为了对工矿废弃土地复垦潜力分区作出科学客观的评价,采用层次分析法建立了描述和评价复垦潜力分区的数学模型,该模型能综合考虑到复垦潜力各层次各因素对最后评价结果的影响,能同时定性和定量地对复垦潜力分区进行分析。实际使用情况表明,该模型有着很好的工程应用前景。     

A Random Utility Model of Environmental Equity

Past attempts to uncover evidence that economically disadvantaged groups are unjustly exposed to environmental disamenities have failed to take into account self‐selection behavior of individuals or groups of individuals. For instance, when choosing a place to live, households may be trading environmental quality for other housing, neighborhood, and location characteristics they care about. Previous literature on environmental justice has investigated location choice of polluting industries, but fails to account for consumer self‐selection in housing markets. This paper thus focuses on location choice of individuals based on observed housing transactions. From the results of a random utility model, a test is proposed that incorporates the no‐envy concept of economic equity. The results support a finding for environmental discrimination with respect to African American households, but do not support the hypothesis that poor households in general are unfairly exposed to environmental disamenities.     

A conceptual model of farmers' decision-making process for nitrogen fertilization and irrigation of durum wheat

With a 2 millions of tons production, France is the second country in the European Union to produce durum wheat. Durum wheat production requires high grain nitrogen concentration. Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization must be managed simultaneously to maximize grain yield and also avoid low protein concentration and environmental impacts. To help advisors and farmers to better manage together these two agricultural operations and to develop innovative managements, developing a biodecisional model is an interesting possibility. However, knowledge is still missing on how farmers already managed these operations and how these two operations are linked. We developed the conceptual model for the decision part of this computer model. We performed a survey of 28 farmers conducted over the five French production areas investigating a diversity of growing conditions to identify the set of possible constraints and farmers' decision rules. To analyze the survey, we first used a general inductive approach on individual cases and then built a conceptual model of the decision with a bottom-up approach. We identified four decision sequences for fertilization (N splitting, choice of N fertilizer, rate of application, fertilization triggering) and five for irrigation (irrigation period, anticipated number of irrigation cycles, irrigation cycles organization, irrigation triggering and irrigation cycle specificities). For each operation, the first three decision sequences refer to strategic decisions. The other decision sequences refer to tactical decisions. Coupling this model with a crop model could provide guidelines for managing durum wheat in the current climatic and economic changing context.     

Dynamics of Adjustment and the Social Division of Labor in the Tsubame Cutlery Industry

This paper examines the Tsubame cutlery industry as an example of one of Japan's community-based industries (CBI's). CBI's are localized, closely inter-linked concentrations of small businesses which manufacture and export a distinctive product on the basis of a social division of labor. To demonstrate the dynamic nature of the social division of labor in CBI's we outline the origins and evolution of the cutlery industry in Tsubame and then we analyze in more detail how the industry has adjusted to deteriorating cost conditions since 1970, especially during the late 1980s. The discussion is based on published studies and on field work which investigated the strategies and operations of entrepreneurs as summarized in terms of employment, subcontracting and product trends. We find that the Tsubame cutlery industry has successfully adapted its social division of labor to changing circumstances and that it appears to be in another transition stage at the present time.     

Corporate Response to Environmental Issues: Packaging

Among the environmental issues that have come to dominate social concerns, the amount of packaging sent for disposal in landfills has gained increased prominence in Canada, with the issuance in 1990 of the National Protocol on Packaging (NAPP). Recognizing the increased demands for improved environmental performance on the part of corporations, this study seeks to understand why some companies respond more quickly than others to concerns about packaging-waste reduction. The paper links concepts found in the Corporate Social Responsibility and Innovation Theory literatures, in order to explore corporate response patterns to pressures for change and to develop a measure of corporate performance with regards to packaging-waste reduction efforts. Bivariate and linear logit analyses of data were undertaken, and confirm that variations in a company's response pattern can be explained in terms of factors such as company size, product orientation, and existence of an environmental affairs function, as well as external policies, such as NAPP.     

Electrolytic Efficiency of Late Landfill Leachate Pretreated by Electrolytic Oxidation

With trait of late landfill leachate treated hardly, it is an effective method of enhancing biodegradability of late landfill leachate that electrolytic oxidation pretreats late landfill leachate, and it is very necessary to calculate current efficiency. Varity of organic pollutants in the late landfill leachate is studied under the electrochemical action by some tests and current efficiency under different electrolytic condition is calculated. The results show that the most high current efficiency is 34.11% when the current density is 15 mA/cm^2 and electrolytic time is 6.5 h.     

Growing Global: Learning Locations in the Life Sciences

This research explores the role of place in corporate location strategy by following the global footsteps of pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly and Company. Examining a life science company model whose acquisitions strongly affected industry strategy provides examples of place characteristics modifying high tech corporate strategy in four very different metropolitan areas: Indianapolis, Research Triangle, San Diego and Shanghai. Targeted interviews explore institutional, human, and place features. This case study illustrates why choosing the best learning location—where both structured and informal information exchange networks can nurture companies—is key to achieving competitive advantage through site selection.     

A Leading Indicator Model for Ohio SMSA Employment

ABSTRACT The methodology used to build a leading indicator model for Ohio SMSA employment is described in this paper. A composite leading indicator series for each of the eight major metropolitan areas and the state of Ohio was constructed. These composite indicators appear to work well in a “real-time” simulation of their actual use. The methodology employed here departs from traditional methods for constructing such leading indicators in the approach to weighting the individual indicator series in order to devise a composite index. An econometric approach to determining the weights was employed. The weighting method can be said to be “optimal” in that the weights were chosen to maximize the out-of-sample ability of the composite index to detect future changes in economic activity, proxied here by the level of employment. This approach to weighting the component series in devising a composite index is computationally expensive, since it requires that a number of models be estimated and simulated in an actual use environment. It does overcome the usual subjective nature of the weighting schemes employed, and has resulted in composite indexes for the eight metropolitan areas and Ohio that perform quite well.     

城市旅游发展潜力评价体系构建及应用研究——以中国15个副省级城市为例

城市旅游发展潜力是指城市在旅游资源、旅游区位、旅游企业、旅游产业地位等自然经济环境等因素的综合作用下,在与其他城市竞争中所体现出来的潜在的、能够发挥出来并能促进旅游产业持续发展的能力。目前关于城市旅游发展潜力的研究日益引起学者们的关注与重视,笔者以中国15个副省级城市为例,通过对前人研究的总结和归纳,从旅游发展基础、旅游发展能力和未来发展空间3个维度选取6个指标进行量化分析,运用离差最大化法对各城市进行旅游发展潜力进行比较,结果显示,广州与杭州在15个副省级城市当中旅游发展潜力最大,论文最后对评价结果进行了分析与总结,以期对中国城市旅游产业的发展提供相应的理论支持。