Breeding strategies for early soybeans in Belarus

Yield and other agronomic traits in soybean depend on the growth habit. The best maturity group, 00 indeterminate cultivars, compared with semi determinate cultivars for 3 years, out yielded the latter by 9%, possessed greater height and node number but somewhat stronger lodging and better lower bottom pod set. Maturity did not differ significantly within the samples. Correlations were recorded between the yield, growth type and node number. Indeterminate cultivars, in general, require fewer days to start flowering than determinate cultivars. This character is useful in the development of cultivars tolerant to a moderate drought in the second half of the summer. Thus, the most likely model of maturity group 00 variety for Belarus may be an indeterminate, early flowering, full season cultivar.     

Yield, yield components and plant architecture in the F3 generation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) derived from a cross between the determinate cultivar ‘Prelude’ and an indeterminate landrace

Growth trials were conducted outdoors in the UK to determine the yield, yield components and plant architectural differences between determinate and indeterminate Phaseolus vulgaris bean plants. F3 lines derived from crosses between ‘Prelude’, a determinate cultivar and ‘V8’, an indeterminate landrace, were grown together with the parents and ‘Carioca’, an indeterminate landrace from Brazil. Data were recorded on flowering date, number of nodes on main stem at flowering, plant height at maturity, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, number of seeds/plant, 100-seed weight, seed mass/plant, percentages of diseased and healthy seeds/plant. Determinate F3 lines had significantly lower (P < 0.05) seed mass/plant, fewer pods/plant, fewer seeds/pod, fewer seeds/plant, lower harvest index, shorter stems, earlier date of flowering, fewer nodes at flowering and fewer healthy seeds/plant than indeterminate F3 lines. However, determinate genotypes had significantly larger (P < 0.05) pods to accommodate their larger seeds compared with indeterminate lines. A similar situation was found when the yield and yield components of ‘V8’, ‘Prelude’ and ‘Carioca’ were evaluated; the highest seed mass/plant was given by ‘V8’ and the lowest by ‘Prelude’. Furthermore, some indeterminate genotypes with Type IV growth habit yielded significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the high-yielding parent, ‘V8’, indicating a positive influence on seed yield by crossing different genotypes.     

Plant growth habit,root architecture traits and tolerance to low soil phosphorus in an Andean bean population

The optimal plant growth habit and architecture of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is dependent on environmental conditions. The objectives of this research were to determine if plant growth habit impacts a plant’s ability to grow in low P conditions, as measured by P uptake, seed yield, and P use efficiency and to determine if aboveground plant growth habit and root growth are associated at variable P soil levels. The study was carried out with recombinant inbred lines developed from an Andean intra-gene pool cross between a low P tolerant parent with an indeterminate growth habit (G19833) and a low P susceptible parent with a determinate growth habit (AND696). The population was grown for 2 years in low and sufficient P conditions in a field site in Darien, Colombia. In the first season, indeterminate lines had 15% more seed yield than the determinate lines in the low P treatment, whereas there was no difference by growth habit in the high P treatment. In the second season, seed yield and tolerance to low P was not influenced by growth habit. Root architectural characteristics such as root length density (RLD) and root surface area were 25% and 34% greater respectively in the indeterminate lines under P-sufficiency, whereas under low P, root architecture traits were not significantly different by growth habit. Root plasticity was higher in determinate lines, although RLD and root surface area did not play a significant role in tolerance to low P. Overall, the data were consistent with shoot growth habit as playing a complex and important role in adaptation to P-deficiency.     

黄淮海夏大豆产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为探讨大豆主要农艺性状对大豆产量影响的主次关系,运用灰色关联度分析法,对黄淮海地区16 个品种12 点试验进行产量与农艺性状的分析,从而为黄淮海地区大豆育种提供理论依据。结果表明：产量与主要农艺性状的关联度大小依次是单株粒重＞分枝数＞株高＞生育日数＞单株荚数＞单株粒数＞主茎节数＞底荚高度＞百粒重。可见,对大豆新品种选育时,应优先考虑单株粒重,分枝数,株高和生育日数。     

南阳盆地适宜机械化收获绿豆品种（系）农艺性状分析

绿豆机械化生产是未来绿豆生产可持续发展的方向。在南阳盆地种植28个绿豆品种（系）,分析其农艺性状与第1批荚果产量的关系,为适宜机械化的绿豆育种提供参考。结果表明,第1批荚果产量与其主要性状的关联顺序为单株荚数>单荚粒数>主茎节数>株高>生育期>荚长>百粒重>主茎分枝数,其中与单株荚数呈极显著的正相关性（P<0.01）,与单荚粒数、主茎节数、株高、生育期和荚长呈极显著的负相关性;通过表型聚类发现,绿豆品种（系）遗传基础狭窄,在改良适宜机械化生产性状的同时,应拓宽品种（系）的遗传背景。     

黑龙江省中熟大豆品种主要农艺性状演变趋势分析

黑龙江省近20年来中熟大豆品种遗传改进的明显趋势是株高、有效节数、一二粒荚数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重增加,底荚高度略有增加。分枝数、蛋白质含量呈现先增后减的趋势．脂肪含量呈现先减后增的趋势,百粒重变化不大。株高、有效节数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重与单株粒重呈显著或极显著的正相关。各性状对单株粒重的贡献大小依次为单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数、株高、有效节数、百粒重。提高单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数．兼顾株高、有效节数、百粒重是该区大豆育种的主攻方向。     

Genetic improvement of fenugreek (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trigonella foenum-graecum</Emphasis> L.) through EMS induced mutation breeding for higher seed yield under western Canada prairie conditions

Most fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum L. suitable for western Canada exhibit an indeterminate growth habit and take about 120 days to produce a good proportion of high quality seed. Late maturity is a major inconvenience for seed producers in temperate climates prevalent in this region where plants must mature within a much shorter growing season. The objective of this study was to develop early maturing fenugreek mutants with a determinate growth habit to ensure uniform maturity within the 100 frost free days available on the Canadian prairies. Seeds from Tristar Fenugreek, a forage cultivar developed for production in western Canada, were treated with 10–300 mM ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) for 2–24 h and plants were selected for determinate growth habit, early maturity and high seed yield. This mutation breeding approach has detected new breeding material exhibiting early seed maturity coupled with high seed yield, seed quality and determinate growth habit. Successful development of useful mutants in fenugreek was reported before, but this is the first report on successful use of mutation breeding for improvement in quantitative traits in this crop.     

Interrelationships among height,lodging and yield in determinate and indeterminate soybeans

Summary Seventy-three determinate and 93 indeterminate random F₉ lines from a cross between determinate and indeterminate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] parents were evaluated for seed yield, mature plant height, and lodging. Regression analyses indicated that among the determinate lines, seed yield increased by 350 kg/ha and lodging score increased by 0.008 for every 10 cm increase in plant height. Among indeterminate lines seed yield increased by 112 kg/ha and lodging score by 0.3 for every 10 cm increase in plant height. The highest yielding indeterminate lines were tall and very susceptible to lodging. The tall determinate lines had the best combination of high seed yield and excellent lodging resistance.Cooperative Investigations of the Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Morphology and genetics of a new found determinate genotype in chickpea

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an indeterminate plant and produce excessive vegetative growth that acts as a competitive sink for developing pods resulting in reduced fruit set whenever soil moisture and temperature conditions are favorable. Determinate genotype was so far not available in the world chickpea germplasm. Determinate chickpea is needed to change its plant architecture in order to achieve a breakthrough in its productivity and stabilize yields in cool and long-season sub-tropical environments of semi-arid tropics. A true breeding determinate chickpea genotype was developed for the first time in the breeding programme. The objectives were to study: (i) the new found determinate genotype BGD 9971 for important plant characteristics and (ii) the genetics of determinate growth habit in it. Determinate genotype was bushy, compact and dwarf in its morphology; the stem growth terminated by a flower and produced 1–4 seeds per pod. The segregation patterns in the F₂ and F₃ of the two crosses (BGD 72 × BGD 9971 and BGD 128 × BGD 9971) involving indeterminate and determinate parents have shown that the determinate growth habit in BGD 9971 was governed by two recessive genes. The genes for determinacy in BGD 9971 were designated as dt1 and dt2. The homozygous recessive for both alleles (dt1dt1dt2dt2) produced a determinate phenotype. The utilization of genes identified for determinacy in the newly developed BGD 9971 has the major impact on chickpea breeding for better adaptation to cool climate, high fertility and irrigated environments.     

不同类型大豆主要农艺性状与小区产量的多元回归与通径分析

本文应用多元统计方法,对15份春大豆和14份夏大豆品种的主要农艺性状与产量进行了分析,结果表明：春大豆的单株粒数、百粒重和株高对产量的直接作用较大,在育种时可优先考虑;夏大豆的单株荚数、单株粒重对产量直接较大,单株粒数与单株产量存在着极显著的正相关,因此通过这3个性状进行选择效果较好。同时考虑到大豆各农艺性状之间存在着相互影响,在育种时应注意各性状之间的平衡。     

栽培大豆(G.max)×半野生大豆(G.gracilis)后代主要农艺性状遗传参数的初步分析

本试验利用三个不同结荚习性的栽培大豆(G.max)做母本,分别与三个半野生大豆(G.graeilis)按NCⅡ设计配制的9个杂交组合,估测了F_1、F_2代主要农艺性状的优势指数;F_2代主要农艺性状的平均数、变幅、遗传变异系数、遗传力和预期遗传进度。试验结果表明:F_1代除百粒重、主茎有效节数以外,其余性状均有明显的杂种优势;F_2代除有效分枝、主茎粗以外,其余性状的优势指数均明显下降;F_2代遗传变异幅度大小的趋势为有限组合>亚有限组合>无限组合;生育日数、株高的遗传力高,可在早期世代进行选择;单株粒数、单株荚数、主茎粗的遗传力低,应在较晚世代选择;单株粒重及其主要构成因素均有较大的遗传进度绝对值,无限组合的遗传进度明显低于有限、亚有限组合。     

大豆产量及主要农艺性状QTL的上位性互作和环境互作分析

以栽培大豆晋豆23为母本,半野生大豆灰布支黑豆ZDD2315为父本杂交衍生的F2:15和F2:16的447个RIL家系为遗传群体,绘制SSR遗传图谱,采用混合线性模型方法,对2年大豆小区产量及主要农艺性状进行加性QTL、加性×加性上位互作及环境互作分析。结果检测到9个与小区产量、茎粗、有效分枝、主茎节数、株高、结荚高度相关的QTL,分别位于J_2、I、M连锁群上,其中小区产量、茎粗、株高、有效分枝和主茎节数QTL的加性效应为正值,说明增加这些性状的等位基因来源于母本晋豆23。同时,检测到7对影响小区产量、茎粗、株高和结荚高度的加性×加性上位互作效应及环境互作效应的QTL,共发现14个与环境存在互作的QTL。上位效应和QE互作效应对大豆小区产量及主要农艺性状的遗传影响较大。大豆分子标记辅助育种中,既要考虑起主要作用的QTL,又要注重上位性QTL,才有利于性状的稳定表达和遗传。     

大豆杂交种异地鉴定及选育方法初探

为了研究大豆杂交种杂种优势大小及其稳定性,进一步探讨杂交大豆选育方法,通过对2006—2010年异地鉴定试验初次测产及二次测产结果进行分析。结果表明,大豆杂交种同常规对照品种比较,具有较强的杂种优势,增产效果显著。大豆杂交种各产量性状间差异明显,这是由杂交种的遗传基础决定的,与杂交种的亲本的遗传基础及配合力有关。杂交种产量优势主要来自于三粒荚数、四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、单株产量、分枝数等产量性状,为杂交大豆新品种选育提供了依据。同时指出了大豆杂交种异地鉴定中存在的问题及解决方法。     

三江平原不同年代大豆主栽品种主要农艺性状及产量变化分析

为了研究三江平原60 余年大豆生产主栽品种更替过程中主要农艺性状与产量的改进与变化规律,指导当前或今后的品种改良与创新,采用田间小区试验的方法,选用三江平原不同年代同熟期组的18 个主栽品种为试验材料。试验结果表明,主要农艺性状随年代的推进,株高与有效分枝数呈降低趋势;底荚高度变化不大,总体呈增加趋势;主茎节数呈增加趋势;抗倒伏能力逐渐增强;生育日数逐年延长;品种单株荚数、每荚粒数、单株粒数、单株粒重均呈不断增加的趋势;百粒重呈波动增加趋势。产量随着年代的推进逐年累加提高,产量变化幅度为2509.20~3311.25 kg/hm2,年平均产量增加13.35 kg/hm2,增长速度为0.53%。由于品种主要农艺性状的改进与变化,特别是品种生育日数延长和产量性状的改进,不断的提高品种产量水平,所以导致了生产主栽品种不断更替与变化,这一结论对当前或今后品种改良与创新具有重要的指导与借鉴意义。     

不同熟期及产量类型的大豆生殖生长期生理特性的比较研究

通过分析不同熟期、不同产量类型的大豆，特别是高产品种（系）的群体生理特性，为栽培措施的合理运用及生态育种指标的有效选择提供理论参考。连续2年的试验结果表明，高产大豆应具有株高适宜，节数相对较多，产量形成的空间较大，生殖生长期LAI和LAD较高，R5期后叶片衰减慢，叶片在各个方向上的分布均匀，干物质积累量大，     

甘蔗/菜用大豆间作条件下根瘤菌与大豆品种匹配性研究

为了提高间种条件下甘蔗和菜用大豆的经济效益,筛选出在菜用大豆与甘蔗间作模式下与菜用大豆相匹配的菌肥,以2个根瘤菌菌肥CW和XFN-1和2个菜用大豆品种‘七星1号’和‘华春4号’为材料,研究了在菜用大豆与甘蔗间作模式下品种与根瘤菌菌肥的匹配性。结果表明：在菜用大豆与甘蔗间种下,接种CW和XFN-1根瘤菌菌肥使‘七星1号’和‘华春4号’2个品种的结瘤能力都显著提高;‘七星1号’的产量接菌后降低,不显著,而‘华春4号’接种CW根瘤菌菌肥后产量显著提高。这说明评价根瘤菌菌肥与大豆品种的匹配性应以产量指标为主要依据,直接利用大豆品种的结瘤能力不能很好地评价菌肥与品种的匹配性,因此‘七星1号’与CW和XFN-1根瘤菌菌肥不匹配,‘华春4号’与CW根瘤菌菌肥匹配性好。间作条件下,‘华春4号’不接菌处理每公顷鲜荚和荚秆产量分别为7846.9 kg和9499.9 kg,效益分别为28249元和19000元;‘华春4号’接种CW根瘤菌菌肥后每公顷鲜荚和荚秆产量分别为9418.0 kg和11172.0 kg,效益分别为33905元和22344元;收获鲜荚的效益远高于收获荚秆的效益,接种CW根瘤菌菌肥比不接菌处理增收20%。‘华春4号’接种CW根瘤菌菌肥,大豆单株多粒荚数、多粒荚重、百粒鲜重都显著提高,而其他农艺性状无影响,说明生物固氮的氮素能够协调大豆营养生长和促进生殖生长,从而显著提高大豆产量。     

高纬度地区大豆主要农艺性状与产量关系的研究

本研究选用适合黑龙江省高纬度地区种植的31个大豆品种（系）,按照试验要求进行设计、项目调查、室内考种,运用差异性、灰色关联度、相关分析的方法进行数据分析整理。得出生育前期、单株粒重、每荚粒数、单株粒数是影响该地区大豆产量的主要农艺性状,同时在选择单株时应兼顾茎粗、株高、分枝数的影响。     

16个油用亚麻新品系的农艺及品质性状综合评价

为筛选油用亚麻新品种,提高育种效率,以张亚2号和陇亚13号为对照,连续2年对16个油用亚麻新品系的农艺和品质性状进行测定分析、相关性分析和DTOPSIS法综合评价。结果表明,农艺性状中,株高的变异系数最小,分茎数的变异系数最大。品质性状中,亚油酸变异系数最小,硬脂酸变异系数最大。相关性分析显示,单株果数和单株粒重呈极显著正相关;产量与单株果数、单株粒重和株高呈显著正相关;亚麻酸与硬脂酸、棕榈酸与油酸呈极显著负相关;粗脂肪与分茎数和单株粒重呈显著正相关,与工艺长度呈极显著负相关。DTOPSIS综合评价分析得出,6个新品系的相对接近度（C_i）均大于2个对照品种;品系R104的C_i大于张亚2号,低于陇亚13号;其余9个品系的综合性状均低于2个对照品种。品系R161、R99、R46、R96、R104-1和R41综合性状优良,高产优质,适宜在西北地区推广种植。     

吉林省大豆品种遗传改良过程中主要农艺性状的变化

以吉林省1923—2005年间育成的30个大豆品种为材料, 两年的研究结果表明, 大豆种子产量随育成年代呈线性增加, 根据回归方程计算, 产量从1923年的1 197.80 kg hm^-2到2005年的2 305.54 kg hm^-2, 82年来增加了 1 107.73 kg hm^-2, 平均每年增加14.60 kg hm^-2。随着产量的提高, 株高降低, 主茎直径增加, 节数增多, 节间缩短, 分枝减少。相关和通径分析表明, 产量与单株荚数、单株粒数、单株叶面积、叶面积指数和单株复叶数目呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 单株荚数和单株粒数对于产量的提高贡献最大; 产量与株高、单株分枝数和倒伏指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 表明大豆产量的遗传改良过程中, 植株抗倒伏能力提高, 库容量增加, 源器官叶片的同化能力增强。     

黄淮海夏大豆品种（系)主要农艺性状的综合性分析

以2018年黄淮海区试60个夏大豆参试品种（系）为材料,对12个主要农艺性状进行综合性分析。统计分析结果显示: 中组平均产量最高,南组平均粗蛋白含量最高;有效分枝数的变异系数最高,生育期的变异系数最低。相关性分析结果显示: 产量与单株有效荚数、单株粒数呈显著正相关,与单株粒重呈极显著正相关,与主茎节数呈显著负相关;百粒重与株高、主茎节数呈显著负相关,与单株有效荚数、单株粒数呈极显著负相关;粗蛋白含量与粗脂肪含量呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果显示: 12个主要农艺性状被提取到4个主成分,累计贡献率达76.78%。聚类分析结果显示: 60个品种（系）被分为2大类,每类又分为2个亚群,但60个品种（系）未按照北组、中组和南组的地域而区分开,说明黄淮海区域大豆品种（系）遗传背景相似。