核盘菌基因组微卫星序列分析

利用已经公布的核盘菌基因组测序结果,对已有的核盘菌基因组中SSR的类型、大小及分布等数据进行统计分析.在核盘菌基因组内发现1 693个SSR序列,其中出现频率最高的为6碱基和4碱基的SSR序列,分别达到577次和449次,1碱基、3碱基和5碱基的SSR则分别出现97、180、57次.其中有340个SSR序列出现在308个基因内.大多数基因(284个基因)都只含有1个SSR,占含SSR基因总数的92.21％; 17个基因中含有2个SSR,6个基因中含有3个SSR,含4个SSR的基因只有1个.在基因序列内,出现最多的是3碱基与6碱基的SSR,这表明较之基因间区,在选择压力下基因内SSR多趋向于密码子的整数倍,这与其他物种的分析结果一致.为了解含有较多SSR序列与核盘菌基因功能的关系,将含2个以上SSR的基因预测蛋白序列根据NCBI网站CDD软件进行比对发现,24个基因只有6个具有保守的蛋白结构域,且这些结构域多与转录、DNA修复有关.     

A putative role of the xanthophyll, zeaxanthin, in blue light photoreception of corn coleoptiles

Both flavins and carotenoids have some of the attributes expected for a photoreceptor mediating blue light-induced phototropism in plants. Besides the classical photoreceptor candidate, beta-carotene, coleoptiles contain many other carotenoids, including the main components of the xanthophyll cycle, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin. Here, dark-grown coleoptiles accumulated violaxanthin, but lacked zeaxanthin. Coleoptiles devoid of zeaxanthin did not bend in response to a blue light pulse. Coleoptile tips converted violaxanthin into zeaxanthin in the light. Manipulation of coleoptile zeaxanthin content by red light, red light plus darkness, or incubation with the inhibitor of zeaxanthin formation, dithiothreitol, resulted in a blue light-induced bending that was proportional to zeaxanthin content. These data indicate that zeaxanthin may be a blue light photoreceptor in corn coleoptiles.     

Molecular Characterization and SNP Markers of the β-purothionin Gene in Einkorn Wheats

Forty-three gene sequences encoding purothionin were characterized from the three species or subspecies of einkorn wheats. These sequences contained 887 bp, among which 92 SNPs including 29 indel loci were detected, giving an average SNP frequency of one SNP per 9.64 bases. According to these sequences, 5 SNP markers were successfully designed, which were used to mine the variations ofpurothionin genes of 102 einkorn wheat accessions. Based on the 5 detected SNP loci, 102 einkorn wheat accessions could be divided into 21 haplotypes, among which 11 haplotypes contained a single sample. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the purothionin genes from einkorn wheats were more closely related to those from D genome than B genome. Seven out of the 43 gene sequences were assumed to be pseudogenes by the definition of containing in-frame stop codons and small insertions/deletions leading to frameshift. In the remaining 36 amino acid sequences, the 8 Cys and Tyr-13 loci in the mature thionin domain which played important roles in the biological activities were all conserved, whereas there were some varieties occurred in some other important amino acid residues such as Lys and Arg.     

柑橘CCD基因家族鉴定及CcCCD4a对果肉颜色的影响

【目的】研究类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶（CCD）基因家族在柑橘基因组中的分布、结构及进化,对CcCCD4a在果肉颜色形成过程中的表达及其在不同果肉颜色的柑橘种质中的基因型进行研究,为开发用于果肉颜色的分子辅助育种标记奠定基础。【方法】根据已报道的CCD,采用同源比对法检索柑橘基因组中的CCD家族基因（CcCCD）。采用生物信息学软件构建系统进化树,进行亚细胞定位预测,预测蛋白质的相对分子质量与等电点（pI）等理化性质,预测保守motif,绘制家族基因Scaffold定位图。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术（qRT-PCR）分析CcCCD4a在柑橘果实颜色发育过程中的表达模式,利用测序技术鉴定30个柑橘品种的CcCCD4a基因型,采用Tassel软件进行单倍型分析。【结果】从克里曼丁橘（Citrus clementina）基因组中鉴定出14个CcCCD基因家族成员,可将其分为5个亚家族,即CcCCD1、CcCCD4、CcCCD7、CcCCD8和CcNCED。该家族蛋白理论等电点分布在6.05—8.53,编码氨基酸数目介于412—611个;亚细胞定位预测结果显示该基因家族成员主要位于叶绿体和细胞质中;聚类分析发现,CCD8亚家族与其他家族成员遗传距离较远,柑橘中各CCD均能在其他物种中找到同源基因;Scaffold定位分析发现,14个CCD家族成员成员分布在除5号Scafflod外的所有Scafflod上,且分布不均匀。对10个柑橘品种在4个时期的果肉色泽进行表型鉴定,随着果实趋于成熟,果肉的色调角（h）逐步下降,果肉颜色逐步加深;CcCCD4a在不同柑橘品种中相对表达量存在显著差异,果肉颜色为浓橙红色的品种CcCCD4a表达量显著低于果肉为橙色或浅橙黄色的品种(P<0.05),CcCCD4a相对表达量与色调角呈显著正相关(P<0.05);对30个柑橘品种进行测序分析,发现单倍型hap-1、hap-4和hap-5为果肉浓橙红色品种优势单倍型。【结论】‘克里曼丁’橘包含14个CCD基因家族成员,各成员均含有RPE65保守结构域,并定位于细胞的不同位置,分布在不同的Scaffold上。CcCCD4a参与柑橘果肉颜色的形成,其基因相对表达量与果肉色调角呈显著正相关,可作为潜在的柑橘果实颜色的辅助育种标记,尤其是单倍型hap-1、hap-4、hap-5与果肉红色的关联度较高,对颜色育种的早期杂种群体筛选有一定帮助。     

室内环境下染色单板的光变色过程

研究了在室内自然光辐射下杨木和桦木染色单板的变褪色过程和影响因素.结果表明:光辐射过程中,染色单板发生了显著变褪色.经光辐射100d,各个试件色差值ΔE*均超过16,最大达44.36.染色单板光变色前期主要是由于染料及木材抽提物不饱和基团的劣化,后期主要是木材基质.染料结构及稳定性是影响其变褪色的主要因素,漂白预处理加...     

青海不同基因型蚕豆蛋白组成及清蛋白和球蛋白亚基的SDS-PAGE分析

采用连续提取蛋白法和SDS-PAGE技术分析了青海省11个不同基因型蚕豆的蛋白质组成以及清蛋白、球蛋白亚基的差异.结果表明:蚕豆蛋白主要由清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白和其他蛋白组成,不同基因型蚕豆的蛋白质含量及其组成存在一定的变异,其中清蛋白和球蛋白是蚕豆蛋白主要组成部分,占总蛋白的75.08%.不同基因型蚕豆的清蛋白和球蛋白亚基存在一定的差异,蚕豆清蛋白亚基由97、66+67、63、50、45、38+41、22ku等7个基本亚基组成外,还有96ku特异亚基;球蛋白亚基由63、56、52、47、22ku等5个基本亚基组成外,还有46ku的特异亚基.     

Disk-to-Disk Transfer as the Rate-Limiting Step for Energy Flow in Phycobilisomes

A broadly tunable picosecond laser source and an ultrafast streak camera were used to measure temporally and spectrally resolved emission from intact phycobilisomes and from individual phycobiliproteins as a function of excitation wavelength. Both wild-type and mutant phycobilisomes of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6701 were examined, as well as two biliproteins, R-phycoerythrin (240 kilodaltons, 34 bilins) and allophycocyanin (100 kilodaltons, 6 bilins). Measurements of intact phycobilisomes with known structural differences showed that the addition of an average of 1.6 phycoerythrin disks in the phycobilisome rod increased the overall energy transfer time by 30 +/- 5 picoseconds. In the isolated phycobiliproteins the onset of emission was as prompt as that of a solution of rhodamine B laser dye and was independent of excitation wavelength. This imposes an upper limit of 8 picoseconds (instrument-limited) on the transfer time from "sensitizing" to "fluorescing" chromophores in these biliproteins. These results indicate that disk-to-disk transfer is the slowest energy transfer process in phycobilisomes and, in combination with previous structural analyses, show that with respect to energy transfer the lattice of approximately 625 light-harvesting chromophores in the Synechocystis 6701 wild-type phycobilisome functions as a linear five-point array.     

盐泽螺旋藻藻蓝蛋白裂合酶CpcS的分子克隆及功能研究

为研究盐泽螺旋藻（Spirulina subsalsa）藻蓝蛋白裂合酶SsCpcS的催化功能,首先通过PCR技术从S. subsalsa FACHB351基因组DNA中扩增藻蓝蛋白裂合酶的编码基因SscpcS,构建表达质粒pCDFDuet-SscpcS,然后再与脱辅基蛋白和色素合成酶表达质粒pETDuet-SscpcB-Ssho1::SspcyA共同转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,并经IPTG（Isopropyl β-D-Thiogalactoside,异丙基硫代半乳糖苷）诱导重组合成藻蓝蛋白。PCR产物测序表明SscpcS扩增成功;双酶切检测和SDS-PAGE电泳分析表明质粒pCDFDuet-SscpcS构建成功,且能表达目的蛋白。重组藻蓝蛋白PCB-CpcB细胞产物为深蓝色;纯化后的色素蛋白展现620 nm的最大吸收峰和646 nm的最大荧光发射峰;色素蛋白通过锌离子染色,在紫外线照射下展现明显荧光。该研究成功克隆源自盐泽螺旋藻的藻蓝蛋白裂合酶SsCpcS的编码基因,其表达产物SsCpcS能有效催化藻蓝蛋白的生物合成。此研究为S. subsalsa藻蓝蛋白的重组合成及抗氧化试剂的研制奠定基础,也为探明盐泽螺旋藻中CpcS的催化机理提供科学依据。     

一个光敏色素B调控的水稻NBS-LRR基因的表达模式分析

利用水稻基因芯片比较野生型、phyA和phyB突变体受连续红光照射后的基因表达图谱,从中筛选到一个受光敏色素B(phyB)介导的红光信号特异诱导的、编码NBS-LRR类蛋白的基因,命名为PB-LRR(phyB-regulated NBS-LRR).为了揭示PB-LRR基因在水稻生长发育中的作用,对该基因表达的器官特异性...     

坛紫菜HSP20基因家族成员的全基因组鉴定及生物信息学分析

【目的】鉴定坛紫菜（Pyropia haitanensis） HSP20基因家族成员（PhHSP20s）,并进行生物信息学及表达谱分析,为揭示PhHSP20s基因在坛紫菜生长发育和非生物胁迫下的调控机理提供理论依据。【方法】对坛紫菜基因组序列进行基因结构预测,利用隐马尔可夫模型在坛紫菜蛋白序列中搜索含有ACD结构域且分子量为12~43 kD的HSP20家族蛋白,并对其理化性质、系统进化及编码基因启动子顺式作用元件和表达特性进行分析。【结果】从坛紫菜全基因组鉴定出8个PhHSP20s基因,其不均匀地分布在5条Scaffolds上,均只含有1个外显子,无内含子,开放阅读框（ORF）长度为402~930 bp,其编码蛋白的氨基酸残基数量为133~309个,分子量为13.7~31.9 kD,理论等电点（pI）为5.50~10.49,多数蛋白呈酸性。系统发育进化树分析结果显示,陆生植物（拟南芥）、红藻（脐形紫菜和坛紫菜）和细菌（大肠杆菌） HSP20分别聚类为独立的一支,但绿藻（莱茵衣藻） HSP20聚类为2个分支,分别与陆生植物和红藻HSP20聚类在一起;红藻（脐形紫菜和坛紫菜） HSP20蛋白高度相似,亲缘关系近,可分为2个小分支,均与陆生植物HSP20的亲缘关系较远,不属于陆生植物中已报道过的任何HSP20亚族。PhHSP20s基因启动子上除了含有保守的通用元件外,还含有非生物胁迫响应元件。在PhHSP20s基因中,除PhHSP32基因几乎不在任何条件下表达外,其余PhHSP20s基因至少在1种条件下高表达,且部分PhHSP20s基因表现出相似的表达模式;部分PhHSP20s基因在不同生长阶段、光质培养条件、失水胁迫和盐胁迫下具有表达特异性,即在生殖细胞发育阶段和单性生殖孢子发育期高表达,在低盐胁迫下高表达。【结论】坛紫菜HSP20家族基因在基因数目、基因结构及系统进化上明显不同于陆生植物HSP20家族基因,推测HSP20基因复制事件在红藻和陆生植物分化之后独立发生,且在坛紫菜生长发育和非生物胁迫应答中发挥作用。     

Supplemental blue and red light promote lycopene synthesis in tomato fruits

Lycopene, one of the strongest natural antioxidants known and the main carotene in ripe tomato, is very important for human health. Light is well known to be one of the most important environmental stimuli influencing lycopene biosynthesis; specifically, red light induces higher lycopene content in tomato. However, whether blue light promotes lycopene synthesis remains elusive and exactly how light stimulation promotes lycopene synthesis remains unclear. We applied supplemental blue and red lighting on tomato plants at anthesis to monitor the effect of supplemental blue and red lighting on lycopene synthesis. Our results showed that supplemental blue/red lighting induced higher lycopene content in tomato fruits; furthermore, we found that the expression of key genes in the lycopene synthesis pathway was induced by supplemented blue/red light. The expression of light signaling components, such as red-light receptor phytochromes (PHYs), blue-light receptor cryptochromes (CRYs) and light interaction factors, phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) were up- or down-regulated by blue/red lighting. Thus, blue and red light increased lycopene content in tomatoes by inducing light receptors that modulate HY5 and PIFs activation to mediate phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) gene expression. These results provide a sound theoretical basis for further elucidation of the light regulating mechanism of lycopene synthesis in tomatoes, and for instituting a new generation of technological innovations for the enhancement of lycopene accumulation in crop production.     

Heterogeneity of presumably homogeneous protein preparations

Some highly purified glycolytic enzymes have been subjected to isoelectric focusing and found to contain a number of enzymatically active species. Crystalline aldolase A and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle were resolved into five components, crystalline aldolase from yeast was resolved into three components, pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle yielded four components, and yeast enolase was resolved into two components. Rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase (M(4)) gave one major peak of protein and enzymatic activity. The profiles of aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and yeast aldolases suggest random combinations of two closely related subunits into tetramers and dimers, respectively. The molecular heterogeneity of the other enzymes is not so easily related to subunit structure.     

Comparative genomics of trypanosomatid parasitic protozoa

A comparison of gene content and genome architecture of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania major, three related pathogens with different life cycles and disease pathology, revealed a conserved core proteome of about 6200 genes in large syntenic polycistronic gene clusters. Many species-specific genes, especially large surface antigen families, occur at nonsyntenic chromosome-internal and subtelomeric regions. Retroelements, structural RNAs, and gene family expansion are often associated with syntenic discontinuities that-along with gene divergence, acquisition and loss, and rearrangement within the syntenic regions-have shaped the genomes of each parasite. Contrary to recent reports, our analyses reveal no evidence that these species are descended from an ancestor that contained a photosynthetic endosymbiont.     

2个玉米光敏色素C基因的转录丰度对多种光质处理的响应

【目的】通过NCBI数据库获得2个玉米PHYC及相关数据,并进行相关生物信息学分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)分析2个玉米PHYC在玉米各器官的转录丰度,以及其转录丰度对多种光质处理、黑暗到各种光质转换和光周期处理(长日照和短日照)的响应,为研究玉米PHYC在玉米幼苗去黄化与开花期的调控机制奠定基础。【方法】采用玉米B73自交系为研究材料,通过RT-PCR分别对Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的全长ORF序列进行克隆;借助相关软件对其进行生物信息学分析,利用q RT-PCR分析这两个基因在玉米各器官中的转录丰度,及其转录丰度对各种光照处理的响应。【结果】Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的全长ORF均为3 408 bp,编码1 135个氨基酸基序,分子量分别为126.14和126.07 k D。生物信息学分析表明,玉米phy C蛋白可以分为6个功能区段:节奏周期蛋白—Ah核转运接受蛋白—专一蛋白区段(Per-Arnt-Sim,PAS)、c GMP受激磷酸二酯酶区段(GAF)、色素区段(PHY)和PAS相关区段(PRD,包含2个PAS区段)、组氨酸激酶A区段和组氨酸激酶ATP酶区段,但是Zmphy C2在PRD区段仅有一个PAS区段。氨基酸水平的系统发育树分析表明,Zmphy C1和Zmphy C2与禾本科物种phy C有很高的一致性,且与甘蔗和高粱phy C的亲缘关系较近。q RT-PCR分析表明,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的表达在根和叶中的转录丰度均较高,同时对持续蓝光和白光响应强烈;在黑暗到各种光质转换处理中,这两个PHYC的表达模式相似。在黑暗转到远红光、红光、蓝光和白光的0.5 h,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的转录表达均急剧上升,随后迅速下降到自身起始黑暗时的水平以下,并上下波动。这两个基因对长日照和短日照的光周期处理也能积极响应,在长日照条件下,2个Zm PHYC出现了极其相似的表达模式,均在光照和黑暗阶段各出现1个峰值;在短日照条件下,这两个基因的表达模式差异较大,Zm PHYC1的峰值出现在进入黑暗后6 h,而Zm PHYC2的峰值出现在进入光照阶段2 h。【结论】玉米phy C蛋白可以分成6个功能区段,但是Zmphy C2在PRD区段仅具有一个PAS相关区段。2个玉米PHYC转录丰度具有组织特异性。在各种光质处理中,Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2的表达模式相近,可能二者存在功能冗余,在转录水平上前者的丰度高于后者,推测Zm PHYC1在玉米中起更重要的作用,并且可能二者在功能上存在分工。Zm PHYC1和Zm PHYC2对各种光质和光周期处理均有较强的响应,推测二者在调控玉米光形态建成和开花中具有重要作用。     

MaHSFA1和MaHSP70在热处理诱导香蕉抗冷性中的作用

【目的】探讨MaHSFA1和MaHSP70基因在热处理诱导香蕉抗冷性中的作用,为有效延长香蕉贮运期提供参考依据。【方法】从香蕉基因组数据库(http://banana-genome.cirad.fr/)中搜索到MaHSFA1和MaHSP70基因序列,分别设计特异引物,利用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测这2个基因在香蕉热处理和低温贮藏中的表达情况。【结果】MaHSFA1基因与其他物种的HSFA1基因同源性较低,仅在HSF DNA-bind区域的保守性很高;MaHSP70基因含有一个HSPA1-2,6-8-like NBD区域,且与其他物种的HSP70基因同源性很高。7℃冷藏诱导香蕉果实的MaHSFA1和MaHSP70基因表达量整体上呈下降趋势。经52℃热水处理诱导的MaHSFA1基因表达增强,且在热激处理后0.5 h有一个小高峰;在7℃低温贮藏过程中,经热处理后的MaHSFA1基因表达量在贮藏4.0 h时迅速升高至最大值,之后又迅速下降;MaHSP70基因表达量在热激处理后0.5 h迅速升高至最大值,约是对照处理(未经热激处理)的4倍,之后逐渐下降。在整个试验过程中除7℃贮藏120.0 h外,其他时段热激处理的MaHSFA1和MaHSP70基因表达量均高于对照处理。【结论】采后香蕉果实的抗冷性与MaHSFA1和MaHSP70基因表达增强密切相关,生产上可通过热处理提高香蕉果实的抗冷性,进而延长贮运期。     

Diversity of G proteins in signal transduction

The heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) act as switches that regulate information processing circuits connecting cell surface receptors to a variety of effectors. The G proteins are present in all eukaryotic cells, and they control metabolic, humoral, neural, and developmental functions. More than a hundred different kinds of receptors and many different effectors have been described. The G proteins that coordinate receptor-effector activity are derived from a large gene family. At present, the family is known to contain at least sixteen different genes that encode the alpha subunit of the heterotrimer, four that encode beta subunits, and multiple genes encoding gamma subunits. Specific transient interactions between these components generate the pathways that modulate cellular responses to complex chemical signals.