连翘异型花柱植株花芽生长发育与传粉习性研究

为探究异型花柱连翘（长花柱和短花柱）花芽分化与生长发育差异及其传粉习性,利用石蜡切片技术观察连翘花芽分化及发育过程,并进行了授粉试验。5月中旬连翘新梢萌发时,分别取长为1、2、3、4、5和6 mm的异型花柱连翘花芽并制作石蜡切片,对连翘植株的花芽结构进行观察和拍照。连翘花期进行自交、同型与异型杂交授粉试验。结果表明：连翘花芽分化及花器官生长发育过程包括花芽分化期、休眠期、花芽萌动与膨大期、鳞片脱落期、现蕾期、露冠期、开花期;其中花芽分化期可划分为分化初期、萼片原基分化期、花冠原基分化期、雄蕊和雌蕊原基分化期、雌雄蕊形成期、花粉粒形成期。开花前1年异型花柱连翘的花芽分化及发育无明显区别;开花当年花芽外层鳞片脱落后,观察到长花柱伸长并明显超过其雄蕊高度,花丝开始发育,而短花柱发育基本完成,花丝快速伸长并超过其花柱。授粉试验结果表明,连翘异型杂交坐果率大于50%,同型杂交坐果率略大于20%,自交坐果率在5%左右,具有自交不亲和的特性。     

树莓花芽分化的研究

试验对树莓花芽分化时期的形态特征及发育进行了定期观察。结果表明:树莓花芽分化始期为8月初,8月下旬至9月进入高峰期。当年只分化到花序原基分化期便停止分化。翌年4月中下旬开始,花序原基向前推进,依次进入花朵、萼片、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊原基的分化阶段同时进入芽外分化阶段。树莓生理分化期为8月上旬。树莓的芽由纯花芽和混合芽2种芽组成。     

黄金树花器官发生及发育的形态观察

利用普通光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对黄金树花器官的发生及发育过程进行了观察.结果显示:(1)黄金树花器官的形态发生及发育过程集中于3月下旬-5月上旬;(2)花原基分化形成花的整个过程符合一般的分化顺序:花萼原基-花冠原基-雄蕊原基-雌蕊原基,且各原基在分化顺序上存在交叉;(3)花药及胚珠的发育与花器官的形态发生之间有明显的连续性,当花蕾直径为3.0 mm左右时花粉母细胞及完整的花粉囊壁形成,直径达到3.5 mm左右时胚珠中出现孢原细胞的分化,它直接起大孢子母细胞的功能.     

红球姜花芽发生和发育的研究

 采用石蜡切片法、扫描电镜以及立体解剖镜观察了红球姜(Zingiber zerurnbet)花芽的形态发生和结构发育过程。研究表明：红球姜花芽分化从4月底开始分化苞片原基至6月中旬心皮原基形成历时约1个多月。其过程可分为9个时期：花序原基分化期、苞片原基分化期、花蕾原基分化期、苞叶原基分化期、花萼原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期、花药和胚珠分化期。球果状花序分化从最下部的小花开始依次向上进行。     

卡特兰的花芽形态分化

采用石蜡切片法观察了卡特兰‘Green World’花芽的形态发生和结构发育过程。研究表明：在北方温室环境条件下,卡特兰花芽分化从7月初花序原基分化开始至9月下旬合蕊柱及花粉块形成历时约3个月。其过程可分为6个时期：未分化期、花序原基分化期、花蕾原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、合蕊柱及花粉块分化期。其中,花蕾原基分化期、合蕊柱及花粉块分化期历时长,分化较慢,其它时期历时短,分化较快。自萼片原基分化期开始,新生植株生长已基本停止。     

树莓花芽分化的观察

1991～1992年,对树莓花芽分化时期的形态特征及发育进程进行了定期观察。结果表明,树莓花芽分化始期为8月末,9月中下旬进入高峰期,约60～70d。形态特征是雏梢生长点向上隆起成半球状。10月上旬至翌年4月中旬,随初生髓部的伸展,半球状生长点(顶花序原基)向前推进,随后形成腋花序原基,即为花序原基分化期。随同冬芽萌发展叶,依次进入花蕾、萼片、花瓣、雄、雌蕊原基的芽外分化阶段,各期约7～15d。至5月中旬出现花药和胚珠原始体。此期距结果新梢的花序显露还有2～3d。基生枝下部花芽分化始期比中上部迟一个月,分化数量也有较大下降。     

龙葵花芽分化形态解剖学研究

以龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)为试材,利用石蜡切片技术,对龙葵花芽分化的过程进行了形态及解剖学观察。结果表明:龙葵幼苗出土后13d花芽分化开始进行,幼苗出土后48d花芽分化完成,整个花芽分化过程约需35d。花芽分化全过程共划分为花芽分化初期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雌雄蕊原基分化期、子房与花药分化期和雌雄蕊成熟期6个时期。     

桃及其近缘种花芽分化特性的比较

以甘肃桃(甘肃桃1号)(Prunuskansuensis)、新疆桃(喀什2号)(P.ferganensis)、普通桃(青丝)(P.persica)为试材,研究了他们的花芽分化特性。结果表明,甘肃桃、新疆桃和普通桃花芽分化顺序一致,都是按花芽分化始期、萼片原基、花瓣原基、雄蕊原基、雌蕊原基这个顺序分化的,但花芽分化各阶段所持续的时间各不相同。甘肃桃、新疆桃和普通桃花芽分化始期不同。甘肃桃花芽分化始期较早,在6月上、中旬已经开始分化,而新疆桃、普通桃则在6月下旬到7月上旬才开始分化。甘肃桃与新疆桃、普通桃雌配子体发育存在差异,甘肃桃形成胚珠原基后越冬,而新疆桃、普通桃则以子房阶段越冬,春季才形成胚珠原基。     

番木瓜长圆型两性花花器官分化的解剖观察

采用石蜡切片技术,观察研究番木瓜长圆型两性花的花器官发生和分化过程及其与外部形态关系。结果表明,番木瓜两性花的发育方式属于向心式,花部各器官由外向内依次分化发生。发育进程可以分为花芽未分化期、花芽分化期、花萼原基分化期、花冠原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期。花芽分化启动的时间非常短,在外部形态直径小于0.4mm左右时,花芽已开始分化。雄蕊发育早于雌蕊,花粉粒成熟时,大孢子处于球形胚或心形胚阶段。     

黄金树花器官发生及发育的形态解剖学研究

 利用普通光学显微镜和扫描电镜技术对黄金树花器官的发生及发育过程进行了观察。结果显示：（1）黄金树花器官的形态发生及发育过程集中于3月下旬～5月上旬进行,速度较快,历时较短。（2）花原基分化形成花的整个过程符合一般的分化顺序：花萼原基－花冠原基－雄蕊原基－雌蕊原基,且各原基在分化顺序上存在交叉。（3）花药及胚珠的发育与花器官的形态发生之间有明显的连续性,当花蕾直径为3.0 mm左右时花粉母细胞及完整的花粉囊壁形成,直径达到3.5 mm左右时胚珠中出现孢原细胞的分化,它直接起大孢子母细胞的功能。     

不完全甜柿‘禅寺丸’花性别分化形态学关键时期的研究

以雌雄同株的‘禅寺丸’柿为材料,利用扫描电镜和石蜡切片法观察雌花和雄花芽发育进程,探究柿花性别分化的形态学关键时期。结果表明,‘禅寺丸’雌、雄花芽发育进程基本同步,均从6月持续到次年5月,可划分为11个阶段;花性别分化有两个形态学关键时期:一是6月中旬(阶段2)萼片原基发生期,此时雌花单生、雄花3朵合生的特点开始显现;二是次年4月中旬(阶段8)大小孢子发生期,此时雌花的雄蕊原基分化出花丝后停止发育,雄花的雌蕊原基在花柱和柱头结构产生后开始败育,从而产生单性花。     

设施促早栽培下耐弱光能力不同的葡萄品种冬芽的花芽分化

为解决设施葡萄促早栽培的“隔年结果”问题,以4年生‘贝达’嫁接的不耐弱光的‘夏黑’和耐弱光的‘京蜜’为试材,通过石蜡切片法观察新梢2 ~ 7节各节位冬芽的花芽分化状况,绘制各节位冬芽群体的花芽分化进程图,研究设施促早栽培条件下耐弱光能力不同的葡萄品种冬芽的花芽分化规律。结果表明：（1）花序主轴的出现是成花起始的标志。（2）冬芽雏梢发育到含有两个叶原基至始原始体开始形成这一阶段是诱导设施葡萄成花的关键时期（生理分化期）,始原始体分化期和始原始体分裂成二分枝之后是设施葡萄成花调节的两个关键时期。（3）始原始体出现之后,冬芽雏梢生长点和始原始体发育同步是成花良好的保证,冬芽雏梢生长点营养生长过旺是抑制成花,造成“隔年结果”的重要原因。（4）‘京蜜’葡萄对设施促早栽培环境具有极佳的适应性,新梢各节位冬芽花芽分化的各阶段持续时间短且重叠阶段少,均具有良好成花能力,节位优势不明显,花芽分化从新梢基部冬芽向上依次进行,高节位冬芽花芽分化稍迟,但速度较快;冬剪采取中短梢修剪即可实现连年丰产;‘夏黑’葡萄对设施促早栽培环境的适应性差,新梢各节位冬芽花芽分化的各阶段持续时间长且多阶段相互重叠,虽然从新梢基部向上成花数量逐渐增加,成花质量逐渐改善,但不能满足生产要求,存在严重的隔年结果现象,必须采取更新修剪等相应措施方能实现连年丰产。     

内源多胺含量对不同杏品种花芽分化及开花期的影响

以"银香白""早熟黑叶杏""串枝红"3个杏品种为试材,观察了杏花芽分化和开花规律,研究了在花芽分化过程中内源多胺(PAs)的含量变化,以期为杏丰产栽培管理提供参考依据。结果表明:在花芽分化期和开花期,3个品种的内源腐胺(Put)和亚精胺(Spd)含量呈规律性变化,均呈先下降后升高的趋势;而精胺(Spm)含量变化相对复杂,未呈现一定的规律。从花芽分化期到花芽露瓣期,3个品种的内源PAs含量呈高低起伏的变化,并在初花期均有一个最高峰,"银香白""早熟黑叶杏""串枝红"内源PAs含量分别为5 747.2、3 048.0、2 433.6nmol·g^-1FW。内源PAs含量对杏花芽分化和成花具有一定的影响,且高水平的Put和Spd有利于杏花芽分化的启动和成花。     

Study of some factors affecting the growth and development of myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe)

In order to optimise production of the edible flower buds produced by myoga (Zingiber mioga Roscoe) a greater understanding of the growth and development of the plant and factors influencing flower initiation and development are required. The vegetative growth phase in myoga was characterised by a distinct period of pseudostem development from the planted rhizome piece followed by an extended period of rhizome growth from both the base of pseudostems and the planted rhizome piece. The transition from pseudostem formation to the initiation of rhizome growth occurred at the same time as the dry weight of the planted rhizome piece ceased to decline. Flower bud initiation and development occurred over an extended period, beginning soon after the commencement of new rhizome growth and ending prior to foliage senescence. Flower buds were observed at the terminal meristem of first, second, third and fourth order rhizomes. Increasing temperatures stimulated both increased vegetative growth and flower bud initiation and development. Low flower bud yields recorded under conditions of low temperature were the result of reduced rate of floral initiation and not abortion of flower buds. Increased shading of plants grown under glasshouse conditions resulted in reduced flower bud yield and similarly the response resulted from decreased initiation rather than abortion.     

甜菜单胚雄性不育系与保持系花药及小孢子发生的超微结构观察

为阐明甜菜单胚雄性不育系和保持系花药及小孢子发育的超微结构差异．以自育的甜菜单胚细胞质雄性不育系（CMS系）TB9-CMS和保持系（O型系）TB9-O为试验材料,在甜菜花芽分化、现蕾初期、开花初期分别进行4次花蕾取样．电子显微镜观察花药及小孢子发育过程的超微结构差异。结果表明．甜菜单胚CMS系与。型系花药和小孢子发育过程的超微结构存在明显差异。甜菜单胚CMS系花药壁产生初始期与。型系相似．但小孢子母细胞的数量较少,液泡化明显;绒毡层发育初期也形成乌氏体原始颗粒,但仅维持初始状态而停止发育：绒毡层在四分体期收缩离位,瓦解内移;小孢子母细胞形成四分体后,胼胝质壁较厚,小孢子逐渐变异开始退化。观察还发现,甜菜绒毡层细胞间以及形成四分体的胼胝质壁间有胞间连丝结构．     

Effect of high temperature exposure time during flower bud formation on the occurrence of double pistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry

Exposure time of trees to high temperatures during flower differentiation influenced the occurrence of double pistils in ‘Satohnishiki’ sweet cherry. Mature trees were grown under both early and late forcing, and under non-forcing conditions until harvest in a commercial orchard located in Kagawa, southwestern Japan. In mid-July, when the maximum temperature began to rise rapidly following the rainy season, petal and stamen primordia had been formed in the buds under early forcing (93%) and late forcing (69%) conditions, but under non-forcing conditions most of the buds were still at the stage of sepal differentiation. Pistil doubling rarely occurred under forcing conditions, whereas 10.3% of the flowers developed double pistils under non-forcing conditions. In another experiment, potted trees were exposed to high temperatures (35°C/25°C, day/night) for 15 days at intervals of 15 days during the period from late-June to early-September. High temperature induced double pistils most severely in the buds that contained sepal and petal primordia at the beginning of the treatment, and the frequency of occurrence of double pistils was slightly lower in the buds treated at the earlier stage of flower differentiation. On the other hand, high temperature had little effect on pistil doubling in buds with differentiated stamen and pistil primordia. These results suggest that (1) the buds are most sensitive to the induction of double pistils at high temperatures at the transition stage from sepal to petal differentiation, and (2) forcing culture can be applied to sweet cherry production in warm areas to reduce double pistil formation by avoiding the exposure of buds to high temperatures while the buds are still in the sensitive period.     

Synchronization of anthesis and enhancement of vegetative growth in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) following water stress during floral initiation

SUMMARY

The possibility of using water stress during floral initiation and development, to synchronize flowering in potted coffee trees of cvs Catuai Rojo and Mundo Novo was investigated. Moderate and severe cyclic and constant water stress had little effect on vegetative growth during floral initiation. However, upon rewatering, shoot growth was significantly greater in plants where leaf water potential [¨,] had declined to -2.5 MPa compared with plants where ¨, was maintained above -0.5 MPa. The period of floral initiation was not influenced by water stress and occurred only under short days (<12 h). In contrast, a y, of -2.5 MPa significantly reduced the number of inflorescences compared with plants maintained at a ¨| of -0.5 or -1.5 MPa. This reduction was associated with leaf drop in stressed plants. Therefore, regular irrigation during the period of floral initiation is recommended. Water stress (¨, of -1.5 or -2.5 MPa compared with -0.5 MPa) accelerated floral development with no deleterious effects on floral differentiation. Once flower buds are fully differentiated they enter dormancy and reach anthesis only if trees are stressed and rewa-tered. Flower buds remain dormant if trees are watered regularly or a constant water stress provided. A constant period of water stress in the late stages of floral development after floral initiation is complete provides a means of increasing the proportion of fully differentiated dormant flower buds (mature buds). This could represent a practical method to achieve synchronized flowering in field conditions where there is irrigation and a reliable dry season in the late stages of floral development.     

昆明地区盆栽苹果诱导二次开花试验研究

盆栽苹果二次开花能提高观赏价值,延长观赏期,从而促进苹果盆景产业的发展.本试验显微观察了苹果花芽的形态分化进程,并通过全株脱叶和喷施单氰胺溶液对昆明地区不同品种的盆栽苹果进行了二次开花试验.结果表明:8月中旬,嘎拉、富士、红色之爱的花芽分化分别处于萼片形成期、花蕾分化期和花瓣形成期,神砂和皮诺娃则处于雄蕊形成期;10月...