氮素对棉株上部果枝铃￣叶系统生长及生理特性的影响

以鲁棉研28号为试验材料,不施氮肥为对照,在大田条件下研究低氮(120 kg·hm-2)、中氮(240 kg·hm-2)、高氮(480 kg·hm-2)处理对棉株上部果枝"铃￣叶系统"的形态和生理生化效应。结果表明:1)中氮和高氮显著增加棉花上部果枝的长度、叶面积,高氮显著降低上部果枝近远端直径比;2)与对照相比,中氮上部果枝铃对位叶的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,上部果枝棉子的可溶性蛋白含量也显著提高;3)中氮棉花果枝内外围铃重最大,结铃后期显著大于对照。氮肥提高棉花上部果枝的纤维品质,以中氮内外围棉铃的纤维品质最优。表明施适量氮肥能增强棉花上部果枝的"源￣库"协调性。     

河南植棉区施氮量对麦棉两熟产量及氮肥利用率的影响

研究了河南植棉区麦棉两熟施氮量对两季产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施氮能显著提高小麦产量、总有效穗数和穗粒数,籽粒千粒重随施氮量增加而降低;商丘和内黄试验点小麦最高产量所需的施氮量分别为201.4 kg·hm-2和187.2 kg·hm-2,经济最佳施氮量分别为163.0 kg·hm-2和134.9 kg·hm-2。施氮也能显著提高棉花产量和单株成铃数;适量施氮可提高铃重;商丘和内黄试验点棉花最高产量所需的施氮量分别为244.4kg·hm-2和224.2 kg·hm-2,经济最佳施氮量分别为225.9 kg·hm-2和207.0 kg·hm-2。小麦氮肥利用率以施氮量180 kg·hm-2最高。麦棉两季氮肥利用率,商丘试验点随施氮量增加而降低;内黄试验点以施氮量390 kg·hm-2最高。小麦、棉花氮肥偏生产力、农学利用率均随施氮量增加而降低。     

整枝方式与种植密度对蒜套棉产量和品质的效应

以棉花抗虫杂交种鲁棉研15号(F1)为材料,在鲁西南3个不同的地点,研究了整枝方式(去叶枝、留叶枝)与种植密度(2.7、3.3、3.9、4.5万株·hm-2)对棉花产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,整枝方式和种植密度对棉花纤维品质的影响不显著,但对棉花产量有显著的互作效应,3.3万株·hm-2×留叶枝、2.7万株·hm-2×留叶枝和3.3万株·hm-2×去叶枝的组合比传统栽培(2.7万株·hm-2×去叶枝)分别增产20.4%、9.2%和10%,也显著高于其他处理组合;生物产量分别提高了13.7%、27.8%和11.6%,而经济系数只降低了5.3%、11.5%和4.5%。在维持较高经济系数和铃重的基础上增加生物产量和铃数是该3个处理组合显著增产的原因,适当提高密度并配合简化整枝是实现蒜套棉高产高效的重要技术途径。     

施氮量对杂交棉干物质积累、分配和氮磷钾吸收、分配与利用的影响

在高产条件下,研究了施氮0、75、150、225、300和375kg·hm-2对杂交棉干物质积累、分配和氮、磷、钾的吸收、分配与利用的影响,结果表明:施氮量与杂交棉的干物质和氮、磷、钾的积累间均表现显著正相关,増施氮肥促进了杂交棉的干物质和氮、磷、钾的积累,但是当施氮量增加到300kg·hm-2后,促进效果不显著。施氮量与各器官干物质、氮、磷、钾的分配比例关系:与叶片呈显著或极显著正相关,在棉花生育中期与茎呈负相关,生育后期呈正相关,在棉花生育中期与蕾、花、铃呈显著正相关,生育后期呈显著负相关。施氮量增到300kg·hm-2后,棉花生育后期干物质和氮磷钾在生殖器官的分配比例明显下降,在茎叶的分配比例明显提高,表现营养生长过旺。氮积累和分配与磷、钾积累和分配间表现很好的正相关,从产量水平看,以每公顷施氮300kg的子棉产量最高,比施氮225kg的增产1.66%,增产不显著。施氮量达375kg·hm-2时,子棉产量比300kg·hm-2的减产3.92%、比225kg·hm-2减产2.23%。随施氮量增加,氮肥利用率明显下降,而磷和钾的利用率提高。     

氮素对滨海盐土棉花产量、品质及生物量的影响

为研究不同施氮量对滨海盐土花后棉株生物量、生物量累积特征及其与产量、品质的关系,于2010年和2012年在江苏滨海盐土设置了氮肥水平试验。结果表明:在0~600 kg·hm-2范围内施氮量越大棉株总生物量累积越多,而皮棉产量2010年和2012年分别在施氮375 kg·hm-2和300 kg·hm-2时达到最大;成铃数在施氮300~375 kg·hm-2范围内达到最大;铃重和衣分随施氮量增加而增加,达到最大值后(≥300 kg·hm-2)差异不显著。在300~375 kg·hm-2施氮量范围内纤维比强度最高;高氮有利于上部、顶部果枝纤维长度、比强度、伸长率的提高和马克隆值的优化,但显著降低中下部果枝棉纤维比强度,导致中部纤维马克隆值变劣、下部果枝纤维伸长率下降,说明高氮对中下部果枝棉纤维品质的形成利弊各半,适量高氮可提高上部及顶部果枝产量、品质。在滨海盐土条件下,利于产量、品质及氮素利用效率提高的适宜施氮量为375 kg·hm-2。     

新疆超高密度棉田氮肥运筹对产量和氮肥利用的影响

研究了南疆超高密度(27.8万株.hm-2)栽培条件下不同施氮量对棉花产量、氮素养分吸收及氮素利用的影响。结果表明:随生育期推进,棉株叶、茎、铃壳和纤维含氮量呈下降趋势,棉子中含氮量变化不大;随施氮量的增加,蕾期叶、茎和吐絮期叶的含氮量与氮肥用量呈一元二次函数关系,在铃期和吐絮期棉株的茎以及铃壳中的含氮量与施氮量呈线性正相关,吐絮期的棉子含氮量与施氮量呈线性负相关。随氮肥投入的增加氮肥利用率降低,土壤供氮能力变化不大,氮肥对棉花产量的贡献率在施氮量达到300 kg.hm-2后随施氮量的增加而降低。     

钾营养对高品质棉不同部位棉铃发育及内源激素影响的研究

研究了施钾量对高品质棉科棉3号不同部位棉铃发育及内源激素的影响。结果表明,钾肥能有效地促进棉铃体积增大、铃重提高,纤维长度变长和成熟度提高。增施钾肥能更有效的促进棉株上部棉铃发育,使上部铃体积、铃重、纤维长度和成熟度与中部差距缩小,但施钾也使麦克隆值增大,纤维增粗。氯化钾施用量在225和375 kg.hm-2时,上部铃体积比中部分别低6.75%和3.95%。而施钾量在225 kg.hm-2时,上部铃重比中部低4.50%,施钾量在375 kg.hm-2时,上部铃重反而比中部铃重高1.89%。生殖器官中钾的吸收能促进铃壳中IAA含量增加,纤维中ZR提高,铃壳中的IAA含量分别与棉铃体积、铃重呈极显著正相关(r=0.9647**,r=0.9145**),纤维中的ZR含量与纤维长度和成熟度分别呈显著和极显著正相关(r=0.8712*,r=0.9474**)。说明施用钾肥调节了棉铃内源激素系统,有利于诱导整株棉铃发育,提高铃重和整株纤维品质。     

不同温度下外施6-BA和ABA对棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)产量和纤维品质的影响

以棉纤维比强度高的科棉1号、比强度中等的美棉33B 2个品种为材料,于2006-2007年在江苏南京设置大田分期播种试验,使棉铃发育处于不同温度条件,于棉株7～9果枝第1、2果节棉铃开花时喷施6-苄基腺嘌呤(6BA)和脱落酸(ABA),研究不同的铃期日均最低气温条件下6-BA和ABA对棉花产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明:由晚播造成的低温降低了棉花产量及纤维品质。外施6-BA、ABA对棉株中部果枝铃铃重和纤维品质影响最大。正常播期下,外施6-BA可增加中部果枝棉铃铃重,外施ABA降低铃重,但二者对其纤维品质影响较小;迟播时,外施6-BA可提高中部果枝棉铃铃重,ABA处理的作用则相反,二者均可提高纤维长度和比强度、优化麦克隆值。不同的温度条件下,外施6-BA均提高了单株铃数、单株平均铃重和皮棉产量,外施ABA则降低了棉花单株铃数和产量。外施6-BA和ABA对高强纤维品种产量和纤维品质的影响较中强纤维品种更为明显。低温下,在棉铃发育初期喷施6-BA对改善棉纤维品质的效果最好。     

调亏灌溉与合理密植对旱区棉花生长发育及产量与品质的影响

为明确合理密植条件下调亏灌溉的节水增产效果,在新疆干旱区大田研究了灌溉量(饱和灌溉、正常灌溉、调亏灌溉)和种植密度(12万、18万、24万株·hm-2)对棉花生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明,灌溉量和种植密度对棉花生物产量、经济系数、经济产量有显著的互作效应,但对纤维品质没有影响。调亏灌溉显著抑制营养生长,但提高了收获指数;调亏灌溉下适当提高密度,显著提高了生物产量和单位面积铃数。调亏灌溉下高密度处理组合在用水量减少20%的情况下,棉花产量与正常灌溉下中、高密度以及饱和灌溉下低密度等高产组合的产量相当。调亏灌溉配合合理密植是旱区棉花节水增产的有效栽培途径之一。     

不同艾氟迪(AFD)处理对棉花产量形成和纤维品质的影响

【目的】以新型植物生长调节剂艾氟迪(AFD)为研究对象,探索其对棉花产量形成以及纤维品质的影响,为科学施用AFD提供依据。【方法】设6个不同AFD处理水平,分析不同处理对棉株株高、铃数、铃重、籽棉产量和纤维品质等的影响。【结果】棉株株高与AFD处理水平呈负相关关系;AFD在抑制棉铃脱落率和提高棉铃吐絮率方面效果明显;AFD在处理水平为1 350~1 800 m L·hm-2时,单株铃数和铃重较对照有显著提高,同时获得的籽棉产量较高;不同水平的AFD处理对棉纤维的断裂比强度、马克隆值、断裂伸长率没有显著影响,但高水平的AFD处理对纤维长度和长度整齐度指数有一定的抑制作用。【结论】适宜的AFD处理水平对棉花增产效果显著,且对纤维品质影响较小。探寻AFD对棉花的影响机制,对生产应用具有一定的指导意义。     

Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Residual Effect on Cotton Yield and Biomass Accumulation

[Objective] The optimum nitrogen rate of 300 kg·hm^－2 is well documented for cotton in the Yangtze River Valley, China. It can be reduced to 225 kg·hm^－2 without reducing yield in late sowing under high planting density. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of further reducing the nitrogen application rate at the first flower stage, its residual effects and influence on cotton yield formation rule. [Method] A pot experiment was conducted with five nitrogen levels (120, 150, 180, 210 and 240 kg·hm^－2) in 2014, but only 180 kg·hm^－2(for studying nitrogen residual effect) in 2015, to study the cotton growth process, yield and its components and biomass accumulation. [Result] Nitrogen levels significantly affected the yield and biomass accumulation, but not the growth process and nitrogen residual effect. Maximum seed cotton yield (30.5 g·plant^－1), boll weight (3.8 g) and biomass accumulation, especially in the reproductive and vegetative organs, was recorded in the 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen treatment. In the rapid accumulation period, the proportion of biomass accumulation in the reproductive organs was the highest. [Conclusion] In a soil with medium fertility level, the application of 180 kg·hm^－2 nitrogen was optimal, because the strength of biomass accumulation in reproductive organs increased during the rapid accumulation period.     

The Plant Architecture of Direct-Sowing Cotton Planted after Barley Harvested with High Yield and Centralized Boll-Setting

[Object] The study was conducted to investigate the plant architecture characteristic of direct sowing cotton planted after barely harvested with high yield and centralized boll-setting in the Yangtze River basin. [Method] In 2014, the cultivars Guoxin 12-1, Yijimian and Lumianyan 36 were used and the two conventional fertilizer (CF) application rates (namely pure nitrogen 45 kg·hm^－2, 150 kg·hm^－2) and Guoxin 12-1 was used in 2015. Two slow release fertilizer (SR) utilization rates (namely pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2 and 225 kg·hm^－2) and two SR topdressing at different growth stages (namely 100% topdressing at seedling stage, 70% topdressing at seedling stage + 30% at flowing stage) were set with CF (pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2) and no fertilizer treatment as the controls. [Result] While the pure nitrogen (CF) amount was 150 kg·hm^－2, the seed cotton yield of Guoxin 12-1 were 4 014.72 kg·hm^－2. In 2015, the seed cotton yield for the treatment, application SR (pure nitrogen 150 kg·hm^－2)and application ratios of seedling stage and flowering stage of 100% and 0, respectively, increased by 30.96%. The ratios of bolls setting from 08-15 to 08-30 to total bolls (RBT) for the two treatments were 31.8% and 26.1%, respectively. Then a significantly positive correlation between the seed cotton yield and RBT was found（r2014＝0.948^**, r2015＝0.976^**）. Based on the analysis of relationship between the plant architecture indexes and RBT, plant architecture characteristics of cotton population with high yield and centralized boll-setting was proposed. [Conclusion] These indexes would be used to supervise the cotton culture management to achieve high yield and centralized boll-setting for the direct sowing cotton planted after barely harvested.     

Interaction of Plant Density with Mepiquat Chloride Affects Plant Architecture and Yield in Cotton

[Objective] The effect of planting density and mepiquat chloride (DPC) on cotton plant architecture, growth, yield, and quality at Anyang City, Henan Province, China, was studied. [Method] Field experiments with cotton variety Lumianyan 28 were conducted with five planting densities (15 000, 45 000, 75 000, 105 000, and 135 000 plants·hm^－2) and application of DPC at three concentrations (0, 195, and 390 g·hm^－2). [Result] Increasing cotton plant density resulted in increased internode length and plant height but also caused the decrease of inclination of fruiting branches and leaves as well as elevated dry matter allocation to leaves and fruiting branches, which led to a decrease in dry matter accumulation. Application of DPC reduced the azimuth angle of fruiting branches and plant height, but increased the insertion angle of fruiting branches with the main stem, leaf length, and petiole length. Planting density and DPC treatment showed a significant interaction on fruiting branch insertion angle, plant height, stem diameter, and dry matter allocation to fruits and leaves. The interaction of DPC and planting density had a complementary effect on the spatial distribution of cotton-yielding bolls. The final dry matter was highest (14 362 kg·hm^－2) at the planting density of 105 000 plant·hm^－2 and DPC application of 390 g·hm^－2, which resulted in the highest seed yield (3 257 kg·hm^－2). [Conclusion] For maximization of cotton yield and quality, a plant density of 75 000 to 105 000 plants·hm^－2 and DPC application of 195 to 390 g·hm^－2 in the Yellow River cotton-producing region is recommended. The results may help to optimize labor-saving cotton management and to generate a plant architecture suitable for mechanical harvesting in the Yellow River cotton-producing region.     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。施N 150~225 kg·hm-2、P2O575 kg·hm-2下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K2O 75~150 kg·hm-2氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm-2磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2和150~225 kg·hm-2。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2。     

冀北油葵主要栽培因素对产量的影响

为了研究主要栽培因素对油葵产量的影响,确定冀北地区油葵最优栽培方案.本研究采用5因子二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立播期、密度、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥与油葵产量的效应函数.结果 表明,播期、密度、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥随着投入量的增加油葵产量呈先升高后下降趋势,其中播期、播期氮肥互作起着重要的作用.目标产量大于2916.67 kg/...     

苏中地区稻茬小麦生产措施采用特征与效益调研分析

为进一步明确江苏苏中地区小麦生产情况,通过发放问卷调查表的形式,获取了代表苏中的兴化和高邮两市2016—2020年度小麦生产调研数据,明确了该区域从事小麦生产的农户以51～60岁中老年劳动者为主,农户受教育程度以初中为主,迫切需要农业新技术,但接受能力偏低。不同农户田间小麦播期、播种量和肥料施用量均有明显差异。在10月26日—11月5日播种,采用211～240 kg/hm²的播种量易获得高产。两地农户平均施氮水平分别为308 kg/hm²和281 kg/hm²,部分农户施氮量高于350 kg/hm²时,产量不增反减。在播期、播量和施氮量作用下,兴化和高邮市小麦平均产量分别为6129.64 kg/hm²和6788.25 kg/hm²,农户间高产水平与低产水平间的产量差值分别为2270.36 kg/hm²、1611.75 kg/hm²。不同种麦规模获得的经济效益不同,种植面积为6.67～20 hm²     

Response of Enzyme Activity of Soil to Urea Application Rate in a Cotton Field Trial

We studied the response of urease activity of soil in cotton field to different long-term urea (amide nitrogen) application (N application rates were 0, 90, 180, 270, 360, 450 kg·hm^－2), as well as responses of dehydrogenase and proteinase activity of soil at the harvest stage of cotton. The results showed that urease activity of soil increased with increased urea application rate, and urease activity at 0-20 cm soil depth were close to those at 20-40cm soil depth. In contrast, urease activity of soil greater than 40 cm soil depth decreased with increased soil depth. There was a significant positive correlation between urease activity and total N content, organic matter content, and available N content of soil. Dehydrogenase and proteinase activities increased with increased urea application rate (0-360 kg·hm^－2); however, at the urea application rate of 450 kg·hm^－2, dehydrogenase and proteinase activities declined. When the urea application rate was 270-360 kg ·hm^－2, urease, dehydrogenase and proteinase activities were much higher than those of the urea application rate less than 270 kg ·hm^－2, and there was no significant effect on urease, dehydrogenase and proteinase activities when urea application rate was 270-360 kg·hm^－2 in the cotton field.     

缓释氮肥对小麦后直播棉产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究缓释氮肥运筹对小麦后直播棉产量及氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】2016―2017年以短季棉品种中棉所50为材料,采用小麦后直播的种植方式,设3个缓释肥氮素用量:45、90和135 kg·hm-2,2个施用时期分别为2叶期和4叶期。以常规氮肥尿素(纯氮90 kg·hm-2,CK1)和不施肥为对照(CK2)。【结果】缓释肥氮素90 kg·hm-2,并于2叶、4叶期施用产量较高,其中2017年籽棉产量显著高于其它处理,分别达4198.7和4037.8 kg·hm-2,比对照CK2分别高517.2和356.3 kg·hm-2,干物质积累量也表现为缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2于2叶、4叶期施用较高,其中2017年分别达到14090.5 kg·hm-2、13564.5 kg·hm-2,分别比对照CK2高12.6%和8.4%。氮素积累量表现相似的结果。氮素利用效率结果进一步表明,2叶期施缓释肥氮素用量45 kg·hm-2的处理氮素回收利用率(NARE)、氮素农学利用率(NAE)及氮素生理利用率(NPE)都最高,2叶期施缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2的处理其次,如2017年2叶期施缓释肥氮用量45 kg·hm-2处理的上述3个氮素利用效率分别为75.62%、23.68%、77.26%,施缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2处理则分别为60.9%、19.9%、46.6%,而对照CK2仅为53.79%、14.12%、40.91%。【结论】小麦后直播棉在2叶期一次性施用缓释肥氮素用量90 kg·hm-2能显著提高氮素利用效率,促进群体干物质生产并实现高产,同时达到轻简高效的目的。     

Effects of Planting Density and Chemical control on Yield and Mineral Elements Accumulation of Cotton Direct-Seeded after Wheat

[Objective] The effects of planting density and Miantaijin treatment on yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake and accumulation in cotton direct-seeded after wheat in the Yangtze River basin were studied in order to clarify the high-yield cultivation techniques under this cropping system. 【Method】 In 2011 and 2012, Guoxinzao 11-1 at the experimental material, and adopted three densities (75 000, 90 000 and 105 000 plants·hm^－2) and three Miantaijin doses (0 mL·hm^－2, 1 170 mL·hm^－2 and 2 340 mL·hm^－2). 【Result】 The results showed that the highest yield was 3 551.3～3 687.5 kg·hm^－2 under 90 000～105 000 plant·hm^－2 density combined with 1 170 mL·hm^－2 Miantaijin (seedling stage: 90 mL·hm^－2, peak squaring stage: 180 mL·hm^－2, peak flowering stage: 360 mL·hm^－2, peak boll-setting stage: 540 mL·hm^－2). Under these conditions, the highest uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 117.8 kg·hm^－2, 77.4 kg·hm^－2, 116.4 kg·hm^－2, respectively. Among them, nitrogen uptake was the highest in the peak-squaring stage to peak-flowering stage, while the highest phosphorus and potassium uptake were both detected in the peak-flowering to boll-opening stage. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant linear positive correlation between the yield of direct seeded cotton after wheat and the total absorption and accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, especially during the peak flowering to boll-opening stage. 【Conclusion】 The suitable application dose of Miantaijin under medium and high density could enhance the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the whole growth period of cotton, especially in the peak flowering to boll-opening stage. and thus result in the high yield of direct-seeded cotton after wheat in the Yangtze River basin.