节水灌溉对稻田N2O季节排放特征的影响

为了揭示节水灌溉对技术对稻田N2O排放的影响,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对稻田N2O排放进行了田间原位观测,分析了节水灌溉对稻田N2O季节排放特征的影响。结果表明,水稻全生育期节水灌溉稻田N2O平均排放通量为41.84 μg/(m2 ?h),较淹水灌溉稻田N2O平均排放通量增加了33.3%;节水灌溉稻田N2O排放总量为119.86 mg/m2,比淹水灌溉稻田显著增加了17.8%;节水灌溉稻田N2O排放通量呈现明显的季节变化规律,有两次较大的排放峰值,峰值主要出现在施肥后1周左右;节水灌溉稻田土壤的每次脱水过程均不同程度地加剧了N2O排放,复水后N2O排放通量有增有减但变幅不大,而淹水灌溉稻田在黄熟期落干阶段N2O排放出现反弹。由此可见,不同灌溉模式下的稻田土壤水分状况决定了N2O季节排放的差异,与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉显著增加了稻田N2O季节排放量。     

水稻油菜轮作稻田甲烷排放及其总量估算

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区水稻油菜轮作稻田进行水稻全生长季CH4排放观测。结果表明,稻田CH4排放有明显的季节变化,呈“前低后高”的变化趋势,CH4排放峰出现在水稻抽穗扬花期;测定期内稻田CH4平均排放通量为6.20mg/m2.h。对影响稻田CH4排放的因素分析发现,淹水条件下水稻移栽到抽穗初期,水稻植株生长是影响稻田CH4排放的关键因素;水稻抽穗期到成熟期,温度是影响稻田CH4排放的关键因素。水稻油菜轮作稻田在水稻生长季中CH排放总量为173.96kg/hm2。     

不同灌溉模式下寒地稻田CH_4和N_2O排放及温室效应研究

为了研究寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放特征,选取黑龙江省寒地稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱—气相色谱法对控制灌溉、间歇灌溉、浅湿灌溉及淹灌四种水分管理模式等4个处理的CH4和N2O排放通量进行观测。结果表明,不同灌溉模式下的CH4和N2O排放高峰均出现在水稻生长旺季,而休闲期内排放较少。相对于淹灌,浅湿灌溉稻田CH4累积排放量降低了27.2%,控制灌溉处理的降低了34%,间歇灌溉处理的降低了48.2%。长期淹灌稻田N2O排放量比间歇灌溉稻田减少0.41kg/hm2,比控制灌溉稻田增加0.38kg/hm2,比浅湿灌溉稻田增加0.37kg/hm2。总体温室效应分析,节水灌溉模式能有效抑制温室气体的排放并显著地降低CH4和N2O的总温室效应。水稻生育期内,CH4排放量减少时期,N2O排放量有增加趋势,综合考虑CH4和N2O排放的消长关系,才能有效减缓稻田温室气体的排放。     

节水灌溉稻田氨挥发损失及影响因素

为了揭示节水灌溉稻田氨挥发特征,开展了不同灌溉模式稻田氨挥发损失的田间试验,分析了节水灌溉稻田氨挥发速率季节变化规律与稻季氨挥发损失量,以及稻田氨挥发速率与影响因素之间的相互关系。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田氨挥发速率与淹水灌溉稻田变化规律基本一致,且在分蘖肥引起氨挥发出现峰值后的大部分时间里都要低于淹水灌溉;控制灌溉与淹水灌溉稻田稻季氨挥发损失总量（以纯氮计）分别为125.27 kg/hm2和145.64 kg/hm2,分别占稻季施氮量的31.06%和36.11%。除了受施肥影响外,稻田氨挥发还与田面水（表层土壤水）铵态氮浓度、空气温度、风速、日照时数及空气湿度等有密切关系。与淹水灌溉相比,控制灌溉减少了稻田氨挥发损失。     

冬季秸秆还田和土地管理对水稻生长期CH4排放的影响

利用田间试验研究了冬季3种土地管理方式下（种麦、休闲和淹水）秸秆施用（4800kg·hm^-2和0）对后续稻季CH。排放的影响。结果表明,休闲混施和休闲不施处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于种麦混施和种麦不施处理（P〈0．05）,但显著低于淹水混施和淹水不施处理（P〈0．05）;淹水混施处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于淹水不施处理（P〈0．05）,而休闲混施和休闲不施处理、种麦混施和种麦不施处理间无显著差异（P〉0．05）。水稻生长期CH4排放通量与5、10cm处土温呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）,而与土壤肌无显著相关性（p〉0．05）。改冬季淹水和休闲稻田为种植小麦或在水稻移栽前对休闲稻田实施除草措施能显著减少稻田CH4排放量,是一种既增加农作物产量又能达到减少温室气体CH4排放的农业措施,具有很大的应用推广价值。     

水分管理对水稻生长期CH4排放的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究相同施肥条件下,不同水分管理(持续淹水,分蘖肥后提前烤田、正常烤田和推迟烤田)对水稻生长期CH4排放的影响。结果表明,对烤田处理而言,CH4的排放峰值出现在烤田期间,在此期间CH4排放量占季节排放量的38.75%～52.21%。烤田初期出现排放高峰,然后急剧下降,烤田结束前接近于零;水稻生长后期干湿交替阶段只有少量CH4排放。提前烤田、正常烤田和推迟烤田3个处理水稻生长期CH4平均排放通量依次为0.86、0.96、1.45mg/(m2·h),烤田开始越晚,CH4排放越多。土壤Eh是影响不同烤田处理水稻生长期CH4排放的主要因素。持续淹水处理水稻移栽30天后的CH4排放通量与土壤温度呈显著性相关(r=0.682**,p<0.01)。持续淹水处理CH4排放通量是烤田处理的12～20倍。     

华南地区覆膜旱种稻田甲烷排放及其与土壤水分和温度的关系

采用静态箱法和田间小区试验,研究了常规稻田和覆膜旱种稻田水稻全生育期CH4的排放规律,探讨了温度和水分与稻田CH4排放的关系。结果表明:覆膜旱种稻田的甲烷排放量明显低于常规水田的排放量,常规水田的甲烷累计排放通量为20.38g/m2,覆膜旱种稻田为2.46g/m2,水稻覆膜旱种后甲烷排放量降低了88%。常规水田CH4排放峰期持续了35d,覆膜旱种稻田CH4排放峰期为25d,两者在CH4排放高峰期的排放量分别占整个生育期累计排放量的72%和97%。覆膜旱作稻田CH4排放量降低,主要表现在最大排放峰值降低和排放峰持续时间缩短。土壤温度(5cm处)和水分与水稻生育期稻田甲烷的排放有显著正相关。CH4排放通量大于1.0mg·m-2·h-1主要集中在土壤质量含水率高于36.25%的区域,在土壤质量含水率小于36.25%时,常规稻田和覆膜旱种稻田都只有少量CH4排放。     

稻田CH4和N2O综合排放对控制灌溉的响应

为了揭示水稻控制灌溉对稻田CH4和N2O综合排放的影响,该文采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对控制灌溉稻田CH4和N2O排放进行原位观测,分析稻田CH4和N2O综合排放对控制灌溉水分调控的动态响应。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田CH4排放通量多低于常规灌溉稻田,且主要集中在水稻分蘖前期,峰值出现在土壤脱水后第1～2d,排放总量较常规灌溉稻田减少81.2%～82.8%;N2O排放通量多高于常规灌溉稻田,峰值出现在肥后且土壤脱水后3～4d,排放总量较常规灌溉稻田增加了121.8%～144.3%。控制灌溉稻田CH4和N2O的综合全球增温潜势较常规灌溉稻田显著减少(p<0.05),减少幅度为15.0%～34.8%。控制灌溉显著降低了稻田CH4和N2O的综合温室效应。     

水稻控制灌溉对稻麦轮作农田N_2O排放的调控效应

为了揭示水稻控制灌溉对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放的调控效应,该文对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放进行原位观测,分析稻麦轮作农田N2O排放对水稻控制灌溉水分调控的动态响应。结果表明,水稻灌溉模式对后茬冬小麦田N2O排放产生了显著的后效性影响,控制灌溉稻季农田N2O排放总量较常规灌溉稻季农田平均增加了136.9%(P0.05),而稻季采用控制灌溉的麦季农田N2O排放总量较稻季采用常规灌溉的麦季农田平均减少47.1%(P0.05);稻季采用控制灌溉的稻麦轮作农田全年N2O排放总量平均为761.50 mg/m2,较稻季采用常规灌溉的轮作农田平均减少了1.0%,差异很小(P0.05)。稻季采用控制灌溉的稻麦轮作农田N2O-N损失率为1.01%,稻季采用常规灌溉的轮作农田N2O-N损失率为0.98%。麦季N2O排放通量的峰值一般出现在施肥后伴随降雨时,降雨后7~10 d是麦季N2O剧烈排放的关键时期。水稻控制灌溉较常规灌溉没有增加稻麦轮作农田的N2O排放。研究结果为准确估算中国农田N2O排放量及制定N2O减排措施提供参考。     

水稻机械化播栽对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为探明高产栽培条件下水稻机械化播栽对稻麦两熟农田稻季甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响,以超级稻南粳44为材料,于2011年和2012年在麦秸还田和不还田两种条件下对机械直播、机械栽插、常规手栽3种水稻播栽方式的稻田CH4和N2O排放量和水稻产量进行了比较研究。结果表明,稻季CH4和N2O排放主要集中在水稻生育前中期,移栽至有效分蘖临界叶龄期CH4累积排放量占稻季总排放量的76.49%~91.13%,有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节N2O累积排放量占稻季总排放量的33.56%~49.41%。麦秸还田显著提高稻季CH4总排放量(P0.05)、降低N2O总排放量(P0.05),机械栽插的稻季CH4总排放量较常规手栽略减3.25%~9.50%(P0.05),机械直播显著低于机械栽插和常规手栽(P0.05):2011年,麦秸不还田条件下机械直播较机械栽插和常规手栽稻季CH4分别减排15.69%和18.43%,麦秸还田条件下分别减排14.54%和22.66%;2012年,麦秸不还田条件下机械直播较机械栽插和常规手栽稻季CH4分别减排26.63%和32.12%,麦秸还田条件下分别减排30.51%和36.75%。机械直播较常规手栽显著增加稻季N2O总排放量0.16~0.97 kg/hm2(P0.05),机械栽插和常规手栽的差异不大(P0.05)。机械直播的产量水平显著低于常规手栽(P0.05),减产8.43%~10.79%,机械栽插较常规手栽产量降低1.27%~3.49%(P0.05)。稻季的全球增温潜势主要由排放CH4产生,麦秸还田显著提高全球增温潜势(P0.05),机械直播的全球增温潜势显著小于机械栽插和常规手栽(P0.05)。麦秸还田条件下,2011年和2012年机械直播的"单位产量的全球增温潜势"较常规手栽分别减少12.02%和28.71%(P0.05)。上述研究表明,在长江下游稻麦两熟区采用机械直播有利于减少稻季CH4排放,麦秸还田条件下机械直播替代常规手栽能减少稻田排放CH4和N2O产生的综合温室效应。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.