5种柑桔中间砧对甜桔柚生长及果实品质的影响研究

以5种不同中间砧的甜桔柚为材料,对植株生长状况、产量和果实品质进行了对比。结果表明,不同中间砧对甜桔柚的树势和产量有显著影响,其中以温州蜜柑和胡柚为中间砧的植株冠幅、主干横径和冠层体积最大,这两个品种的树势强健,以椪柑和雪橙为中间砧的植株树冠较小,树势较弱。单株产量和生产效率以温州蜜柑最高,胡柚次之。不同中间砧的甜桔柚果实品质也存在差异,其中脐橙为中间砧的单果重和果径最大,以温州蜜柑为中间砧的可食率和总糖含量最高,温州蜜柑、胡柚和脐橙的可溶性固形物（TSS）含量最高,以脐橙和温州蜜柑为中间砧的固酸比最高。综合评价认为,温州蜜柑是高接甜桔柚较为理想的中间砧品种。     

桂林市柑桔生产遭遇持续高温天气

本刊讯今年果树物候延迟,5月下旬正值桂林柑桔夏梢抽发和第二次生理落果期。5月27—31日,桂林市遭遇持续5天的高温(日最高气温33℃以上)晴朗天气,促使温州蜜柑、脐橙以及椪柑等抽生夏梢能力较强的柑桔品种夏梢旺长,果梢矛盾加剧,     

离子果膜对沃柑果实日灼与植株光合速率和果实品质的影响

为弄清离子果膜对沃柑果实日灼、品质和光合的影响,2018-2019年在广西武鸣进行了喷施不同浓度离子果膜对沃柑果实日灼发生率、果面温度、叶片光合速率和果实品质的影响试验。结果表明,喷了离子果膜的沃柑果实日灼发生率为0.98%-1.73%,极显著低于对照的14.77%;沃柑叶片Pn日变化呈双峰曲线,存在“午休”现象,同一时刻不同处理间沃柑叶片净光合速率存在一定的差异,但与对照间的差异未达显著水平。在气温33.1℃情况下,喷了离子果膜的沃柑果面平均温度39.97℃-41.47℃,而对照果面平均温度达到48.36℃,两者相差6-8度,其差异达到极显著水平。离子果膜对果实着色、果皮厚度、果实可溶性固形物、固酸比的影响不显著,但对糖代谢影响显著,不同处理间差异明显。对照的果实可滴定酸含量均显著低于4个处理,4个处理间的差异不显著。离子果膜预防沃柑果实日灼效果显著。     

温州蜜柑果实浮皮的发生及其预防

柑桔浮皮主要发生在果实成熟后期 ,温州蜜柑、椪柑等特别容易发生。1　浮皮发生的原因　　幼树上的果实、树冠顶部的果实因营养条件较好 ,往往成为粗皮大果 ,容易引起浮皮。氮肥迟效会使果实着色延迟 ,促进果实二次肥大 ,助长浮皮。一般早熟温州蜜柑比中、晚熟温州蜜柑较少发生浮皮 ,但是近年来为了生产高糖度果实而采用完熟栽培延迟采收 ,早熟温州蜜柑也容易发生浮皮。果园环境条件与浮皮也有关。从晚秋到初冬降雨量较少、气候干燥的年份 ,浮皮较少发生 ;反之 ,在果实着色期(10月以后 )雨量多、高温高湿 ,容易发生浮皮。在贮藏、流通过程中…     

温州地区脐橙栽培技术

温州地处东经 119° 37′～ 12 1° 17′ ,北纬 2 7° 0 8′～ 2 8°4 2′ ,年平均气温 18 2℃ ,1月均温 7 4℃ ,7月均温 2 7 9℃ ,极端最低气温 - 4 7℃ ,极端最高气温39 3℃ ;年均降雨量 16 98 2ｍｍ ,年均降雨日 173天 ,相对湿度 80 % ;无霜期 2 77天 ;偶有积雪 ,是我国东南沿海中、南亚热带过渡地带 ,归属亚热带南亚气候区。根据浙江日美系脐橙生产区区划 ,温州为脐橙的适宜区 ,适合温州栽培的日美系脐橙品种有朋娜、大三岛、纽荷尔、清家、白柳和纳维林娜等。现将脐橙栽培技术要点介绍如下。1　改土建园1 1　山地脐橙园　按等高线由下…     

重庆三峡库区晚熟脐橙品质变化和适宜采收期研究

为了解重庆三峡库区晚熟脐橙品质变化,以及确定其适宜采收期。2015年1-5月在重庆市奉节县的6个主产乡镇的10个代表性果园,分别采集凤晚和鲍威尔脐橙果实横径80-85mm的大果和横径60-70mm的小果进行品质分析。结果表明：相同采果时期,2个品种的大果单果重、纵横径和皮厚均高于小果,但可食率、出汁率、可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定酸（TA）、Vc含量、还原糖、转化糖及总糖均低于小果,2种类型果实的各个品质指标大多数有显著性差异;由于小果的TA均高于大果,导致其固酸比（TSS/TA）低于大果。总体而言,两个品种随采果时期的推移,TSS和TSS/TA上升,TA含量下降;Vc含量先减后增,多数在4月18日最小,随后上升。两个品种果面色差L值随着采果时期的推移先减后增,在4月18日达到最小值,随后上升;凤晚脐橙果面色差a值在3月18日最大,鲍威尔脐橙果面色差a值在1月18日最大;而两个品种的果面色差b值均在1月18日最大;凤晚的果面色差a/b值先增后减,在3月18日达到最大值;鲍威尔的果面色差a/b值先减后增,在4月18日达到最小。总的来说,凤晚脐橙果实成熟期和适宜采收期为4月中旬,鲍威尔脐橙为5月中旬;凤晚脐橙品质优于鲍威尔脐橙;小果的果实品质优于大果。     

广东徐闻县引进台农1号杧果试栽初报

台农 1号果是台湾省农业试验所用海顿 (Ｈｏ ｄｅｎ)与爱文 (Ｅｒｗｉｎ)杂交选育而成的早熟品种。该品种树势较健旺 ,发枝力强。花穗塔形至圆锥形 ,花期较长 (12月中旬到 2月中旬 )。果实美观 ,扁卵圆形 ,单果重 2 5 0～ 30 0ｇ ,大者可达 4 0 0ｇ。成熟果背阳面果皮深绿色 ,向阳面粉红色 ,光滑。果肉汁多 ,味香 ,清甜爽口。引种地位于徐闻县西部海岸地区 ,属南亚热带干热气候 ,光照充足 ,热量丰富 ,年平均气温 2 4℃ ,极端最高气温 38 5℃ ,极端最低气温4 4℃ ,≥ 12℃年平均积温 8671 6℃ ,年平均太阳辐射 5 0 5 3ｋｊ,年平均日照时…     

不同树冠覆盖材料对伦晚脐橙果实防冻效果和枯水的影响

以海拔397 m伦晚脐橙结果树为试材,研究了三种不同树冠覆盖材料即防寒布、薄膜、薄膜+遮阳网对伦晚脐橙越冬防冻效果和枯水的影响。结果表明：防寒布效果最优,提高果实表面温度1.0℃以上,可有效防止冬季低温来临前冻害的发生,减少伦晚脐橙落果,显著减轻果实枯水现象,且操作简单,成本低,可以在生产中推广。薄膜+遮阳网防冻效果次之,但成本较高。树冠覆盖薄膜防冻效果不明显,且后期随着气温的回升、日照加强而导致树冠（特别是树冠顶部）温度过高,引起枝叶、果实灼伤。     

特早熟温州蜜柑椒江日楠引种表现

该品种 1996年从日本静冈柑桔研究所引入 ,高接在迟熟品种“四三九”成年树上 ,并同时高接市文、胁山特早熟温州蜜柑作比较。接后于 1998年 3个特早熟温州蜜柑均开始结果。经 4年的观察比较 ,椒江日楠在 9月 15日果面着色三成以上 ,可溶性固形物含量 10 % ,风味甜酸适中 ,化渣 ,品质优 ,半数已达到采收成熟度。至 9月 2 0日果面着色五成以上 ,可溶性固形物 11 0 %～ 11 5 % ,可全部采收。果实贮藏性好 ,至春节不枯水 ,品质不变。市文、胁山两个品种在 9月 15日果皮还未着色 ,可溶性固形物分别为 8 0 %和 8 5 % ,至 9月 2 0日果面着色一成 ,…     

高温久旱降雨后不同柑桔品种裂果比较

2011年高温久旱降雨后,每周调查并比较12个柑桔品种的裂果情况,同时测量果实横径。结果表明,不同柑桔品种的裂果率存在一定差异,清见橘橙和尤里克柠檬未见裂果,不知火橘橙裂果率最高（5.10%）,其次为塔罗科血橙（4.58%）,然后依次为4号脐橙、清家脐橙、白柳脐橙、朋娜脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑、华盛顿脐橙、锦橙、纽荷尔脐橙,尤里克柠檬和清见橘橙均无裂果;果实横径与裂果率呈一定相关性（r=0.52）;不同品种果实横径的增长略有差异,横径增长量与裂果率相关系数为r=0.66。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.