沉积时间和温度对底泥间隙水有机污染物的影响

通过底泥培养试验，研究了沉积时间和温度对底泥间隙水相有机污染物的影响。结果表明，环境温度对于底泥间隙水中有机污染物浓度影响很大，一是体现在污染物浓度增加的速率，二是体现在平衡浓度的大小。较高的环境温度对应更高的间隙水相污染物浓度。从沉积开始，底泥系统的pH呈逐渐下降的趋势，在起始的2d中下降显著，而后逐渐达到平衡；环境温度的影响明显，较低的温度对应较高的pH值。底泥Eh也呈逐渐下降，但主要下降段集中在起始的24h以内，在大约48h后基本达到平衡状态；环境温度对底泥系统的Eh变化影响很大，但对底泥系统的氧化还原电位测量影响小。针对底泥间隙水有机污染物的特点，首次提出原始底泥的概念，这将有利于考虑污染底泥的水质模型的建立。     

In situ Sampler for Marine Sedimentary Pore Waters: Evidence for Potassium Depletion and Calcium Enrichment

A device for sampling the interstitial waters of deep-sea sediments in situ has been developed and tested. The sampler collects a series of samples over a depth of 1.5 meters in the sediment and thus makes possible the accurate delineation of chemical gradients existing in the pore waters. Samples collected in the North Atlantic indicate that significant gradients of K(+) and Ca(2+) exist in the sediments sampled. Interstitial solutions sampled between Ireland and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are characterized by the depletion of K(+) and the enrichment of Ca(2+).     

虾塘养殖对红树林沉积物和间隙水理化性质的影响

红树林湿地在近海水体营养控制和营养盐循环过程中扮演着重要的角色。沉积物、水体和植被相互作用共同维持其生态功能的运转,了解虾塘养殖对林下沉积物和间隙水养分特征影响对评价红树林生态功能具有重要指导意义。本研究以受虾塘养殖废水排放不同影响程度的红树林（无排放区、直排区、修复区）为研究样地,通过不同生境下沉积物与间隙水养分特征的分析,探讨虾塘养殖对他们的影响。结果如下：1）受虾塘养殖废水排放影响区中（直排区、修复区）红树林下沉积物TN与OM、TP呈正相关关系,虾塘养殖废水直排对林下沉积物具有明显酸化作用;2)NH4+-N是红树林下间隙水可溶性无机氮（DIN）的主要组成形式,无排放区沉积物还原性较强,更利于NH4+-N累积在间隙水中;NO3--N与DIN呈极显著相关,虾塘养殖废水排放增强了NO3--N、NO2--N和DIN的累积效应。研究结果表明沉积物和间隙水的理化性质可作为评价虾塘养殖区边邻红树林生境变化规律的定量指标之一。     

文思湖底泥TP释放规律模拟研究

[目的]研究文思湖底泥TP的释放规律。[方法]采用室内模拟试验,研究环境因子(水土比、温度、pH、扰动强度、供气量)对文思湖底泥释放总磷(TP)的影响。[结果]水土比越大,底泥释放TP的量越小;水温升高能加速底泥中磷的释放;上覆水pH=6时底泥TP释放量最低;扰动上覆水体会加快磷的释放;溶解氧(DO)较低时,底泥TP释放量更大。[结论]该研究为文思湖的污染治理提供了科学依据。     

Oxygen isotopes in biogenic silica: global changes in ocean temperature and isotopic composition

A record of oxygen isotopes in biogenic silica from a deep-sea sediment core from the Southern Ocean reveals that marine diatoms retain their primary isotopic composition after burial. As a result, the marine diatom record can be combined with data on coexisting planktonic foraminifera to monitor past surface temperature and isotopic composition of seawater. The coupling of these two records allows the solution of two paleotemperature equations for each core interval. Data from a South Atlantic core show that the average delta(18)O during the glacial period at this site was higher by about 1.3 per mil than average Holocene values, and that average glacial-age temperatures were not significantly different from average Holocene values.     

The silica balance in the world ocean: a reestimate

The net inputs of silicic acid (dissolved silica) to the world ocean have been revised to 6.1 +/- 2.0 teramoles of silicon per year (1 teramole = 10(12) moles). The major contribution (about 80 percent) comes from rivers, whose world average silicic acid concentration is 150 micromolar. These inputs are reasonably balanced by the net ouputs of biogenic silica of 7.1 +/- 1.8 teramoles of silicon per year in modern marine sediments. The gross production of biogenic silica (the transformation of dissolved silicate to particulate skeletal material) in surface waters was estimated to be 240 +/- 40 teramoles of silicon per year, and the preservation ratio (opal accumulation in sediment/gross production in surface waters) averages 3 percent. In the world ocean the residence time of silicon, relative to total biological uptake in surface waters, is about 400 years.     

夏、冬季苏北近岸海域悬沙浓度垂直分布特征

通过将2012年8月、12月在苏北黄海海域野外调查获得的声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)后向散射强度数据与悬沙浓度进行拟合,得知两者的相关系数在0.8以上,反演结果较理想。并结合同步观测的温度、盐度等水文要素资料,对该区域夏、冬季两季悬浮泥沙的垂直分布特征、形成原因及输运进行了研究,结果表明苏北近岸海域悬浮泥沙分布的典型性季节变化明显,冬季悬沙浓度普遍高于夏季。悬浮泥沙分布及输运受苏北沿岸水、黄海西部沿岸流、长江冲淡水、黄海暖流、黄海冷水团等影响,其中黄海西部沿岸流的季节变化为主要的影响因素。苏北沿岸水携带废黄河口的再悬浮泥沙和近岸悬沙向东南外海扩散,冬季的搬运量和扩散范围显著大于夏季。黄海暖流阻碍悬沙向外海扩散,使其在近岸被大量捕集下来。夏季长江冲淡水的东北方向偏转,使得苏北南部海域悬沙分布出现层化现象。     

菹草种群内外水质日变化

对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)种群内外水体进行了昼夜连续监测,分析菹草种群内外水质的日变化趋势.结果显示,种群内DO自日出后增加,日落后持续下降,且与水温变化一致,于19:30左右出现1次明显低谷,后略有恢复,后一直降至日出前后;开阔水域DO变化与水温呈现一定相关性,但变化幅度较小;交界处DO含量兼有种群内与开阔水域的变化特点.种群内水体pH值自日出前后升高,日落时达最高值,后开始下降,直至次日出前后;交界处与种群变化趋势一致;开阔水域pH总体变化幅度较小,白天高于夜间,总体DO含量及pH分布:种群区＞交界处＞开阔水域.种群及交界处TN含量均在日出前后达最高,日出后递减,开阔水域夜间含量较高,日出前后达最高;各点NH+4-N变化规律不显著;种群内水体TP含量夜间较高,日出前后达最高值,日出后递减,日落后递增;开阔水域TP含量夜间较高,白天略低;交界处正午前后达最低值,傍晚达最高值,TN、TP总体分布:种群＜交界处＜开阔水域.菹草种群存在对水体DO、pH等环境因子均产生重要影响,继而影响水体内源性氮磷的迁移,其中对pH影响较小,其变化未能影响水体氮磷迁移,而DO昼夜变化较大,对水体内源性氮磷的迁移起重要影响.     

Carbonate compensation depth: relation to carbonate solubility in ocean waters

In situ calcium carbonate saturometry measurements suggest that the intermediate water masses of the central Pacific Ocean are close to saturation with resppect to both calcite and local carbonate sediment. The carbonate compensation depth, located at about 3700 meters in this area, appears to represent a depth above which waters are essentially saturated with respect to calcite and below which waters deviate toward undersaturation with respect to calcite.     

模拟太湖底泥疏浚对氮磷营养物释放过程的影响研究

通过模拟太湖底泥疏浚,研究了不同水土比与不同环境因素条件下,底泥中氮、磷等营养物的释放规律与较长时期的模拟疏浚环境效果。结果表明,底泥中细小颗粒物、较高的水温、置水和厌氧条件等是促进底泥中磷释放的主要环境因素。从模拟太湖底泥的淤积现状上看,以平均模拟疏浚深度为25cm环境效果最佳,在沉积物粒度较细的湖区,可以适当加深;底泥疏浚应在冬季等水温低的季节进行,这样可以有效地防止其中营养物向上覆水体的释放。     

从《齐民要术》等史籍看中国古代的肥料科学及其对后世农业发展的启示

贾思勰的《齐民要术》是中国6世纪的农业科学巨著,它也是中国古代肥料科学史籍记载的分界线。《齐民要术》记载了大量中国古代北方地区肥料科学知识,且其所述并非仅局限在北魏时期,也兼具了秦汉以来的北方地区肥料科学史籍资料。本文兼采《汜胜之书》《王祯农书》等史料中有关肥料的篇章,从而尽可能客观地展现中国古代肥料科学知识和应用的发展水平,以期为当前农业现代化和乡村振兴战略的贯彻实施提供有益借鉴。     

环境因子对巢湖沉积物中NH+4释放的影响

[Objective] The aim of the research was to reveal the influence mechanism of sediment-water exchange of nutrients in Chaohu Lake. [Method] The effects of environmental factors (overlying water, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration) on NH 4 release in sediment from Chaohu Lake were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. [Results] With the rising of temperature and the decrease of NH 4 concentration in overlying water, NH 4 released from sediment increased significantly. pH had a great effect on NH 4 release with a complicated mechanism. The largest release amount of NH 4 under anaerobic condition was about 6 times as much as that under aerobic condition. [Conclusion] This research would provide theoretical support for environmental management of Chaohu Lake in the project of leading water from the Yangtze River to Chaohu Lake.     

环境因子对巢湖沉积物中NH4+释放的影响

[目的]为揭示环境因子对巢湖沉积物-水界面营养盐交换的影响机制。[方法]在实验室控制条件下,研究各环境因子(上覆水浓度、温度、pH值、DO条件)对巢湖沉积物湿样中NH4+释放的影响。[结果]随着温度的上升和上覆水NH4+浓度的降低,沉积物中NH4+释放量显著增加;pH值对NH4+释放的影响比较复杂;沉积物中NH4+最大释放量在厌氧条件下是好氧条件下的6倍左右。[结论]该研究为"引江济巢"工程中巢湖的环境管理提供了一定的理论依据。     

哈素海表层沉积物中内源磷的释放研究

以浅水湖泊哈素海为研究对象,开展了上覆水质、温度、pH、溶解氧、扰动和光照等环境要素对湖泊沉积物内源磷释放的影响试验研究.结果表明,温度升高、碱性条件、厌氧和强烈的扰动作用等均有利于内源磷的释放.而照度则间接地限制了沉积物释磷对上覆水中磷浓度的影响.HSH-2、HSH-5和HSH-6等3个站位TP的最大释放量在自然光照条件下分别为1.53、1.39和1.27mg·kg-1,避光条件下分别为1.77、1.52和1.52 mg·kg-1;静置条件下分别为1.42、1.38和1.68 mg·kg-1,R=60 r·min-1时分别为1.75、1.50和2.00mg·kg-1,R=120 r·min-1时分别为2.52、2.64和4.02 mg·kg-1;在pH=11时释放量最大,分别为10.82、6.83和16.68 mg·kg-1.各环境因子中,以pH和扰动对哈素海沉积物内源磷的释放影响最大.哈素海为浅水湖泊,在湖水咸化程度逐渐增高的条件下,将会导致湖泊沉积物内源磷的大量释放,从而将进一步加剧水体的富营养化.     

Growth rates of phosphate nodules from the continental margin off peru

Modern sea-floor phosphorite nodules sampled from off the coast of Peru are shown to grow at rates of millimeters per thousand years in spite of the fact that the measured accumulation rates of the underlying sediment are two to four orders of magnitude faster. Phosphate nodules grow downward into soft sediment, and the rates of phosphorus accumulation into nodules are approximately equal to the upward diffusive flux of dissolved phosphate inferred from pore water profiles. These results demonstrate that phosphorus in nodules originates from regeneration in sediments rather than as a result of direct precipitation from bottom waters.     

虾-鱼-蟹海水养殖池塘细菌数量动态及其与理化因子的关系

对广东省汕尾地区虾-鱼-蟹海水综合养殖池塘的水体和沉积物进行每14 d一次的周期性采样,研究异养细菌、弧菌、芽孢杆菌和粪大肠菌群的变动规律及其与常见理化因子的关系.结果发现,水体环境中各类细菌的数量波动范围为:异养细菌6.4× 103～3.00× 105 CFU/mL,弧菌0.1×103～1.65×104 CFU/mL,芽孢杆菌0.06×103～1.09× 103 CFU/mL;沉积环境中各类细菌数量的波动范围为:异养细菌5.8×105～2.95×107 CFU/g,弧菌0.8×104～2.75×105 CFU/g,芽孢杆菌6.1×104～5.30×106 CFU/g.水体环境异养细菌与沉积环境异养细菌具有显著的线性正相关关系(P＜0.05),水体环境异养细菌和芽孢杆菌与水温呈线性正相关,但相关性不显著;芽孢杆菌与DO具有显著的线性正相关关系;弧菌与DO具有线性的负相关关系,但不显著.     

光裸方格星虫人工繁殖及苗种培育技术

对光裸方格星虫(Sipunculus nudus)亲虫培育习性进行观察、人工催产及育苗研究.结果表明,光裸方格星虫在自然海区分布的雌雄比例约为1∶1.1;其亲虫在中细沙质(粒径0.1 ～2.0 mm)底质环境下培育的成活率最高;采用阴干刺激3h+流水刺激+精液诱导相结合的诱导方法进行催产,催产效果最佳;胚胎发育在26.5～31.5℃的范围时,随着温度的升高,受精卵孵化出初期海球幼虫所需的时间逐渐变短.人工育苗试验共获得光裸方格星虫苗15.2万条,平均体长2.8 cm.     

Silica in alkaline brines

Analysis of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate brines from closed basins in volcanic terranes of Oregon and Kenya reveals silica contents of up to 2700 parts per million at pH's higher than 10. These high concentrations of SiO(2) can be attributed to reaction of waters with silicates, and subsequent evaporative concentration accompanied by a rise in pH. Supersaturation with respect to amorphous silica may occur and persist for brines that are out of contact with silicate muds and undersaturated with respect to trona; correlation of SiO(2) with concentration of Na and total CO(2) support this interpretation. Addition of more-dilute waters to alkaline brines may lower the pH and cause inorganic precipitation of substantial amounts of silica.     

西溪湿地底泥重金属竖向分布规律

利用特制的底泥取样器从杭州西溪湿地钻取通长的底泥试样,对不同深度底泥中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn进行测试,并分析重金属在表层底泥、底泥孔隙水及上覆水中的含量及相关性,用地累积指数法对底泥的污染程度进行评价.结果表明:该湿地0.6 m深度内的底泥为轻度-中度污染,埋深大于0.6 m的底泥没有被污染或者污染程度较轻;重金属在表层底泥孔隙水中的含量显著大于其在上覆水中的含量,由于浓度梯度,底泥孔隙水中的重金属会释放到上覆水中,因此如只实施换水处理难以根除水体污染问题,疏浚受污染的底泥是更有效的治理措施.根据测试结果,0.6 m深度可作为湿地底泥疏浚的参考依据.     

梁子湖沉积物中氮磷分布特征研究

通过采集3个沉积物柱芯对梁子湖沉积物中不同形态氮、磷及孔隙水中NH4 -N、NO3--N和全磷在剖面的分布特征进行了研究.结果表明入水口附近沉积物氮、磷的含量较湖心和出水口附近高.沉积物和孔隙水中,NO3--N含量从表层到底层呈下降趋势,而NH4 -N含量则逐渐增加;沉积物中全氮和有机氮随深度增加而明显降低.沉积物中全磷及不同化学相磷含量随深度增加而降低,而孔隙水中全磷含量随深度递增.