几个难开花甘蔗亲本的光周期诱导开花

本文报道了１９９９年度云南省甘蔗研究所光周期诱导难开花甘蔗亲本花花的研究结果。本研究以４月１日和６月１日两种起始处理时间，１２小时２５分和１２小时１５分两种固定日工处理，于１０月１日起递减光３０秒至抽穗止的光诱导技术分别对９个难开花亲本进行了开花诱导研究。结果：在高纬度，高海拔的开远地区，首次诱导了热带种克林斯它林那，越南牛蔗开花，４８Ｍｏｕｎａ、拔地拉孕穗；另外，粤糖５７／４２３，Ｃｏ４１９、ｕ     

甘蔗光周期诱导开花和杂交利用研究

本文报道了１９９８年度云南甘蔗研究所光周期诱导甘蔗开花及杂交利用结果，本研究以４月１日和６月１日两种起始处理时间，１２ｈ２５ｍｉｎ和１２ｈ１５ｍｉｎ两种固定日长处理，于１０月１日起到日递减光３０ｓ至抽穗时止的光周期诱导技术分别对７个难花亲本和７个常用亲本进行了开花诱导。结果表明，在不同的光周期处理下，粤糖５７／４２３，Ｃｏ４１９，闽糖７０／６１１，罗汉蔗等４个难花亲本被诱导开花，７个常用亲本全部孕     

冬小麦不成熟胚培养中愈伤组织的春化处理

从组织培养获得的冬小麦或体细胞无性系需要经过春化处理以诱导开花。本研究的目的是比较Norstar冬小麦种苗与Norstar从未成熟胚得到的胚生愈伤组织对春化处理的反应特性。种苗需要在6℃(12h光周期)下春化处理8 weck,再在20℃及18h的光周期条件下生长42 d左右方可抽穗;胚生愈伤组织需要在6℃下春化处理8—12week。从胚生愈伤组织获得的幼小植株在移入土壤8-9week后开花,不必再进行春化处理。上述方法不需要具有补充光源的低温生长室,因而降低了生产大量再生植株的成本。     

甘蔗亲本开花诱导及杂交配套技术研究

本研究探讨不同光周期处理方法，温度，湿度，株龄等对甘蔗开花诱导与杂交的影响。结果表明；通过人工控光，温，湿等因素的适度配合，可以有效，稳定地诱导处理材料开花，１９９４－１９９６年的诱导率稳定在６８．１－７２％之间，被诱导过的材料有７５个抽穗开花，三年共获杂交花穗３０５个，杂交组合２２５个，有发芽能力的种子１０万多粒，使我所保存的野生和栽培材料得到了利用，基本弄清楚适用于在南宁自然条件下诱导甘蔗开化     

受控环境下光周期对小麦生长发育、产量及营养品质的影响

为探讨受控生态生保系统(CELSS)中利用光周期调控提高植物能量利用效率的可能性,以红蓝LED(90%红+10%蓝)为光源,在开花前及开花后各设置12、16、20和24h四个光周期水平,形成16个处理,研究光周期对小麦生长发育、产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,开花前光周期延长使小麦开花时间显著提前,特别是导致出苗到拔节和拔节到抽穗的天数显著减少。开花后光周期延长会缩短开花到成熟的时间,且开花前和开花后光周期对小麦生育期长度的影响相互独立。在开花前,短光周期有利于小麦营养器官的构建,增加株高、分蘖数、叶片数和营养器官干重,进而提高籽粒产量、收获指数和能效比。在开花后,长光周期提高了灌浆期叶片光合速率,促进籽粒中干物质积累,提高籽粒产量、收获指数和能效比。开花前短光周期的增产作用主要是因穗数和穗粒数增加,而开花后长光周期的增产作用主要是因粒重增加。在开花前后,延长光周期均导致籽粒淀粉含量增加和蛋白质含量减少。在开花前12h光照、开花后24h光照的处理下小麦产量和能量利用效率均最高,说明开花前短光周期结合开花后长光周期最有利于小麦高产和能量高效利用。     

不同光周期处理对大豆开花结荚进程的影响

通过长日照（１６ｈ光／８ｈ暗）和短日照（９ｈ光／１５ｈ暗）相互转换处理，证明大豆品种“早１２”为相对短日植物，９个短日就可完成其成花的光周期诱导过程。大豆感受光周期效应的株龄在真叶期。短日诱导处理不仅促进花序产生的速度及数量，还有利于荚的发育；长日处理的结果恰相反。     

印水型优质水稻不育系中100A开花习性观察

采取喷施"九二○"和不喷"九二○"2种处理,调查比较了印水型优质不育系中100A的开花习性。结果表明,未喷"九二○"情况下,中100A单株抽穗开花期11 d,盛花期在见穗后的第3~5天,单穗抽穗开花期7~8 d,晴天开花高峰时段为09:01—10:00和11:01—13:00,午前花率47.34%;喷施"九二○"后单株花期缩短3 d,开花期和盛花期均提早1 d,晴天开花高峰时间提前1 h,午前花率提高约27个百分点,柱头外露率提高8个百分点。     

甘蔗种质资源杂交利用研究进展

报道了云南甘蔗研究所1998—2002年甘蔗种质资源杂交利用研究进展状况。经过几年的研究，了解掌握了不同亲本材料诱导开花所需的株龄和甘蔗种质资源的光周期诱导技术，不仅使热带种开花率逐年提高，还促使开花迟的F1花期提早，难开花的F1、BC1能够开花，且提高了花粉发育率。同时，通过不断完善杂交技术，降低成本，提高了花穗杂交有效率，并从热带种、地方种、常用亲本与野生种的杂交组合中选育出一批含热带种和野生种血源的F1、BC1优异创新种质材料。     

新资源光温敏核不育系B06S开花习性的观察

通过比较观察光温敏核不育系B06S、香125S、培矮64S、595S和恢复系桂99、中辐906的开花习性,发现B06S单穗开花天数短(6.4 d),集中开花时间为抽穗后第1～5天,每日开花时间早(开花高峰在09:00-10:00),颖花张开时间长(5 h左右),张颖角度大(29.5°),柱头外露率高且生命力强,闭颖率和包颈率低,制种易获高产.     

水稻光周期调控开花的研究进展

水稻抽穗期作为重要的农艺性状,由自身遗传因素和环境因素共同决定,对品种生态适应区域和产量因子均有较大影响。过去的二十年里,从叶片的日长识别到茎尖分生组织的成花激活,水稻光周期诱导抽穗开花分子调控机理已取得较大进展,分离并克隆大量与成花相关的调控基因,并整合到光周期调控分子网络中。当植物处于有利条件时,该网络激活成花调控基因,促进成花素表达,将成花素运输至顶端分生组织,从而驱动分生组织细胞发育,最终成花。本文以拟南芥为对照参考,对水稻光周期调控网络及由低纬度地区向高纬度地区扩展遗传变异进行讨论,以期为生态型品种培育和光周期调控成花分子机理研究提供参考。     

Photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation in white clover

An apparatus in which shoot and root CO₂ exchange and acetylene reduction can be simultaneously measured in specific white cloverrhizobium associations is described. In mature stolonating clover there was a fairly constant ratio between net photosynthesis, root respiration and acetylene reduction. Of the net carbon fixed daily (12 h light of 80 W m^-2, 400–700 nm; day/night temperature 15°C) 12% was lost during the dark period by the shoot and 17% by the nodulated root. Changes in the rate of acetylene reduction by nodulated root systems occurred more slowly than those in rates of root respiration in response to reduced irradiance. In 21·5 h continuous darkness the rate of acetylene reduction remained constant. Responses to increased irradiance were more immediate in both root respiration and acetylene reduction. In plants maintained at 15°C in a 12-h, 80-W m^-2 photoperiod there was no significant diurnal variation in acetylene reduction or root respiration. Acetylene depressed root respiration by 20%. Assuming the energy requirement of the nitrogenase system to be the same when reducing acetylene and N the depression can be used as an indication of the energy requirement of fixed N assimilation, metabolism and export in the nodulated root. Of the net carbon fixed daily 3·4% was utilized in this way in plants growing in a 12-h photoperiod (80 W m^-2, 400–700 nm) at 15°C.     

啤酒大麦种子在成熟过程中品质形成的研究

以 4个啤酒大麦品种 ,研究啤酒大麦种子在种子发育过程中啤酒大麦品质的形成 ,结果表明 :啤酒大麦种子的千粒重随种子的成熟呈直线上升的趋势 ,而蛋白质的含量在种子成熟过程中变化较小 ,呈波状变化 ;抽穗后 36d内随种子的发育成熟 ,发芽率呈上升的趋势 ,抽穗后 36d是大麦种子最佳收获时间 ,此时收获的大麦种子具较高的发芽势与发芽率相对应的 ,此时收获的大麦种子活力、POD和a -淀粉酶活性也最高     

Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: flowering response to photoperiod

Data from sowing-date and other experiments conducted for nine cultivars at three locations ranging from 1°30′S to 27°15′N were analysed for photoperiod response. All cultivars were found to have a qualitative response to photoperiod. The results of the analysis show that cultivars previously reported to be “relatively insensitive” to photoperiod were, in fact, highly sensitive. Flowering in short-duration cultivars was delayed by up to a 100 days when daylength in the photoperiod-inductive phase exceeded a critical value. Medium- and long-duration cultivars delayed flowering by over 150 days in response to photoperiod. A model was able to predict this wide range in flowering dates.     

Critical photoperiods for tuberization: A screening technique with potato cuttings

Seedling populations segregating for the critical photoperiod that controls tuberization may be screened by a cutting technique. Plants are grown under daily photoperiods which are at first long (e.g., 20 hours) and which are shortened at two-week intervals. Apical cuttings and single-node, sub-apical cuttings are taken at the end of each two-week period. The cuttings are maintained in a mist chamber under a 20-hour photoperiod for 10–14 days. The photoperiod that first promotes tuberization on cuttings may be considered as the critical photoperiod.     

大豆子叶节丛生芽的诱导研究

选用吉大豆1号、吉大豆2号、吉林47和东农42共4个基因型的大豆子叶节作为外植体进行离体再生,筛选出丛生芽诱导率较高的大豆基因型吉林47。在此基础上,以吉林47的大豆子叶节为外植体,研究了外植体消毒时间、发芽时间和条件对大豆子叶节再生的影响,并设计正交试验对芽诱导及伸长阶段的激素配比进行了研究。得出吉林47较适合氯气灭菌时间为6～10 h,最适萌发条件为16 h光+8 h暗光周期条件下培养5～7 d。最终确定芽诱导阶段添加6-BA浓度为2 mg.L-1、IBA浓度为0.1 mg.L-1;14 d后继代伸长阶段添加IAA浓度0.3 mg.L-1、GA浓度为0.5 mg.L-1。     

光照长度、强度及温度对试管薯诱导的影响

通过一步法进行试管薯的诱导,不更换培养基,不添加任何外源激素,研究试管苗培养阶段光照周期、光照强度及温度对Favorita、Atlantic和克新1号3个马铃薯品种试管薯诱导的影响。结果表明:短光周期培养有利于试管薯的诱导,但产生的试管薯较小,适当的延长光照时间有利于诱导较大的试管薯;不同品种需要不同的适宜试管薯诱导的光照强度;变温处理最适于试管薯的诱导。不同品种需要做培养环境的筛选和品种结薯性评价,以筛选出最佳的诱导条件。     

不同加工技术对茗科1号清香型乌龙茶品质的影响

将同批次茗科1号乌龙茶适制鲜叶等量分配给6个参试小组,统一参照闽南清香型乌龙茶工艺流程进行加工试制,结果表明：鲜叶弱光晒青30 min后,在室内摊晾1～2 h即可摇青;第一次摇青转速12～15 r/min、时长2～3 min,第二和第三次摇青转速与时长逐步提高,摇青总转数为400转左右,每次间隔时长约2 h,做青历时20 h;杀青温度控制在260～280℃,两次毛火温度均为60～65℃,而后于70℃烘至足干（约需100 min）为获得较优清香型乌龙茶风味品质的最适工艺参数。     

光照对木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的影响

为探讨木薯单爪螨的生态适应性机理,揭示其种群扩散蔓延机制,进行了不同光照对木薯单爪螨生长发育及繁殖的影响研究.结果表明,木薯单爪螨需要光照时间长于10h才可正常完成发育与繁殖,其中12～14h为木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的适宜光照时长.光照主要通过影响卵和前若螨的发育历期影响木薯单爪螨总发育历期,对幼螨和后若螨的发育历期无显著影响.随着光照时间的延长,木薯单爪螨总发育历期呈逐渐缩短趋势.光照时间为12h和14h时,后代卵孵化率可达100％,光照小于1Oh木薯单爪螨后代卵的孵化率显著降低,成螨寿命显著缩短;随光照时间从6h延长至14h,木薯单爪螨平均每雌产卵量逐渐增加,随后开始缓慢降低.光照对木薯单爪螨后代性比无显著影响.     

Variation in photosensitivity of flowering in the world soybean mini-core collections (GmWMC)

ABSTRACT

Photosensitivity of flowering is the main yield limiting factor for soybean production in tropical areas. Our objective was to evaluate the variation of photosensitivity in the world soybean mini-core collections (GmWMC) under controlled environment. Ten and 13 h were selected as short- and long- photoperiods. The days from emergence to first flower open (DEF) were 20–49 days under 13 h, whereas 20–31 days under 10 h photoperiods. The variation in DEF under short photoperiod might be caused by juvenile growth phase or post-inductive phase, because 10 h was the photoperiod which induction phase of most genotypes were minimized. Index of photosensitivity of flowering (IPF) varied from 0.00 to 0.47 and correlated positively with DEF under short photoperiod. However, some genotypes were found having higher IPF but shorter DEF, or lower IPF but longer DEF. Results provided the valuable information for soybean production in tropical areas.