关于科学种油桐的几个问题

一、我国油桐的主要种类和分布油桐原产我国.现在世界各国栽培的油桐,绝大多数从我国引种.我国秦岭、桐柏山以南直至海南岛都有分布.目前以四川、贵州、湖北、湖南等省产量较多,广西、陕西、江西、浙江、台湾、安徽、河南、福建、广东等省(区)也是主要栽培地区.种类有三年桐(又称光桐)和千年桐(又称皱桐)两种.由于栽培历史悠久,在劳动人民长期栽培和选育下,形成了不少优良品种.     

栽培密度对喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Descne)幼苗生物量及喜树碱含量的影响

栽培密度是植物生长的重要影响因子,能够显著影响植物的生长.2004年5月,将温室培养的喜树(Camptotheca acuminata Descne)幼苗按照5种栽培密度(11、16、25、44、100株·m-2)移栽到田间,并于2004年9月中旬采收.我们对喜树幼苗的生长(包括株高和冠幅)、生物量分配、喜树碱含量和产量进行了研究.就5种栽培密度而言,喜树幼苗生物量、株高、冠幅及总叶面积均在密度为25株·m-2时最大.嫩叶喜树碱含量高于喜树幼苗其它各器官的喜树碱含量并且随栽培密度的改变有明显变化,在100株·m-2时达到最大,但其它器官喜树碱含量随栽培密度的变化不显著.栽培密度为25株·m-2时,喜树碱积累显著增强.结果显示,为得到较高喜树碱含量的喜树原料,喜树幼苗的最适栽培密度应为25株·m-2.     

杏鲍菇寒地反季节栽培技术

杏鲍菇(Pleurotus eryngii Quel.)反季节栽培是指反南方的常规栽培季节,在北方寒地采取春、秋两季进行栽培,通过对出菇设施、生产季节、原料与配方、出菇管理等方面进行调控,从而达到反季节栽培的高产、稳产.     

国外温室花卉的岩棉栽培

岩棉栽培(Rock Wool Technique),是一项用岩棉作为植物生长基质的无土栽培技术.它是目前国外众多无土栽培系统中最先进的一种.1969年,丹麦古罗太公司率先研究并开发出农用岩棉,历经数年磨难,终于在现代温室花卉生产中获得初步成功.后经荷兰、美国、日本等国的进一步改进,使岩棉栽培技术日趋完善.现已在日本、美国、荷兰、丹麦、挪威、英国等迅速普及,大有取代NFT(Nutrient Film Technique)栽培之势.1988年,荷兰的施设栽培总面积为9000公顷,其中岩棉栽培2350公顷,占38.3%.英国1986年的岩棉栽培面积为180公顷,是NFT栽培的4.5倍.日本1988年的施设     

齿瓣石斛栽培基质筛选及其栽培方式研究

通过对齿瓣石斛栽培基质和栽培方式的对比试验研究,结果表明:(1)不同栽培基质中,树皮:苔藓(1:1)中新枝数最多,树皮中枝条生长最好,树皮:锯末:羊粪(5:3:2)中产量最高;(2)不同栽培方式中直立捆绑产量最高.因此在齿瓣石斛生产中宜选择树皮基质和直立捆绑栽培方式.     

平菇的栽培技术

平菇(Pleurotus ostreotus),又名北凤菌.分类学上属担子亚门、层菌纲、伞菌目、伞菌科、侧耳属.该属的菌类有20多种.平菇的生活力强,耐低温,栽培容易,出菇快,产量高,在我国栽培广泛.一、原料配方适合栽培平菇的原料很多,棉籽皮、玉米芯粉、木屑(阔叶树)、粪、草均可.山东以棉籽皮为宜.     

红花高产栽培技术

红花(Carthamus tinctorius L.)为菊科1年生或2年生草本植物,以干燥的花冠入药,是重要的活血化瘀中药之一.中国栽培红花和入药历史悠久,在我国历代本草书籍中均有记载,始载于《开宝本草》.当前我国红花主产于新疆塔城地区(裕民县和额敏县)、新疆吉木萨尔县、河南新乡县、四川简阳县、云南巍山县等地区,全国大部分地区均有栽培,其中新疆栽培面积最大.     

草乌、黄芩、重楼、党参仿生态栽培试验研究

为探索中草药在人工栽培条件下的药材产量、品质和疗效。在双柏县雨龙白竹山半郁闭核桃幼林内,对草乌(Aconitum episocopaleLe′vl)、滇黄芩(Scutellria amoenaC.H.Wringht)、重楼(Paris polyphllaSmith Var.yunnananensis(Franch)Hand-Mazz)、党参(Codonopsis pilosula(Franch)Nannf)4种中草药进行仿生人工栽培试验。结果认为药用根年增重率为:草乌113%、黄芩133%、重楼9%、党参131%。栽培措施对品质的影响为:以P3E1为草乌适宜栽培措施,以A4B4C4为重楼适宜措施,而对黄芩、党参的品质不影响。     

石刁柏是很好的园林绿化植物

石刁柏,又名露笋、洋龙须菜,属百合科.在新疆西部有野生,许多地区有人工栽培.近年来我区进行了引种,栽培效果很好.石刁柏的嫩苗(又称笋)为高级蔬菜.具有较高的经济价值和营养价值.在引种栽培中,发现石刁柏也是一个很好的园     

大丽花盆栽生产技术

大丽花(Dahlia pinnata cav.)又名大丽菊,菊科大丽花属多年生球根花卉.其品种繁多,花型多变,色彩丰富,在世界各地广泛栽培.我国栽培大丽花始于19世纪末,目前在东北、西北、华北等地栽培较多.华北地区露地栽培大丽花自晚春至初冬均生长良好,常列植、丛植于花境.近年来盆栽大丽花已开始规模化生产,通过品种选择和花期调控技术使其多次开花,用于布置夏、秋季花坛、花境和室内观赏.     

猪屎豆丛枝病植原体的分子检测与鉴定

植原体(phytoplasma),原称类菌原体(MLO),在植物和昆虫中广泛分布,为无细胞壁原核微生物,尚不能在人工培养基上离体培养.迄今,世界各地已统计有1000多种植物自然感染植原体病害(Seemüller et al.,1998),我国也报道了100多种植物植原体病害(赖帆等,2008).     

枣疯病和泡桐丛枝病原植原体分离物的组织培养保藏和嫁接传染研究

分别从河北唐县赞皇大枣、辽宁凌源梨枣和河南濮阳扁核酸3个品种的枣疯病和来自山东、江西和北京的不同无性系的泡桐丛枝病树上采集丛枝枝条作为组织培养材料,获得的枣疯病和泡桐丛枝病组培苗皆表现典型的丛枝症状。其中感染植原体的赞皇大枣组培苗(Ft)和扁核酸组培苗(HPD)在未加任何激素的MS培养基和其它培养基交替继代培养1a以上仍能维持丛枝苗生长;而发病梨枣(LD)除产生丛枝外,还出现叶片黄化和植株矮化、枯梢等衰退症状。泡桐丛枝病植原体可在不同无性系组培苗上通过各种培养基交替和单纯的MS培养基继代培养,并已在实验室内连续保藏达10a,其引致丛枝症状的能力无明显的改变。用枣树Ft染病材料作接穗,以健康冬枣(DJ)和抗病婆枣(W14)砧木进行组培苗间嫁接传病试验,可使部分DJ和W14发病;而嫁接未发病的砧木多数像健苗一样正常生长。用感染山东泡桐丛枝病植原体ZD株系丛枝组培苗为接穗,嫁接健康泡桐无性系组培苗致使无性系MB33、TY2T和C125发病。用植原体16SrDNA通用引物进行PCR,确证了泡桐和枣树发病苗和嫁接发病组培苗体内存在植原体。用DAPI荧光显微镜技术比较组培苗韧皮部筛管中的植原体浓度,结果显示,Ft和嫁接发病冬枣(DJ-Ft)筛管中植原体浓度相对较高,但仍低于各泡桐无性系染病丛枝组培苗;HPD和LD浓度中等,而发病的W14砧木含有植原体的筛管数量较少、且浓度很低。在嫁接不成功或未发病的DJ和W14砧木组织及健康对照组织中皆检测不到植原体荧光。     

Seasonal variation of paulownia witches’-broom phytoplasma in paulownia trees and distribution of the disease in the Tohoku district of Japan

Seasonal variation of paulownia witches’-broom (PWB) phytoplasma within different organs (leaves, branch and trunk bark and roots) in paulownia trees was investigated by the amplification of a PWB-specific DNA fragment by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In leaf samples, PWB phytoplasma was first detected in June and the incidence gradually increased. On the other hand, the PWB was detected at relatively low incidence in branch bark, trunk bark and roots and the incidence did not change among seasons. A survey of PWB in 27 fields in the Tohoku district of Japan showed that malformed flower buds were observed in paulownia trees in almost all of the fields. PWB-phytoplasma was also detected by PCR from paulownia trees in almost all of the fields in Iwate and Fukushima Prefectures. The frequencies of trees in which phytoplasma was detected by PCR were higher than those in which symptoms were observed. These results indicated that PCR amplification of a PWB-specific DNA fragment is an effective tool for practical diagnose and that PWB is widely distributed in the Tohoku district of Japan.     

我国木本植物致病性土壤杆菌的分子检测和比较鉴定

根据根癌土壤杆菌Ti质粒的保守序列设计了2对引物,对我国不同木本植物上分离鉴定的10株致病性根癌土壤杆菌进行PCR,致瘤性根癌土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)扩增出427 bp和338 bp的特异性DNA片段,而发根土壤杆菌(A.rhizogenes)仅扩增出338 bp片段,放线土壤杆菌(A.radiobacter)、丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)和泡桐丛枝病植原体(phytoplasma)皆未有特异扩增带.用CYT/CYT'引物对也可鉴定T-DNA遗传转化瘤组织,而VirD2A/VirD2E可用于工程土壤杆菌株侵染能力鉴定.从北京通州杨树苗圃和河北廊坊桃园的病树冠瘿组织和土壤中经选择培养基分离菌株,然后PCR筛选出6个致病性根癌土壤杆菌菌株,而未能从施用过抗根癌生防制剂的北京玉渊潭公园樱花根癌病园中分离和鉴定出典型的致病根癌土壤杆菌株.将杨树根癌土壤杆菌菌株(CFCC1001)异戊烯基转移酶基因(ipt)片段克隆和序列测定结果显示与A.tumefaciens Ti15955菌株的ipt基因序列同源性为83.64%.用此片段制备的ipt cRNA基因探针进行斑点杂交和Northern blot,结果显示此探针与杨树根癌土壤杆菌以及玫瑰、樱花、海棠、桃树等木本植物上分离鉴定的致病土壤杆菌菌株所扩增出的427 bp片段都有明显杂交信号,但与引起泡桐丛枝病植原体染色质和染色质外DNA均未有明显杂交信号.     

不同经营措施条件下泡桐幼林抗冰灾能力分析

Investigation was conducted to analyze the effect of management measures such as trunk cutting and fertilization on frost resistant capability of young paulownia (Paulownia sp. ) plantation which had been undergone heavy frost damage in early 2008 in southern China. Experimental sites were located in the Paulownia fortunei forest consisting of 2-poplar clonal plantations in Chaling County. Paulownia fortunei, treated by root planting, trunk cutting and fertilization was called 2B; the contrast was called 1B. The results showed that the tree height, DBH, height under branch and lateral branch diameter in 2B were, respectively, 19.19%, 11.36%, 180% and 13.8% higher than those in 1B. The number of lateral branches in 1B was 2.8 times that in 2B. The icicle pressure beared by 2B was only 60.21% of that in 1B. There was nearly no potential damage in the 9treatment plot with 98% of the plants in the freeze injury grade I. In contrast, 50% and 36% of the plants in the control plot were observed, respectively, in freeze injury grades II and Ⅲ. Based on the present investigation, it can to be concluded that the applied management measures are effective in enhancing the resistant capability of young poplar plantations to frost damage.     

根癌农杆菌对感染植原体的泡桐组培苗症状的影响

采用含有激素合成相关基因的根癌农杆菌，伤口接种已感染植原体的泡桐丛植组培苗和健康组培苗，结果发现对丛植苗的致瘤能力明显低于健康对照苗，且被接种病苗的丛枝症状缓解，从健苗获得的T-DNA转化泡桐瘤组织细胞能在无激素培养基上稳定生长和连续继代培养2年以上，说明瘤组织细胞自身已获得了细胞分裂素和生长素合成能力，根据已报道的根癌农杆菌株系pTil5955T-DNA的异戊烯基转移酶基因（ipt)的保守序列，设计了一对引物（CYT和CYT′），用多聚酶链式反应（PCR）扩增了我国杨树致瘤农杆菌ipt基因部分序列（427bp片段），也从遗传转化的两个泡桐无性系瘤组织At-ZH和At-T35扩增出此特异片估，从而进一步肯定了T-DNA已被整合到泡桐的染色体上表明泡桐易于通过Ti质粒载体途径进行基因转移操作，但用此引物未能从泡桐、甘薯健株和感染植原体的组培病苗扩增出相应的427bp特异片段，当用此遗传转化瘤组织嫁接病苗时，可减轻从枝症状的严重度，延长病苗的存活时间和诱导病株生根，这进一步证实了泡桐在与植原体相互作用过程中激素代谢发生了变化。     

泡桐木材的高效干燥

本文阐明了毛泡桐(Paulownia tomentosa)板材窑干前的处理,高效窑干的设备、工艺及其实用价值。生产实践证明,泡桐板材的高效干燥是可行的。     

泡桐叶的营养成分及其作饲料的探讨

报道了兰考泡桐和杂交泡桐叶的营养成分,并与其它树种进行比较;探讨了泡桐树叶作饲料的可能性。     

The spatial and temporal effects of paulownia intercropping: The case of northern China

We present a financial analysis and further statistical tests of the spatial and temporal effects of intercropped paulownia (Paulownia elongata) trees on crop yields. The results provide evidence that growing paulownia trees in farm fields can either increase or decrease crop production, depending on the manipulation of the tree density and rotation length. A 60–100% reduction of crop yields can result from a higher tree density and/or a later stage of the rotation, but the pattern of reduction is different for the first (wheat) and second crops (corn, bean or cotton). However, the reduction in crop yield is accompanied by gains of timber, fuel, fodder, and other goods and services. Thus, although the accumulated net returns from crops decline as tree density increases, the combined net returns of crops and trees are generally higher than those of the control, ranging from 50% to 100%. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

STUDY ON LAWS OF ANNUAL NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN A PAU LOWNIA PLANTATION

INTRoDUCTIONl.Paulownia(PaulowniaSieb.etZucc.)isnotonlyoneofthemostimportantfast-growingbutalsoone'ofthelightest,andmostadaptabletimbertreesinChina.Itswoodhaslittledeformationandiseasytodry,moistUreProof,decay-resistance,andthereforewidelyusedinconstrUction,fUrnit-uremaking,indusnyetc..Thebranchesaregoodfirewood,andtheleavesandflowersaregoodfodderforsheepandpigs.xilthebranches,leaves,nowersandhoitshavetheirvalueinmedicaluse.Havingtheexcellentpropertiessuchasfastgrowth,sparsecrown,seepr…