5%克线丹颗粒剂防治黄瓜根结线虫田间药效试验

近年来,由于蔬菜逐年连作线虫病发生越来越严重。由线虫特别是根结线虫危害引起的根结线虫病,不仅缩短蔬菜采收期,降低产量,而且影响蔬菜的品质,降低其经济价值,严重时甚至绝收。黄瓜等瓜类作物是根结线虫病为害最为严重的作物。为了明确5%克线丹颗粒剂对黄瓜根结线虫的防治效果,我们开展了田间试验,现将结果报告如下。     

信阳地区红麻田根结线虫的鉴定及综合防治技术

红麻根结线虫病是麻业生产上的主要病害之一,其发生为害严重影响红麻的产量和品质。通过采用田间调查、试验和室内鉴定相结合的方法,对河南省信阳地区红麻田根结线虫病的病原种类、发生规律及防治技术进行了研究。结果表明,为害当地红麻的根结线虫为南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood),防治上应采取以合理轮作倒茬、及时清除病残体、改良土壤、加强水肥管理、种植抗性品种等农业防治措施为主,化学农药防治为辅的综合防治策略。     

万寿菊间作密度对黄瓜南方根结线虫防效和黄瓜生长与产量的影响

以黄瓜"中农26"为试材,评估了万寿菊间作密度对南方根结线虫的防治效果,研究了万寿菊间作密度对黄瓜生长、生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,与不间作万寿菊处理相比,万寿菊间作密度为黄瓜密度1倍时,黄瓜根结线虫数量降低49.3%,叶绿素含量显著高于对照,但根系SOD、POD、CAT酶活性明显降低,黄瓜增产39.7%;万寿菊间作密度为黄瓜密度3倍时,黄瓜根结线虫数量较对照降低66.7%,黄瓜地上部干鲜重均明显降低,但叶绿素含量、根系抗氧化酶活性和黄瓜产量与对照无差异;万寿菊间作密度为黄瓜的2倍时,黄瓜根结线虫数量较对照降低66.7%,病情指数较对照降低51.4%,叶绿素含量显著高于对照,但根系SOD、POD、CAT酶活性降低,黄瓜生长较正常,比对照增产35.7%,并且与万寿菊间作密度为黄瓜密度1倍时的黄瓜产量无统计差异。因此,万寿菊的间作密度为黄瓜密度的2倍是防治黄瓜根结线虫较为适宜的间作密度。     

棚室黄瓜根结线虫病的防治

近年来,随着棚室蔬菜栽培面积的扩大,黄瓜根结线虫病的发生逐年加重,甚至造成棚室毁种。黄瓜根结线虫寄主范围广,除危害黄瓜外,还可危害番茄、青椒、芹菜、大白菜等３０多种蔬菜。一、症状识别黄瓜根结线虫病主要危害黄瓜根部,表现为侧根和须根较正常增多,并在幼嫩的须根上形成     

福建省毛豆根结线虫种类鉴定及初侵染来源

福建省漳州市一基地毛豆(品种:‘毛豆64’)苗期发生严重根结线虫病, 发病株率为78%。为明确其病原的种类及其初侵染来源, 通过形态学、分子生物学方法进行了种类鉴定。研究结果表明, 该线虫雌虫、雄虫、2龄幼虫(J2)的形态学特征与测量值和拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola相吻合;基于线虫rDNA-ITS序列和28S rDNA D2D3序列构建的系统发育树进一步确定其为拟禾本科根结线虫;室内接种试验确定了其致病性。这是首次在福建省毛豆上发现拟禾本科根结线虫。在毛豆基地畦地残留的前作水稻稻茬根内和根际土壤中均分离到大量J2s, 经特异性引物扩增确定为拟禾本科根结线虫, 研究认为前作水稻根系受拟禾本科根结线虫侵染, 在灌溉淹水状态下线虫2龄幼虫和卵在根内与土壤中长期存活, 成为轮作毛豆根结线虫病的初侵染源。     

黄瓜幼苗内生真菌诱导植株对南方根结线虫的抗性

在2007-2008年的一项温室测验中,10株黄瓜幼苗内生真菌表现出了对南方根结线虫较好的防效,为了阐明其作用方式,用裂根试验设计研究了10个菌株诱导黄瓜产生根结线虫抗性的能力.同一植株的根系被分为彼此隔离的挑战根系和应答根系,镰刀菌Fusarium spp.菌株Fu234和Fu654、毛壳菌Chaetomium sp.菌株Ch1001、叶点霉Phyllosticta sp.菌株Ph511在挑战根系中接种后,应答根系中的线虫入侵总数显著降低,较对照分别降低了42.4％、35.7％、38.4％、23.6％(第1次测定)和63.6％、45.2％、51.0％、37.0％(重复测定),这4个菌株诱导了黄瓜对根结线虫入侵的抗性.同时,Fu234、Fu654、Ch1001和拟青霉Paecilomyces sp.菌株Pa972接种后应答根系中的卵与雌虫的比值显著减少,相比对照其比值分别降低了24.3％、37.7％、48.3％、21.2％(第1次测定)和21.6％、39.8％、30.0％、46.2％(重复测定),这4个菌株诱导了黄瓜对根结线虫繁殖的抗性.     

分蘖洋葱与番茄伴生根系分泌物对根结线虫的影响

为明确根系分泌物在番茄伴生分蘖洋葱Allium cepa var. agrogarum Don.体系中减轻番茄根结线虫病的作用,本研究以番茄Lycopersicon esculentum和分蘖洋葱为试材,通过双室试验及外源添加根系分泌物等方法,研究了根系分泌物对根结线虫死亡率、卵孵化率的影响以及根系分泌物对线虫的吸引率。结果表明,番茄单作-分蘖洋葱伴生番茄双室系统中,分蘖洋葱伴生处理的土壤中线虫数量比番茄单作处理减少68.0%(P<0.05);番茄单作-分蘖洋葱单作的双室系统中,分蘖洋葱单作处理的土壤中线虫数量比番茄单作处理减少69.0%(P<0.05)。外源添加单作分蘖洋葱根系分泌物、伴生分蘖洋葱根系分泌物以及伴生体系中番茄和分蘖洋葱的根系分泌物初期,线虫死亡率能够显著提高34.5%~39.0%,卵孵化降低22.0%~53.2%,对线虫的吸引率降低10.9%~37.0%。研究结果为揭示伴生分蘖洋葱根系分泌物在减轻番茄根结线虫病中的作用奠定了基础。     

棚室蔬菜根结线虫病的发生与防治

<正>近年来,随着农业种植结构的调整,保护地蔬菜栽培面积迅速发展,为根结线虫的发生、发展提供了适宜的环境,使土壤中的根结线虫得以积累。连作温室的黄瓜和番茄受害更加严重,常造成蔬菜减产。笔者对吉水县黄瓜和番茄根结线虫病进行调查与研究,并提出防治措施,以减轻根结线虫的发生和为害。1症状黄瓜和番茄根结线虫主要发生在须根或侧根     

北方根结线虫对棉花致病力的研究

北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood,1949)在我国华北、华东各省都有分布,对花生、烟草、桑、豆类、蔬菜以及多种花卉苗木造成一定程度的危害,尤以沙质土发生重。国外报导在其发病田进行棉花轮作是降低北方根结线虫群体密度的经济有效办法之一。在棉花上的致病力究竟如何国内尚未见有报导。为此,作者用北方根结线虫一个群体在陆地棉品种徐州142上进行了试验观察     

辽宁省保护地蔬菜根结线虫发生规律及防治对策*

2008-2009年,对辽宁省蔬菜主产区保护地蔬菜根结线虫病的危害程度进行调查,以辽宁省的辽中、辽西、辽南、辽东4个地区的黄瓜大棚为对象,对棚内土壤中根结线虫的发生规律进行系统研究。结果表明：辽宁省保护地蔬菜根结线虫病为南方根结线虫危害。该病在辽宁省保护地蔬菜上发生已相当普遍,其中以连作7年以上的黄瓜、番茄、苦瓜易感寄主为主的老菜棚的发病率达到100%,病情指数达到80以上。4个地区大棚土壤中根结线虫数量普遍随土层的加深呈明显减少的趋势;并且根结线虫数量普遍随着大棚前边缘向内的距离加大呈明显增加的趋势。结合辽宁省根结线虫发病特点,提出相应的防治措施。     

Evaluation of chemical and integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in Greece

Current environmental awareness has led to a greater demand for alternative nematode control strategies. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Cucumber rootstocks which have shown resistance to soil-borne diseases were tested to reveal any resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematodes, and integration of these rootstocks with nematicides was investigated. Metham-sodium and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) provided good control of nematode populations when their application was followed by the application of a non-fumigant nematicide such as cadusafos or oxamyl. Neither fumigant could provide season-long control of nematode populations, and a further application of cadusafos was required for satisfactory control. The efficacy of metham-sodium was significantly increased when injected into soil in comparison with its application through the drip irrigation system. The use of rootstocks resistant to soil-borne fungal pathogens used together with chemical means of nematode control provided promising results for their further use in integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide. However, the latter was the superior treatment for the control of root-knot nematodes in soil infested with residues of galled roots. Dazomet, metham-sodium nor the non-fumigant nematicides oxamyl and fenamiphos could reduce nematode population as efficiently as methyl bromide. None of the chemicals tested except methyl bromide could enter galled roots and kill surviving nematodes.     

淡紫紫孢菌微菌核防治黄瓜根结线虫病及土壤环境对其定殖的影响

微菌核是丝状真菌产生的一种休眠结构,由菌丝特化形成。实验室前期研究发现,淡紫紫孢菌在特定的培养条件下可以产生微菌核,并具有较强的抗逆性和稳定性。本研究通过实验室生测和温室盆栽试验,研究了淡紫紫孢菌微菌核对根结线虫的寄生作用和对黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果,以及不同土壤条件对生防菌定殖的影响。结果表明,微菌核对根结线虫卵的寄生率随着接种浓度的提高而增加,当浓度为300 MS/mL时寄生率超过50%。黄瓜移栽时接种淡紫紫孢菌微菌核,用量为300个/100 g土时对根结线虫防效为44.7%,在育苗基质中提前接入微菌核可防效提高36.0%。土壤水分、温度和pH值对淡紫紫孢菌微菌核的定殖均有显著影响(P<0.05),含水量过高或过低不利于生防菌增殖,含水量为10%~15%,20 d时淡紫紫孢菌种群数量提高6~9倍。本研究为淡紫紫孢菌微菌核制剂的研发和应用提供了理论指导。     

酸黄瓜南方根结线虫病抗性的解剖学及其细胞学研究

为探明酸黄瓜南方根结线虫病抗性的内在机理,以抗病材料酸黄瓜与感病材料北京截头为试材,对南方根结线虫侵入与幼虫发育、根的解剖学及线虫侵入诱导形成的取食位点的细胞学结构进行了比较研究。结果表明,抗病材料酸黄瓜根系中线虫侵入率极显著低于感病材料北京截头(P0.01),酸黄瓜能够有效抵抗南方根结线虫的侵入;抗、感材料根系中雌雄虫个体比例分别为1∶12和1∶5(P0.01),抗性反应能够抑制线虫取食和幼虫发育;酸黄瓜根的解剖结构与普通栽培黄瓜相似,酸黄瓜的根不具有结构抗性;抗病反应中细胞发生过敏性坏死,感病反应中无此类现象发生。抗侵入、抑制取食和坏死反应是抗病材料酸黄瓜抗性反应的主要特征。     

Effectiveness and profitability of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mi</Emphasis>-resistant tomatoes to control root-knot nematodes

Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness and profitability of the Mi-resistance gene in tomato in suppressing populations of Meloidogyne javanica in a plastic-house with a natural infestation of the nematode. Experiments were also conducted to test for virulence and durability of the resistance. Monika (Mi-gene resistant) and Durinta (susceptible) tomato cultivars were cropped for three consecutive seasons in non-fumigated or in soil fumigated with methyl bromide at 75 g m^–2 and at a cost of 2.44 euros m^–2. Nematode densities were determined at the beginning and end of each crop. Yield was assessed in eight plants per plot weekly for 6 weeks. The P_f/P_i values were 0.28 and 21.6 after three crops of resistant or susceptible cultivars, respectively. Growth of resistant as opposed to susceptible tomato cultivars in non-fumigated soil increased profits by 30,000 euros ha^–1. The resistant Monika in non-fumigated soil yielded similarly (P > 0.05) to the susceptible Durinta in methyl bromide fumigated soil but the resistant tomato provided a benefit of 8800 euros ha^–1 over the susceptible one because of the cost of fumigation. Selection for virulence did not occur, although the nematode population subjected to the resistant cultivar for three consecutive seasons produced four times more eggs than the population on the susceptible one. Such a difference was also shown when the resistant cultivar was subjected to high continuous inoculum pressure for 14 weeks. The Mi-resistance gene can be an effective and economic alternative to methyl bromide in plastic-houses infested with root-knot nematodes, but should be used in an integrated management context to preserve its durability and prevent the selection of virulent populations due to variability in isolate reproduction and environmental conditions.     

长枝木霉菌株TL16防治南方根结线虫的作用机理

为探明长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum菌株TL16防治南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的作用机理,采用原生质体转化法获得绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)标记菌株GFP-TL16,通过测定菌株TL16和GFP-TL16对南方根结线虫卵和2龄幼虫(2nd-stage juvenile,J2)的寄生与致死作用,其发酵液对卵孵化的抑制作用和对J2的致死作用,以及菌株GFP-TL16在黄瓜根系的定殖情况和菌株TL16对番茄根结形成的抑制作用来综合分析其作用机理。结果显示:菌株TL16菌丝对南方根结线虫卵无寄生作用,处理19 d后卵降解率为26.33%,致死作用较低;菌株TL16分生孢子悬浮液处理南方根结线虫J2后72 h的致死率为1.65%,且无寄生作用。菌株TL16发酵液处理南方根结线虫J2后48 h的校正死亡率为10.71%,处理卵15 d后对卵孵化的相对抑制率为77.11%。菌株GFP-TL16可定殖于黄瓜根系中,经菌株TL16处理后接种南方根结线虫J2,番茄根结减退率为55.88%。表明长枝木霉菌株TL16可通过抑制根结线虫卵孵化和诱导番茄产生抗病性来防治根结线虫病。     

Resistance response of the tomato rootstock SC 6301 to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne javanica</Emphasis> in a plastic house

Nematode reproduction on the nematode-susceptible tomato cv. Durinta grafted onto the Mi-resistance gene tomato rootstock SC 6301 was compared to the Mi-resistance gene tomato cv. Monika in a plastic house infested with Meloidogyne javanica. The ungrafted susceptible cv. Durinta was included as a control for reference. Final soil population densities were lower (P ≤ 0.05) on the resistant than susceptible cultivar but intermediate values were recorded on the rootstock SC 6301. The lowest numbers of eggs per gram root were recorded on the resistant cultivar followed by those on the rootstock; in both cases, they were lower (P < 0.05) than on the susceptible control. Cumulative yield (kilogram per square meter) was higher (P < 0.05) on the resistant than susceptible cultivar whether or not it had been grafted. The rootstock SC 6301 provided an intermediate resistance response to M. javanica and was less effective than the resistant cultivar in suppressing nematode populations and plant damage under the experimental conditions of this study.     

膏体迷向剂对苹果园梨小、桃小食心虫的防效

2013年在宁夏苹果园进行了复合膏体迷向剂对梨小、桃小食心虫防效的进一步试验,试验设3个处理(涂抹高度3.5m、3.5m/4.5m交叉涂抹、交叉涂抹空白区域)、1个对照,2种膏剂附着方式(树干附着、膏剂填装塑料瓶悬挂)。通过监测全年诱蛾量、调查果实膨大期与成熟期蛀果率分析防控效果。结果显示,复合式膏体迷向剂可有效防止梨小食心虫对果实的为害,涂抹高度3.5m时,梨小食心虫诱蛾量下降76.68%;交叉涂抹时,下降70.8%;交叉涂抹空白区域下降36.8%。3个处理成熟期蛀果率分别下降84.88%、91.39%、24.19%。由于试验区桃小食心虫种群密度小,试验无法确定该迷向剂对桃小食心虫的防治效果。     

Quantitative approach for the early detection of selection for virulence of Meloidogyne incognita on resistant tomato in plastic greenhouses

Resistant tomato cultivars are an important tool to control Meloidogyne spp., which cause the highest yield losses attributed to plant‐parasitic nematodes. However, the repeated cultivation of Mi resistant cultivars can select virulent populations. In the present study, the susceptible tomato cv. Durinta and the resistant cv. Monika were cultivated from March to July in a plastic greenhouse for 3 years to determine the maximum multiplication rate, maximum nematode density, equilibrium density, relative susceptibility and population growth rate of M. incognita; these were used as proxy indicators of virulence and yield losses. The values of population dynamics and growth rate on the resistant tomato increased year by year and were higher when it was repeatedly cultivated in the same plot compared to when it was alternated with the susceptible cultivar and the level of resistance decreased from very to moderately resistant. The relationship between the nematode density at transplanting (P_i) and the relative yield of tomato fitted to the Seinhorst damage model for susceptible, but not resistant, cultivars. The tolerance limit and the relative minimum yield were 2–4 J2 per 250 cm³ of soil and 0.44–0.48, respectively. The tomato yield did not differ between cultivars at low P_i, but it did at higher P_i values, at which the resistant yielded 50% more than the susceptible. This study demonstrates the utility of population dynamics parameters for the early detection of selection for virulence in Meloidogyne spp., and that three consecutive years were not sufficient to select for a completely virulent population.     

Stimulation of respiratory pathways in tomato roots infested by Meloidogyne incognita

Respiration of tomato roots susceptible and resistant to Meloidogyne incognita was measured during infestation. No significant changes in respiratory rate occurred in susceptible tomato roots, during infestation by M. incognita. In resistant tomato roots, a pronounced increase of both cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-resistant oxidases, was observed during nematode attack. The time-course of the respiration during 12 days, after nematode inoculation, showed that resistant tomato roots responded with a rapid increase in cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-resistant respiration as invading nematodes progressed; no changes were observed in the susceptible tomato roots.Change in the rate of oxygen uptake paralleled an increase in nematode density in resistant tomato roots; oxygen uptake rose linearly to an infestation level of 50 juveniles for each seedling, above which value it declined. The physiological significance of the alternative respiratory pathway is discussed.     

Chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in greenhouses

The complete phase-out of methyl bromide from use in developed countries by 1 January 2005 will cause many problems in agricultural industries that are now heavily reliant on its use. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on tomato and cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Reduction of nematode juveniles in soil and roots to nil detection levels was observed in all plots following soil fumigation with methyl bromide. A significant reduction of nematode juveniles and root-galling index was observed in plots treated with metham-sodium, dazomet and 1,3-dichloropropene compared with the control and plots treated with non-fumigant nematicides. Reduction of the nematode population led to an increase in fruit yield. However, data collected from the second cultivation season indicated that single control methods such as fumigant or contact nematicides alone cannot drastically decrease initial nematode population and those nematodes which escape control lead to population increase by the end of the cropping season.