7个玉米合成群体选系的杂优类群分析

以7个玉米人工合成群体的21个新选自交系和西南地区常用的6个骨干玉米自交系以及代表我国玉米核心种质的S37、黄早四、丹598和478四个标准测验种为材料,利用SSR标记,进行了杂优类群划分,以21个新选系和6个常用骨干系按不完全双列杂交组配的126个杂交组合为材料,通过单株产量测定、杂种优势估算,分析了杂优模式。结果表明:31个自交系间遗传相似系数变幅为0.520～0.808,以相似系数0.655为阈值,可将31个自交系划分为5个大类群,其中第Ⅲ类群又可分为3个亚群;7个玉米人工合成群体的21个新选系有6个划入热带种质,2个划入Lancaster群,3个划入四平头群,1个划入Reid群,9个划入其他类群;在各类群组配中,热带种质群分别与Reid群、Lancaster群和旅大红骨群组配可产生较强的杂种优势;部份群体选系聚类出现交叉的原因可能是由于具有相同的遗传背景所致。     

山西省审定玉米品种亲本自交系的遗传多样性及杂优类群分析

利用SSR技术分析了山西省审定玉米品种亲本自交系的遗传多样性及杂优类群。40对引物在83个自交系中共检测出232个等位基因,每个SSR位点的等位基因数为3~12个,平均为5.8个;平均多态信息量0.69,变幅为0.43~0.88。共检测出67个稀有等位基因和21个特有等位基因。SSR聚类分析可将自交系划分为6个类群,确定山西省玉米审定品种的杂优模式有15种。研究表明,山西省玉米审定品种双亲自交系的遗传多样性丰富,很多自交系具有独特基因,它们可能具有一定的特异性。对自交系杂优类群的划分解决了当前育种中出现的自交系血缘不清问题,对山西省主要玉米品种杂优利用模式的分析可为山西省乃至全国的玉米育种提供科学依据。     

采用RAPD分子标记,表型和杂种优势聚类分析法对玉米自交系类群的划分

以１５个我国生产上常用的玉米自交系为试验材料,采用裂型性状、杂种优势和ＲＡＰＤ分子标记三种聚类分析方法对玉米自交系的组群划分进行了比较研究。结果表明,表型聚类因以麦型性状为依据,受环境影响较大,其聚类结果与实际系谱来源出入较大。与表型性状聚类相比,杂种优势聚类与已知系谱来源更接近。ＲＡＰＤ分子标记,具有标记性状数量较多,不受生长发育时期限制和环境影响,无功能性表型效应,无上位及多效作用等诸多优点,     

应用RAPD分子标记技术对我国骨干玉米自交系进行类群划分

利用ＲＡＰＤ标记技术,对我国目前２５个主要玉米自交系进行亲缘关系类群划分,本项研究建立了从玉米种子、幼芽以及叶片组织提取微量ＤＮＡ的方法。从ＲＡＰＤ引物试验Ａ至Ｏ共计３００个引物中,筛选出对玉米扩增产的具有多态性的引物４０个,其中具有特别明显多态民生的引物１０个。它们是Ｆ３、Ｏ２０、Ａ１９、Ｍ２、Ｍ６、Ｎ１１、Ｎ１９、Ｃ２和Ｇ１４等。依据１０个引物扩增谱带建立０,１型数据,计算２５个自交系间遗传距     

主要杂种优势群玉米矮花叶病抗性评价与比较分析

采用摩擦接种的方法对81份材料的玉米矮花叶病抗性进行了鉴定,从中筛选出了20份高抗材料,25份抗病材料。抗性鉴定结合杂种优势群的划分结果表明,大部分的抗病材料来自P群和唐四平头类群,而瑞德群、兰卡斯特类群和自330类群的大部分自交系均高感玉米矮花叶病,不同杂种优势类群间的抗性有极显著的差异,据此将中国主要的五大优势群自交系粗略地划分为三大抗性类型,一是高抗类型,仅包括P群的自交系;二是中抗类群,仅包括唐四平头群的自交系;三是感病类群,包括瑞德、兰卡斯特和自330三大类群的自交系,在此基础上对玉米矮花抗性杂优模式进行了探讨。     

玉米杂种优势类群和模式的研究 Ⅰ玉米国外血缘杂优类群数量性状的遗传分析

采用ＮＣⅡ交配设计，研究分析了我国具有国外血缘杂种优势群优良玉米自交系的基本遗传参数及其与国内血缘自交系之间的关系。结果表明，在这一优势群的优良自交系中，多数数量性状遗传变异较大，具有进一步改良提高的潜力。单株产量、行粒数、株高、穗行数的显性方差大于加性方差，其余性状的显性方差小于或等于加性方差；国内血缘自交系与之杂交，单株产量的一般配合力较高，说明二者的基因型间普遍存在着较大的遗传差异。因此，应根据＂国内系×国外系＂杂优利用的原则，在具有国外血缘杂种优势群中，通过回交、二环系法和轮回选择等途径，对自交系加以改良利用。并讨论了杂种优势类群和模式的建立。     

我国部分玉米自交系遗传关系和遗传结构解析

玉米自交系遗传关系和遗传结构的解析,对自交系类群划分和杂交组配具有重要的指导意义。本文选用玉米基因组的112个SSR标记对我国97个玉米自交系进行遗传关系和遗传结构分析,并评价了遗传距离聚类和模型聚类方法在玉米自交系遗传关系研究中的应用价值。结果表明,模型聚类方法更适于玉米自交系的遗传关系研究。解析自交系的遗传基础发现,各类群中均有大量自交系含有其他类群的遗传成分。根据模型聚类结果,97个自交系被划分为PB、Reid、塘四平头和旅大红骨4个类群。Reid群与旅大红骨群的遗传关系最近,与塘四平头群遗传关系最远。为了实现杂种优势模式的简化,4个类群可被简化为3大种质类群[A(旅大红骨群与Reid群)、B(PB群)、C(塘四平头群)],或2大种质类群[A(旅大红骨群、Reid群、PB群)、B(塘四平头群)]。研究结果为自交系的改良和利用及杂种优势模式确定提供了理论基础。     

RAPD标记对喀斯特高海拔山区地方玉米自交系遗传多样性研究

本文利用RAPD分子标记技术研究了适应我国喀斯特高海拔山区地方玉米种质的自交系的遗传多样性,从23条引物对我国喀斯特高海拔山区玉米种质的地方自交系对其进行杂种优势群划分.从90个随机引物中筛选出23个多态性好的引物扩增材料,产生出152条多态带,多态性位点比率为86.1%,通过UPGMA聚类分析,将我国喀斯特高海拔山区玉米地方自交系划分为 6个类群.     

利用SSR标记划分爆裂玉米杂种优势群的研究

利用113对SSR多态性引物研究了来源比较广泛的56个爆裂玉米自交系的遗传多样性，并初步进行了杂种优势群划分。结果表明：供试自交系问存在较丰富的SSR多态性；56个爆裂玉米自交系可划分为6个杂种优势群，其中Ⅰ，Ⅴ，Ⅵ类群以国内种质选系为主，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ类群主要为外引杂交种选系，第1类群又可分为3个亚群。该分群结果与杂交组合的组配效果相吻合，高优势组合的亲本均属于不同的优势类群(亚群)，而在类群(亚群)内未组配出优良组合。SSR标记可以用于研究爆裂玉米自交系的种质基础。     

利用TRAP标记分析玉米遗传多样性的研究

本研究利用24对TRAP引物对16个玉米自交系进行了遗传多样性分析,目的是探讨利用TRAP标记进行玉米种质资源遗传多样性分析和杂种优势群划分的价值及可行性.结果共扩增出475条具多态性的谱带,平均多态性信息量为0.9044,平均多态性比率为84.8%.通过聚类分析将16个自交系分为5个类群,其划分结果与系谱分析结果基本一致.表明TRAP标记是一种适合于玉米种质遗传多样性研究的分子标记.     

Heterosis,molecular diversity,combining ability and their interrelationships in short duration maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) across the environments

Five inbred lines, 10 single cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids and two standard cultivars as check were used to study the combining abilities and heterosis under three environmental conditions. Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) markers were used to study the genetic diversity (GD) and further to analyze relationship of RAPDs based GD with combining ability and heterosis in short duration maize. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and linear regressions were analyzed to identify the most important factor determining heterosis and per se performance of the hybrids. Variances due to general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and their interactions with environment were found to be significant. Twenty random primers generated 179 RAPD fragments. Of these, 102 RAPD fragments were polymorphic. GD was determined using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, and a dendogram was constructed by UPGMA cluster analysis. The RAPDs based GD exhibited non-significant negative or positive association, non-significant linear regression along with very low coefficient of determination (R ²) with SCA, high and mid parent heterosis (HP and MP) and per se performance of the hybrids. Significant positive correlations and regressions along with high coefficients of determination were recorded for SCA with HP, MP and per se performance of the hybrids. The HP and MP also established significant positive association and linear regression along with high coefficient of determination with per se performance of hybrids whereas the parental mean did not establish any significant correlations with the GD, HPH, MPH and grain yield of F₁s. The present investigation, therefore, did not find any role of RAPDs based GD in determining hybrid heterosis and hybrid performance in short duration sub-tropical maize. The SCA, however, has emerged as the most important factor in determination of heterosis as well as per se performance of the hybrids in short duration maize.     

Genetic distance and hybrid value in tropical maize under P stress and non stress conditions in acid soils

An emphasis in maize breeding for areas with acid soils is the development of varieties with tolerance to P-deficiency plus high yield potential in acidic as well as normal soils. This study was carried out to assess the (i) genetic diversity within a set of tropical inbred lines developed from acid soil-tolerant populations; (ii) F1 yield performance, mid-parent heterosis (MPH), high-parent heterosis (HPH), and specific combining ability (SCA) in a diallel set of crosses under P stress (low P) and non-stress (high P) conditions; and (iii) the effect of P stress on the relationship between genetic distance (GD) and hybrid performance. Using field evaluation and molecular marker studies, the results show that these germplasm from the South American maize breeding program of CIMMYT for improving tolerance to acid soils had only a moderate level of genetic diversity. The utility of GD as a predictor of hybrid value is best up to a certain threshold, as correlations with GD became inconsistent when the inbred parents were greatly divergent. There was no correlation between GD and F1 grain yield, MPH, HPH and SCA when the GD was >0.77. The high correlation of GD with F1 grain yield and with SCA in specific subsets of crosses having a narrower range of GD shows that GD can be put to practical use in predicting hybrid performance. The highest correlation between GD and SCA, seen in the subset of crosses between lines within a cluster, was reasonably stable even when the environment had a severe effect on yield.     

Heterotic groups based on yield-specific combining ability data and phylogenetic relationship determined by RAPD markers for 28 tropical maize open pollinated varieties

Twenty eight maize open pollinated varieties (OPVs) were crossed in a diallel scheme and the 378 F₁'s were evaluated in 10 environments in Brazil. Based on yield-specific combining ability data (SCA), these varieties were classified in four heterotic groups. The consistence of the proposed heterotic groups was confirmed comparing intra- and inter-group F₁ values and midparent heterosis. Superior OPVs combinations for use as a source of inbreds in hybrid breeding programs were determined. RAPD markers were used to genotype these varieties. A UPGMA dendogram, based on marker data from 50 primers and 178 polymorphic bands, was obtained. Phylogeny obtained with RAPD markers agreed with known pedigree data. Dent germplasm tended to group separately from flint germplasm. Multidimensional Scaling Analysis on marker data and morphological data showed a higher degree of genetic divergence among the dent germplasm than among the flint germplasm used in this study. Correlation between RAPD marker estimated genetic distance and SCA for yield was low and positive (r = 0.16^**). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Combining ability, heterotic patterns and genetic diversity of extra-early yellow inbreds under contrasting environments

Information on the combining ability, heterotic patterns and genetic diversity of maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds is crucial for the success of a hybrid program targeting the stress environments of West Africa (WA). Studies were conducted in 2011 at four locations in Nigeria to (i) determine the combining ability of 20 extra-early yellow inbred lines, (ii) classify the inbred lines into heterotic groups, and (iii) determine the genetic diversity among the lines. General combining ability (GCA) effects were greater than specific combining ability (SCA) effects across test environments suggesting that additive gene action was more important than the nonadditive in the set of inbred lines. The lines were classified into four heterotic groups based on SCA effects, and three groups based on heterotic groups’ specific and GCA, the GCA effects of multiple traits of inbred lines and molecular markers. TZEEI 79, TZEEI 67, and TZEEI 81 were the best inbred testers while TZEEI 95 × TZEEI 79 was the best single-cross tester. TZEEI 88 × TZEEI 66 and TZEEI 96 × TZEEI 73 were identified as ideal hybrids for further testing, promotion for adoption and commercialization in WA.     

Heterotic orientation of tropical maize inbred lines towards populations ZM523 and Suwan-1 under downy mildew infestation

Development of top cross varieties with downy mildew (DM) resistance is one approach to enhance maize productivity in tropical lowland environments. The objective of this study was to determine heterotic orientation of 18 advanced maize inbred lines towards popular open pollinated synthetic populations ZM523 and Suwan-1 under the prevalence of DM. The 36 top crosses, four hybrid check varieties and two testers, ZM523 (Z) and Suwan-1 (S) were evaluated in a 6 × 7 α-lattice design with two replications across three environments. General combining ability effects were significant (P ≤ 0.05) for DM resistance and grain yield, suggesting that genes with additive effects were important in controlling the traits. Specific combining ability (SCA) effects were not significant for DM suggesting small influence of DM resistance by the genes with non-additive effects; but SCA effects were significant for grain yield, indicating that non-additive gene effects played a significant role in governing the grain yield. Based on the SCA data, ten lines were grouped with Suwan-1 and eight lines with ZM523. Using the heterosis data, the lines were fitted into three groups that were designated as S, Z and SZ orientation. The lines ML2, ML30 and ML42, which displayed positive heterosis with both testers for grain yield, were allocated to the SZ-group. The lines ML8, ML10, ML25, ML45, and ML48 exhibited positive heterosis with Suwan-1 and were therefore, classified in the Z-group, and line ML19 that showed positive heterosis with ZM523 was fitted in the S-group. The remaining eight lines did not show any significant and positive heterosis with both testers hence they could not be classified based on heterosis data, suggesting that hybrid breeding efficiency could be improved by expanding the number of testers. Line ML42 displayed the highest level of heterosis with both Suwan-1 (32 %) and ZM523 (29 %) and outperformed all the standard check varieties qualifying it as a potential candidate for further testing. Generally, there was consistency of heterotic grouping of the lines using SCA and heterosis data.     

Combining ability and heterotic patterns of extra-early maturing white maize inbreds with genes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea diploperennis</Emphasis> under multiple environments

Low soil nitrogen (Low N), Striga hermonthica and recurrent drought are major constraints to maize production and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Only a few extra-early maturing hybrids with combined tolerance to drought, Striga and low N have been commercialized in SSA. The objectives of the study were to determine the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects of grain yield and other traits, classify the inbreds into heterotic groups using the SCA effects of grain yield, and the heterotic group’s SCA and GCA of grain yield (HSGCA) methods, and examine the performance of hybrids under contrasting environments. Sixty-three extra-early white maize inbred lines containing genes from Zea diploperennis were crossed to four elite testers to obtain 252 single-cross hybrids and evaluated together with four checks at four locations for 2 years under drought, Striga-infested, low N and optimal environments in Nigeria. The GCA and SCA effects were significant (P ≤ 0.01) with preponderance of GCA over SCA effects for all measured traits indicating that additive genetic effects were predominant in the lines under all the contrasting environments. The HSGCA was more efficient than the SCA method in the classification of the inbreds into heterotic groups. The hybrids TZdEEI 74 × TZEEI 13 and TZdEEI 74 × TZEEI 29 were high yielding and most stable across research environments. These hybrids should be further evaluated in on-farm trials to confirm the consistency of performance for commercialization in SSA.     

Combining ability,heterosis and genetic diversity in tropical maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) under stress and non-stress conditions

Drought and low soil fertility are considered the most important abiotic stresses limiting maize production in sub-Saharan Africa. Knowledge of the combining ability and diversity of inbred lines with tolerance to the two stresses and for those used as testers would be beneficial in setting breeding strategies for stress and nonstress environments. We used 15 tropical maize inbred lines to (i) evaluate the combining ability for grain yield (GY), (ii) assess the genetic diversity of this set of inbred lines using RFLP, SSR, and AFLP markers, (iii) estimate heterosis and assess the relationship between F₁ hybrid performance, genetic diversity and heterosis, and (iv) assess genotype × environment interaction of inbred lines and their hybrids. The F₁ diallel hybrids and parental inbreds were evaluated under drought stress, low N stress, and well-watered conditions at six locations in three countries. General combining ability (GCA) effects were highly significant (P < 0.01) for GY across stresses and well-watered environments. Inbred lines CML258, CML339, CML341, and CML343 had the best GCA effects for GY across environments. Additive genetic effects were more important for GY under drought stress and well-watered conditions but not under low N stress, suggesting different gene action in control of GY. Clustering based on genetic distance (GD) calculated using combined marker data grouped lines according to pedigree. Positive correlation was found between midparent heterosis (MPH) and specific combining ability (SCA), GD and GY. Hybrid breeding program targeting stress environments would benefit from the accumulation of favorable alleles for drought tolerance in both parental lines.     

利用DNA指纹技术进行玉米自交系类群划分新方法——遗传背景分析法

对52个待测玉米自交系和15个对照自交系进行DNA指纹分析，计算待测玉米自交系与各类群对照自交系之间的遗传距离，不用聚类分析方法，直接根据遗传距离进行类群划分，结果表明，与传统的聚类分析方法相比，遗传背景分析方法是十分有效的玉米自交系类群划分新方法，将52个玉米自交系主要分为5大类群，即瑞德群，黄改群，P群，旅大红骨群和兰卡斯特群，未发现新的优势类群，除了自交系黄C以外，其他所有玉米自交系的类群划分结果与系谱来源相吻合，并指出黄C属于瑞德群。     

Heterotic affinity and combining ability of exotic maize inbred lines for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation

Aflatoxin accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) kernels is a serious economic and health problem that reduces grain quality and nutritional values and causes death to livestock and humans. Understanding the genetic parameters and heterotic responses of exotic maize inbred lines can facilitate their use for developing aflatoxin resistant parents of hybrids in Africa. This study was designed to (1) determine the heterotic affinities of aflatoxin resistant exotic lines, (2) identify exotic inbreds with good combining ability, and (3) determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to aflatoxin contamination in these lines. A line?×?tester mating design was used to determine combining ability of 12 yellow and 13 white inbreds and classify them into heterotic groups. The inbreds were crossed to two adapted testers representing two African heterotic groups and the resulting testcrosses along with hybrid checks were evaluated in separate trials at two locations for 2 years in Nigeria. General combining ability (GCA) effects were more important than specific combining ability effects for aflatoxin and grain yield. Among 15 exotic inbred lines having negative GCA effects for aflatoxin and 13 with positive GCA effects for grain yield, six combined the two desired traits. Five white and six yellow endosperm testcrosses were found to be good specific combiners for the two desired traits. The exotic lines with negative GCA effects for aflatoxin accumulation will be used as donor parents to develop backcross populations for generating new inbred lines with much higher levels of resistance to aflatoxin accumulation.     

不同来源玉米自交系及杂交组合杂交当代子粒性状的差异分析

玉米杂种优势的研究对于提高玉米产量和品质有重要意义。对2013年海南三亚种植收获的89份温带自交系、59份热带/亚热带自交系和由这148份自交系随机组配的179份杂交组合进行当代子粒性状的测定。分析了温带玉米与热带/亚热带玉米自交系子粒性状的多样性与差异性,同时依据亲本来源的不同,探索了不同组合的杂交当代子粒性状的差异性。结果表明：温带来源的玉米自交系粒长和百粒重比热带/亚热带材料的粒长和百粒重显著偏长偏重;不同来源的自交系组配的杂交当代F₁,母本来源于温带的杂交当代F₁粒长显著长于母本来源于热带/亚热带材料;杂种优势分析结果说明,杂交当代F₁在粒厚和百粒重性状上表现的相对高亲和相对中亲优势强于粒长和粒宽。