西藏沙化动态及其原因

西藏自治区是我国沙化最严重的地区之一.2004年调查结果表明,西藏沙化面积为216 842.7 km2,其中重度以上的沙化面积占总沙化面积的91.53%;沙化类型以戈壁占绝对优势;草地、未利用地是主要的沙化土地利用类型.全区沙化总体上呈恶化趋势,沙化土地面积增加,沙化程度加剧,但拉萨、山南等地沙化土地有所减少.西藏土地沙化变化是受自然因素与人为因素共同作用的结果.     

当阳市土地沙化现状及治理建议

根据湖北省2014年第五次土地沙化监测的结果,对当阳市沙化土地分布、沙化类型、沙化程度、沙化土地利用现状、变化趋势等进行了分析,结果表明:当阳市土地沙化类型以沙化耕地为主,沙化程度以轻度和中度为主,土地沙化处于初始阶段,但沙化趋势严峻.提出了以农艺措施为主,辅以生物措施和工程措施进行沙化土地综合治理的建议.     

土地沙化遥感信息提取技术研究进展

对土地沙化遥感信息提取技术做了总结归纳, 主要包括传统的沙化信息提取技术和基于新算法的沙化信息提取技术。其中, 传统的沙化信息提取技术包括监督与非监督分类法及目视解译法; 基于新算法的沙化信息提取技术包括神经网络法、决策树法、纹理特征提取法、混合像元分解法、植被指数法和多源信息复合法。最后分析了目前土地沙化信息提取技术中存在的问题及发展前景。     

湖南省沙化土地分布及动态变化分析

为摸清湖南省沙化土地的成因、状况、程度、危害和发展动态,本文采用GPS、RS、GIS等技术调查分析了湖南省2014年的沙化土地现状和治理情况,并与2009年调查结果相比对,分析了监测间隔期内沙化土地的动态变化情况及演变趋势。结果显示:湖南省沙化土地总面积58 716.32 hm~2,沙化类型以固定沙地为主,利用类型以草地和林地为主。通过有效治理,五年来沙化土地面积减少59.88 hm~2,固定沙地、中度沙化土地面积增加,半固定沙地、流动沙地以及重度、极重度沙化土地面积均大幅度减少。局部地区沙化土地面积仍在扩展,防沙治沙工作还须继续加强。     

我国沙化土地现状及动态变化研究

依据1994—2014全国沙漠化和沙化监测数据,归纳总结近20年来我国沙化土地现状及动态变化情况,结果表明:1)我国沙化土地面积总体呈下降趋势,从1994年172.89万km~2减少到2014年172.12万km~2;2)沙化土地主要分布于新疆、内蒙古、西藏、青海和甘肃等5个典型省(自治区);3)沙化类型以戈壁、流动沙地、固定沙地为主;4)沙化程度由极重度沙化逐渐向重度、中度沙化发展,中度沙化向轻度沙化发展。同时,分析了我国沙化土地动态变化成因,并提出了针对性的治理对策。     

浅谈鄂尔多斯市鄂托克旗遥感TM影像在荒漠化及沙化土地监测中的运用

卫星遥感TM成像技术近几年在资源监测、灾害预报、城市规划等多方面多领域得到了全面的普及和利用。为了全面掌握我国荒漠化和沙化土地的现状及动态变化趋势,为国家制定防治荒漠化和沙化宏观决策提供科学依据,国家林业局组织全国各省区完成了三次荒漠化和沙化土地的监测工作。监测中广泛运用‘3S’技术,初步建立起较为完善的全国荒漠化和沙化土地地理信息系统。     

沙化土地遥感监测研究现状

沙化土地遥感监测是采集沙化土地现状及其动态变化的重要技术手段,能够为国家防沙治沙提供重要的科学依据.本文从遥感信息源、光谱特征分析、沙化因子提取、沙化土地分类和动态变化分析等方面总结国内外的研究现状.在此基础上探讨存在的问题及发展方向.     

云南省荒漠化和沙化宏观监测体系探讨

分析云南省荒漠化和沙化土地现状与存在的主要问题以及建立荒漠化和沙化宏观监测体系的必要性和可行性,提出宏观监测体系的指导思想和技术路线。对遥感调查的数据处理、图斑区划、现地调查核实、荒漠化和沙化土地分布图编制、成果提交等技术环节内容进行阐述。     

广东省沙化土地分布及其治理对策探究

阐述广东省沙化土地分布特点。从治理的技术可治性以及治理经验、建设基础、经济条件、社会认识程度、自然条件等治理条件对沙化土地的可治性进行分析。藉此,分流动沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地、沙化耕地等不同沙化土地类型提出相应的治理措施,并建立沙化土地监测体系进行治理效果、效益等的监测。     

西藏自治区2014—2019年沙化土地动态变化及演变特征

为提升西藏沙化调查成果共享应用水平,通过深度挖掘和分析沙化调查数据,掌握西藏沙化土地动态变化及其演变状况,剖析其主要变化原因,为青藏高原一体化生态保护与修复提供技术支撑。研究表明:西藏沙化土地面积持续减少、程度减轻、生态状况稳定向好,主要得益于近60年来全区暖湿化气候条件,以及“一江两河”流域防沙治沙工程持续推进;但西藏沙化土地仍不稳定,局部仍在扩展,且全区沙化土地面积大、程度重;同时提出了科学推进防沙治沙工作的总体方略。     

商南县香菇产业发展现状及对策

通过对商南县香菇产业的长期调查,采取对比分析等方法,界定了商南香菇处于全国香菇生产大县的优势地位,指出了香菇生产存在资源供需矛盾突出、科技含量低、生产管理粗放等突出问题,提出了政府应加强宏观引导服务、加大科技投入、推行标准化生产、建立电子商务销售体系、健全资源可持续供应机制等产业化发展对策,为实现香菇产业持续健康发展提供有益借鉴。     

Decision Support for Active Risk Management in Sustainable Forestry

Abstract

Active risk management is central to the implementation of sustainable forestry, yet a fairly unexplored field of research. This study attempts to present some components of an analytical framework for risk management centred on the decision situation. Within this framework, a systems analysis approach to providing decision support for risk management is presented with an example dealing with outcome risk. The approach covers identification of risk factors for which decision support could be useful for the problem holders, presentation of how one such risk factor, wind damage, can be characterised in terms of a computer model, and how this computer model can be used for providing decision support. In addition to outcome risk, there is risk due to knowledge uncertainty and uncertainty related to valuation. The implications of these uncertainties for active risk management are discussed. Furthermore, communicative criteria for making the decision support useful are discussed. Since the work on the concept is still under way, this is too early to evaluate. So far, however, our results have been met with interest not only from representatives of forestry but also from mass media.     

钢丝绳切断机主要零部件的优化设计

根据森工、煤矿等行业使用钢丝绳量大的要求,对钢丝绳切断机进行了设计,并给出了钢丝切断机的主要零部件,即刀床支座、刀床、刀片及刀片支杆的具体优化设计方法和计算过程。     

红河县棕榈产业发展对策

棕榈是云南省特色经济林树种和红河县林业产业发展的重要树种之一．介绍了棕榈的品性特征、分布及用途;对红河县在发展棕榈产业中具有的生产种植经营经验丰富,良好的政策扶持,优越的自然条件,土地资源、人力资源丰富,经济效益高等优势条件以及存在的短期内衣民获利不大,综合加工利用不够,产业链不够成熟,市场竞争力处于弱势等问题进行逐一分析．提出棕榈产业发展对策．     

Estimating rates of substitution for protecting values at risk for initial attack planning and budgeting

With changes in land management planning and a new federal fire policy, increased emphasis has been placed on protecting a broader set of resource values such as those associated with sensitive species habitat or cultural resources. Fire managers have long needed a system for assessing values at risk across the landscape that can be implemented in accordance with the budgeting and appropriation process and that can be updated annually or every several years. A viable system has to be operational at a reasonable cost and it must support strategic planning and budgeting. Currently available valuation methods, in their entirety, can be costly and time consuming making them problematic for these purposes. Consequently, managers have become accustomed to assessing values at risk without the direct support of structured economic analysis. This paper discusses an approach (Marginal Attribute Rate of Substitution) to assessing values at risk for initial attack planning and budgeting. MARS is an attribute based method for estimating rates of substitution among fire protection attributes in a spatial context. It consists of and builds upon specific elements from well known and peer-reviewed valuation methods for resource valuation. As such, MARS relies upon stated preference, expert opinion, the hedonic price equation and other familiar procedures. The paper concludes with an empirical example of the application of MARS to a forested area in California. As the first construction of this approach it has the potential for further modification and refinement for those that may find it of interest.     

Actors’ Potential for Change in Slovenian Forest Owner Associations

Additional wood production and marketing from private forests is gaining importance in Slovenia. Local initiatives can support this, but actors hold varying potential for change towards more wood mobilization through such initiatives. This paper identifies the actors, their role, preferences and perceptions, analyzing 25 private forest initiative networks (Forest Owner Associations, FOAs). Results found that the Slovenian Forest Service, the Agricultural and Forestry Chamber and the National Forest Owner Association tend to hold the most influential positions in these networks. The main priorities of FOAs are policy advocacy and education rather than wood mobilization. Perceptions of ideal facilitators and instruments to promote wood mobilization through FOAs vary across actors. This paper also investigates, if and to what extent these networks and their actors could contribute to wood mobilization. The paper identifies that FOA networks generally lack the capacity to transfer information and resources, due to a lack of institutionalized structures. Although some actors hold strong capacities, the FOAs lack support from the network and are currently unlikely to improve wood mobilizations alone. We suggest some strategies for improvements for the development of FOA/cooperative guidelines in Slovenia, such as on how organizational and network factors could be improved to meet wood mobilization needs.     

漳浦县花卉发展现状与对策

针对漳浦县花卉业的现状及存在问题,提出加大科技投入、扶持龙头企业、开拓市场等7条措施与对策。     

浙江省野生动物人工驯养繁育现状与发展对策

浙江省现有野生动物人工繁育企业约1500家,分布在11个市89个县(市、区),年产值约50亿元;经营类型主要可分为食药用性、皮毛用、观赏性与实验性。本文分析了发展形势及发展问题,当前野生动物人工繁育主要存在企业规模小,抗风险能力弱,野生动物种群退化,缺乏科技支撑和技术培训,标准化人工繁育体系不完善,以及人工繁育法律制度不健全等问题。基于存在的这些问题提出了完善野生动物保护法律制度,促进野生动物产业可持续经营,推广科学驯养繁育及产品深加工技术,以及探索野生动物多元化经营模式等对策,旨在为浙江野生动物人工繁育产业管理、规划和政策制定提供科学依据。     

Agroforestry opportunities for the United States of America

Agriculture in the United States makes intensive use of large portions, of the nation's arable landscape. This landscape is dominated by large fields of annual crops with few perennial buffering communities within them. Agroforestry systems such as riparian buffers, alleycropping, windbreaks, tree/pasture systems, and forest farming provide buffering opportunities within these landscapes. Riparian buffers and alleycropping systems provide two unique opportunities toward sustainable production by reducing nonpoint source pollution while increasing ecological diversity. The major impediment to agroforestry in the United States is a lack of identity. Agroforestry as a practice is not officially recognized by federal and most state agencies and thus does not qualify for cost-share support or funding for research and establishment of demonstrations. A recent white paper, prepared by representatives from government agencies, academic institutions, and nongovernment organizations, identified eight major actions that could provide the support, for making agroforestry an acceptable alternative to nonsustainable agriculture. Ames, Iowa. Project No. 3209.Journal paper no. J-16071 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiement Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 3209.     

木本粮油科技支持政策效果评价

文中从良种繁育、机械设备、管理技术3个方面梳理木本粮油科技支持政策的主要内容,采用木本粮油主产地区农户调查数据和林业统计年鉴数据分析木本粮油科技支持政策实施效果,得出如下结论:木本粮油科技支持政策促进了木本粮油良种研发与推广,推进了研发机构和生产示范基地建设,有利于木本粮油经济林提质增效;同时,存在专业机械的开发与使用不足以及木本粮油科技推广效果不够显著等问题。在此基础上,提出了如下建议:持续推进种质资源体系建设,进一步发挥研发机构和生产示范基地优势,加大科技支持政策扶持力度,加强木本粮油专用机械的开发与利用,优化技术培训方式。