华北平原小麦-玉米两熟作物区土壤培肥途径研究

研究了华北平原冬小麦、夏玉米轮作制度下不同施肥方式对土壤培肥的作用,进行了不同的秸秆、有机肥和无机化学肥料之间平衡配施的田间试验,结果表明,平衡施肥同时施用秸秆或有机肥后当年能显著增加土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量.在较高肥力地块中"化肥平衡施肥+秸秆还田"的处理,土壤有机质比"不施肥、不还田"的对照增最多,增加1.9g kg-1,增加率达8.9%;"平衡施肥+秸秆+快速腐解菌"的处理,土壤苎苎钾含量最高,为202.50g kg-1,比对照增28.6%;在较低肥力地块中以"化肥平衡施肥+有机肥"土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾增量最多.分别增加1.5g kg-1、6.9mg kg-1和32.5 mg kg-1,增加率分别达11.7%、39.8%和36.1%.     

不同培肥措施对新垦耕地红壤肥力和作物产量的影响

在浙江省余杭区瓶窑镇选择2012～2013年开垦建成的红壤农田,设置对照、冬绿肥+秸秆还田、商品有机肥+冬绿肥+秸秆还田和食用菌废渣+冬绿肥+秸秆还田等4种培肥处理,在玉米-番薯旱粮种植模式下,连续进行3年定位试验,探讨了不同培肥措施对新垦耕地红壤肥力和作物产量的影响。田间试验结果表明,对新垦耕地红壤综合培肥效果最好的为冬绿肥+秸秆还田+商品有机肥处理,其土壤有机质、有效磷、全氮及速效钾含量分别比对照增加90.7%、71.1%、71.0%和28.6%,旱粮产量增加22.6%;其次为冬绿肥+秸秆还田+食用菌废渣处理,其土壤容重比对照处理下降了6.7%,土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别比对照增加88.4%、40.3%、39.1%和18.3%,旱粮产量增加21.6%;单纯采用种植冬绿肥和秸秆还田措施对新垦耕地红壤培肥的效果不明显。试验结果也表明,在不施石灰的情况下,以施用有机物质为主的培肥措施可能会导致土壤酸化。据此认为,由于新垦红壤基础地力较差,应采用多种途径增加有机肥料的投入,如在种植冬绿肥和秸秆还田的基础上适当施用养分含量较高的有机肥料可获得更好的作物增产、地力提升效果。     

不同耕作与施肥方式下白土水稻产量及养分吸收量

通过定位试验,研究白土上不同耕作措施及有机肥施用对水稻产量、 养分吸收量及土壤理化性状的影响。试验设置2个翻耕深度（10 cm和20 cm）与4种施肥模式（单施化肥、 化肥+畜禽粪、 化肥+秸秆、 化肥+绿肥）。结果表明,单施化肥时,翻耕20 cm处理两年的平均产量较翻耕10 cm处理减产7.6%; 而在翻耕20 cm的基础上,秸秆还田或施用畜禽粪、 绿肥则可以显著提高水稻产量,较单施化肥分别增产14.8%、 16.1% 和14.6%。水稻养分吸收量也表现出相同规律,在翻耕20 cm后补充有机肥能显著增加植株对氮、 磷、 钾的吸收。同时,翻耕 20 cm结合秸秆还田或施用畜禽粪、 绿肥处理的土壤有机质、 全氮、 碱解氮、 速效磷和速效钾含量均高于单施化肥处理。在白土稻田上,翻耕20 cm后增施有机肥有利于提高水稻产量,促进养分吸收,改善白土耕层土壤理化性状,是适合白土区大力推广的施肥模式。     

施肥模式对茶叶产量、营养累积及土壤肥力的影响

施肥是提高茶叶产量、品质、土壤质量及促进茶园可持续利用最重要的农业措施之一。为了筛选出合理的茶树施肥模式,采用连续4周年的田间定位试验方法,研究了6种不同施肥模式(不施肥、茶树配方化肥、1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥、有机肥、茶树配方化肥+豆科绿肥、1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥)对茶叶产量,茶叶中氮、磷、钾、茶多酚和水浸出物的累积量及茶园土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明:与对照(不施肥)模式相比,其他几种不同施肥模式均在一定程度上增加了茶叶产量,促进了茶叶营养物质的累积,并提高了茶园土壤的基本肥力状况;其中,1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥的试验效果最佳,其3年茶叶总产量最高,为5 929 kg.hm?2,比对照提高106.17%;茶叶氮、磷和钾累积量最高,分别为4.962 kg.hm?2、0.48 kg.hm?2和5.966 kg.hm?2,比对照分别提高88.6%、57.41%和98.87%;茶叶茶多酚和水浸出物累积量最高,分别为23.39 kg.hm?2和119.41 kg.hm?2,比对照分别提高73.29%和85.56%;并比对照分别提高茶园土壤有机质1.29倍、全氮1.7倍、全磷2.98倍、速效氮1.59倍、速效磷34.3倍和速效钾3.3倍。1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥施肥模式值得在茶园施肥上进一步推广应用。     

我国南方秸秆还田的培肥增产效应

分别在安徽、湖南、湖北、广西和江苏布置定位试验2年,研究秸秆还田对水稻土的培肥增产效应。结果表明,相比对照(常规施肥,无秸秆还田),秸秆还田(常规施肥+秸秆腐熟剂+秸秆还田)2年来,各试验区域土壤结构疏松,肥力提高,产量增加。总体表现为:土壤容重平均下降2.69%;有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾和缓效钾分别平均增加6.20%、4.45%、3.68%、6.21%、3.48%、8.42%和4.20%;pH值变化不明显;作物平均增产7.5%(2.2%～18.5%),增幅为水稻(7.2%)<油菜(8.1%)<小麦(11.9%),增产效应均为第1年最明显,且随秸秆还田年限的延续而减缓。在我国应更大面积推广秸秆还田。     

福建三明烟区土壤肥力状况的研究

通过对三明烟区具有代表性的316个土壤样品的分析测定,结果表明:该烟区土壤pH平均为5.0;土壤养分的平均含量为:有机质27.0gkg-1、全氮1.4gkg-1、碱解氮142mgkg-1、全磷0.5gkg-1、速效磷24mgkg-1、全钾19.2gkg-1、缓效钾250mgkg-1、速效钾109mgkg-1、交换性钙726mgkg-1、交换性镁30mgkg-1、有效硫22mgkg-1、有效铁23.8mgkg-1、有效锰9.9mgkg-1、有效铜2.7mgkg-1、有效锌2.0mgkg-1、有效硼0.2mgkg-1、水溶性氯15.0mgkg-1。三明烟区土壤有机质含量普遍较高,pH偏低,全氮、碱解氮水平中等,适宜烤烟生长;部分土壤有效磷含量较高,应合理适量施用磷肥;速效钾普遍缺乏,应重视钾肥施用;土壤镁、硼营养明显不足,应增加镁,硼营养,在施用石灰调节土壤酸度的同时应避免影响烤烟对镁,硼的吸收;慎重施用氯肥。     

长期减量化施肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

为探讨减量化施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响,对巢湖流域连续10年减量化施肥和秸秆还田定位试验后的水稻产量、土壤有机质、有效氮磷钾、有效铜锌铁锰含量及土壤酶活性进行了测定和分析。结果表明:长期减氮30%或减磷50%处理对水稻产量无明显降低作用,减量+秸秆还田有增产作用,但增产不显著;减氮30%或减磷50%会降低土壤中有机质含量,增加土壤中速效钾、碱解氮含量,减磷50%土壤中的有效磷含量显著降低,减量+秸秆还田会增加土壤中的有机质、速效钾、碱解氮、有效铜锌铁锰含量,对有效磷的增加效果不显著;较不施肥相比,施肥能够明显提高土壤的酶活性,减少氮磷肥会一定程度地降低土壤中的酶活性,减量+秸秆还田对脲酶的增加效果不明显,但会显著增加土壤中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性;土壤酶活性与水稻产量及土壤养分含量之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系。综合考虑减量化施肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响,可提出在巢湖流域实施减量化施肥+秸秆还田处理来代替高产施肥。     

西湖平原区连续13年定位施肥对麦、稻产量及土壤肥力的影响

以浙江省水网平原水稻主产区土壤为对象,通过定位试验,研究了连续13年的不同施肥处理对麦稻产量、土壤养分状况和物理性状的影响。结果表明,化肥配施有机肥可显著提高麦、稻产量; 不同施肥处理的长期定位试验土壤有机质含量和全氮均呈上升趋势,增幅依次为: 栏肥+NPK秸秆+NPKNPK秸秆栏肥CK处理; 土壤碱解氮和速效磷也呈增加趋势,以栏肥+NPK处理的增幅最为明显。土壤物理性状的分析表明,长期施肥均能明显增加土壤水稳性团粒含量和土壤孔隙度。经土壤养分平衡分析,栏肥+NPK、秸秆+NPK和NPK处理的氮和磷呈现盈余,秸秆和CK处理氮和磷亏缺; 栏肥+NPK和秸秆+NPK处理钾基本平衡,NPK、秸秆、栏肥和CK处理钾严重亏缺。长期定位试验进一步证明有机肥与氮、磷、钾化肥长期配合施用可实现当地农作物持续稳产,农田施肥管理要注意适当减少氮、磷投入,增加钾肥施用量,保持农田土壤养分平衡。     

秸秆还田配施缓控释肥对土壤养分和作物产量的影响

研究基于一个长期定位的裂区试验,其中两个主区为秸秆还田区和秸秆不还田区,每个主区设7个处理,分别为施用180、375和600 kg ha-1控释肥和相应的化肥以及对照,以冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象,主要研究秸秆还田和控释肥对土壤养分变化以及作物产量的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆还田可以提高土壤有机质和全氮含量,其中有机质含量比不还田区增加了10.65%、全氮含量增加了18.68%;土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别由不还田区的9.17 mg kg~(-1),152.29 mg kg~(-1)提高到秸秆还田区的10.83 mg kg~(-1)和253.66 mg kg~(-1);施用控释肥处理的有机质含量都高于施用化肥的处理;施用控释肥对土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量影响不大。从2009年到2016年,秸秆还田配合施用控释肥的各处理小麦产量高于秸秆还田配施化肥的处理,也高于秸秆不还田的控释肥处理和化肥处理,增加幅度为1.61%~23.59%。秸秆还田配施控释肥的各处理较化肥处理的玉米产量高,也较秸秆不还田下控释肥处理和不还田配施化肥处理高,增加幅度为2.22%~15.06%。秸秆还田配施180 kg ha~(-1)缓控释肥的小麦和玉米多年平均产量为最高。     

长期不同肥料运筹对丘陵地区低产耕地土壤肥力与稻麦产量的影响

科学施肥是提高土壤肥力和增加作物产量的主要途径。研究长期不同肥料运筹对丘陵地区低产田土壤肥力及稻麦产量的影响,旨在为江苏丘陵地区复垦土壤建立高效培肥模式提供科学依据。试验于2012～2020年在江苏省仪征市开展,研究了6种不同肥料运筹方式对耕地土壤pH值、土壤容重、土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量和稻麦产量的影响。结果表明,与不施肥处理相比,其他施肥处理均能改善土壤性状,提高作物产量。其中,平衡施肥配施秸秆还田和腐熟剂处理对土壤pH值和土壤容重影响最大,处理后土壤pH值由6.2提高至6.4,土壤容重由1.39 g/cm3降低至1.34 g/cm3。与不施肥相比,其他处理土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量分别显著增加了61.5%～176.9%、73.0%～262.2%、67.6%～103.3%;小麦和水稻平均产量分别增加了18.8%～111.9%和29.2%～137.6%。不同肥料运筹中,平衡施肥配施有机肥处理的土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量及作物产量最高,其次是平衡施肥配施秸秆还田加腐熟剂处理。综上所述,在江苏省丘陵地区,平衡施肥配有机肥处理效果最佳,能够有效改善丘陵地区的土壤性状,提升土壤肥力,增加稻麦产量。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Changes in proteolytic bacteria in paddy soils in response to organic management

Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?10⁸ to 8.02?×?10⁸?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.

Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis