施肥模式对茶叶产量、营养累积及土壤肥力的影响

施肥是提高茶叶产量、品质、土壤质量及促进茶园可持续利用最重要的农业措施之一。为了筛选出合理的茶树施肥模式,采用连续4周年的田间定位试验方法,研究了6种不同施肥模式(不施肥、茶树配方化肥、1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥、有机肥、茶树配方化肥+豆科绿肥、1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥)对茶叶产量,茶叶中氮、磷、钾、茶多酚和水浸出物的累积量及茶园土壤肥力状况的影响。结果表明:与对照(不施肥)模式相比,其他几种不同施肥模式均在一定程度上增加了茶叶产量,促进了茶叶营养物质的累积,并提高了茶园土壤的基本肥力状况;其中,1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥的试验效果最佳,其3年茶叶总产量最高,为5 929 kg.hm?2,比对照提高106.17%;茶叶氮、磷和钾累积量最高,分别为4.962 kg.hm?2、0.48 kg.hm?2和5.966 kg.hm?2,比对照分别提高88.6%、57.41%和98.87%;茶叶茶多酚和水浸出物累积量最高,分别为23.39 kg.hm?2和119.41 kg.hm?2,比对照分别提高73.29%和85.56%;并比对照分别提高茶园土壤有机质1.29倍、全氮1.7倍、全磷2.98倍、速效氮1.59倍、速效磷34.3倍和速效钾3.3倍。1/2茶树配方化肥+1/2有机肥+豆科绿肥施肥模式值得在茶园施肥上进一步推广应用。

Effect of fertilization regime on tea yield, nutrient accumulation and soil fertility

Fertilization is an important agricultural measure that improves not only tea yield and quality, but also soil quality; all of which sustain tea garden utility. A 4-year field orientation experiment was conducted with 6 fertilization regimes to study the effects of fertilization regime on tea yield, nutrient accumulation and soil fertility. The fertilization regimes included none-fertilization, tea formula fertilizer, half tea formula fertilizer and half organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer, full tea formula fertilizer and legume green manure and half tea formula fertilizer plus half organic fertilizer with legume green manure. The tested nutrients included nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, polyphenols and water extracts. The study was designed to facilitate the selection of reasonable tea fertilization models. Results showed that the fertilization regimes produced higher yields, accumulated nutrients and soil fertility than none-fertilization regime. Moreover, the regime of half tea formula fertilizer plus half organic fertilizer with legume green manure regime had the highest output of 5 929 kg·hm^-2. Compared with the none-fertilization, it increased tea yield by 106.17%. Its accumulated nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were 4.962 kg·hm^-2, 0.48 kg·hm^-2 and 5.966 kg·hm^-2, increased by 88.6%, 57.41% and 98.87% over the none-fertilization regime respectively. The polyphenols and water extracts contents were 23.39 kg·hm^-2 and 119.41 kg·hm^-2, increased by 73.29% and 85.56%, respectively, compared with the none-fertilization regime. It also improved tea garden soil organic matter by 1.29 times, total nitrogen by 1.7 times, total phosphorus by 2.98 times, available nitrogen by 1.59 times, available phosphorus by 34.3 times and available potassium by 3.3 times. It was therefore beneficial to adopt the fertilization regime of half tea formula fertilizer plus half organic fertilizer with legume green manure regime in tea production.