阿什河流域氮磷输出负荷及其与下垫面特征的关系研究

阿什河是松花江一级支流中污染最为严重的河流之一,农业非点源污染所带来的环境问题堪忧。以位于哈尔滨阿城区的阿什河流域为研究区,应用SWAT模型对阿什河流域总氮总磷进行模拟,分析研究区不同土地利用、土壤类型和坡度条件下营养物输出负荷规律。结果表明,不同土地利用总氮输出负荷最大的是农业用地,其次为森林、草地等,其中农业用地总氮输出量占总输出量的81.2%;不同土地利用总磷输出负荷较高的是农业用地和草地,其次为灌丛、湿地和森林,农业用地总磷输出量占总输出量的72.3%。不同土壤类型总氮输出负荷最大的是城区,其次为水稻土、黑土和草甸土等,而各土壤类型总氮输出量占比较高的是黑土、草甸土和暗棕壤,分别占38.5%、27.3%、24.0%;不同土壤类型总磷输出负荷及输出量占比顺序同总氮相一致。不同坡度下总氮总磷输出负荷大小随坡度增高而减小,不同坡度下总氮总磷输出量占比相似。     

基于SWAT模型的伊通河流域农业非点源污染损失估算

选取伊通河流域为研究区,在构建伊通河流域数字化平台的基础上,将SWAT模型与环境经济学方法相结合定量估算了研究区的农业非点源污染损失,为伊通河流域农业非点源污染的防治与管理提供科学依据与决策支持。研究结果表明:构建的伊通河流域农业非点源污染模型达到了精度要求。研究区2010年农业非点源泥沙负荷、总氮负荷以及总磷负荷均为最高,2011年均为最低;研究区的土壤侵蚀主要是由耕地引起的,占总量的96%以上。研究区农业非点源污染损失折算成人民币约为52 845.42万元/a,年降雨量越大的年份损失越严重;总体上,伊通河流域内农业非点源污染价值损失的大小顺序为:总氮污染价值损失泥沙淤积价值损失总磷污染价值损失土地废弃价值损失。     

基于GIS的尼洋河流域农业面源污染负荷分布特征

【目的】揭示尼洋河流域农业面源污染的现状特征,探明其首要污染源和关键污染区。【方法】采用输出系数模型中农村生活污水、农田化肥流失、畜禽养殖流失污染模型3个模块,基于林芝市2014年的农业统计资料,从水文、地形和行政区划3个角度,对尼洋河流域农业面源污染强度进行了估算和空间分析,并分析了COD、总磷、总氮、氨氮的污染负荷空间分布特征。【结果】4类污染物输出负荷量最大的区域为中游左控制单元;4类污染物负荷强度最大为下游左、右控制单元;畜禽养殖流失污染源是尼洋河流域首要污染源。【结论】尼洋河流域中游左岸是今后流域防治的主要对象,畜禽养殖流失污染源是主要的控制对象。     

香溪河流域非点源污染负荷分析及治理措施探究

随着三峡水库的蓄水运行和流域的经济发展,三峡库区香溪河水环境呈现恶化趋势。本文选取总氮、总磷为指标,采用SWAT模型对香溪河流域的水环境现状进行了分析并对不同治理情景下污染负荷的削减情况进行了模拟,在此基础上提出了相应的治理措施建议。结果表明:(1)径流是流域N、P流失的直接载体,径流与泥沙、总氮、总磷的相关系数分别为0.87、0.98、0.89,均高于降雨。(2)香溪河污染负荷输出有较强的季节性,主要集中在丰水期,贡献率均在80%以上。(3)不同土地利用类型下污染负荷的输出差异较大,强度依次为农用地(水田)草地林地。(4)情景分析法下5种最佳管理措施显示,退耕还林和过滤带的设置都能有效削减非点源污染负荷。     

高原城市水源地入库河流水质变化趋势研究——以松华坝水库牧羊河为例

高原城市水库是高原城市最主要甚至唯一的饮用水源,入库河流的水质好坏直接关系到高原城市水资源安全与生态文明建设。根据松华坝水库入库河流牧羊河1996-2017年的水质监测数据,应用分形理论及R/S模型对牧羊河总氮、总磷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的平均值以及其不同水期指标值的变化趋势进行了分析,研究结果表明:总氮、总磷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的年平均值以及不同水期的指标值存在明显的Hurst现象;总氮枯水期呈上升趋势;总磷丰水期呈下降升趋势;氨氮年平均值及各水期的指标值变化趋势不明显;高锰酸盐指数枯水期、平水期均呈上升趋势。     

乌梁素海沉积物有机质特征及其与富营养化的关系

通过分析乌梁素海表层沉积物12个沉积物采样点,得出泥样中的有机质含量在10.241 g•kg-1~33.911 g•kg-1之间,均值为20.928 g•kg-1,位于湖泊北部表层沉积物有机质含量较南部高,且表现出沿岸带较丰富的空间分布特征;表层沉积物总氮的含量0.519~1.510 g•kg-1为,平均值为0.86 g•kg-1。总磷含量为0.505~0.635 g•kg-1,平均值为0.546 g•kg-1;在水平方向上,有机质与总氮和总磷含量显著相关,相关系数分别为0.814,0.738。表明有机质富集应是促进湖泊富营养化的重要因素,水体富营养化具有显著的内源性。     

基于SWAT模型的农业面源污染尺度效应研究

基于SWAT模型建立适用于莲塘口流域的面源污染分布式模型,以子流域嵌套方式从上游至下游构建7个尺度,模拟分析了现状条件及不同情景下总氮、总磷排放负荷随尺度的变化规律。结果表明:随着尺度的增大,单位面积总氮、总磷排放负荷总体呈现逐渐增大的变化规律。原因是稻田是整个研究区域流失氮、磷的主要来源,尺度增大后稻田面积占比增加。当稻田面积比相同时,氮磷排放负荷随尺度的增大而减小,原因是随尺度的增大排水被重复利用以及氮磷被净化使浓度减少。不同水文年型及不同施肥制度下的模拟结果有着相同的尺度变化特征,而且同一尺度上枯水年氮磷排放负荷最少,随施肥量减少氮磷排放负荷减少。     

消息动态

走进"阳光政务" 共话灾后重建2008年9月25日,四川省农机局党组书记、局长母世杰带领局有关处室负责人一行第7次作客《阳光政务》热线节目。在节目直播中,母局长一行现场接听了12位听众的热线电话,就农民朋友关心的灾后恢复重建、农机购置补贴等问     

深圳河湾支流截污工程对水质改善效果研究

采用现场监测方法,选择典型河流,对深圳河湾主要支流整治前后水质进行分析,探讨深圳河湾支流截污工程对河流水质改善效果。结果表明,截污工程实施后,溶解氧增加了0.6~2倍,生化需氧量减低了40%~70%,氨氮、总氮和总磷受补水水质影响仍然偏高。总体来说,水环境质量得到了明显的改善。     

基于SWAT模型的合理亚流域划分和径流模拟

以葫芦河流域为研究对象,建立2006-2012年流域月尺度SWAT模型,探究不同亚流域划分下模型对流域径流、泥沙、营养物的响应情况,确定流域亚流域划分水平,并在此基础上进行月尺度的径流模拟,验证其适用性。结果表明:(1)径流与硝氮的变化幅度相差不大,7个亚流域划分后相对误差均小于10%,泥沙与有机氮、有机磷、氨氮、总氮、总磷的变化趋势基本一致,通过分析确定葫芦河流域合理的亚流域划分水平为37个左右;(2)通过PSO算法得到合理亚流域划分下模型的月径流模型可以用于葫芦河流域的SWAT模型径流模拟,其率定期和验证期的R~2值依次为0.84和0.81,Ens值依次为0.76和0.62,模拟效果理想。研究结果可为葫芦河流域进一步的水文模拟研究提供有效的参考依据。     

城市水循环对城市供水量的影响分析

水是生命之源,是人类赖以生存和发展的物质基础。城市是自然界与人类活动相互作用、相互影响的复杂系统。城市水循环对城市水源的开发和利用具有重要意义。描述了城市水循环的基本框架,并根据其框架确定城市可供水量,以新郑市为例,针对新郑市现状,以城市水循环框架为基础,有效利用当地水源、外调客水水源,合理开发当地可利用水源。结果证明,良好的城市水循环框架有利于城市水源的开发和利用,对城市发展具有重要意义。     

Modelling point and diffuse source pollution of nitrate in a rural lowland catchment using the SWAT model

The assessments of potential environmental impacts of point and diffuse source pollution at regional scales are necessary to achieve the sustainable development of natural resources such as land and water. Nutrient related diffuse source pollutant inputs can enhance crop growth and improve soil eutrophication. However, excessive nutrient input can result in the impairment of water quality. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the long-term impact of point and diffuse source pollution on nitrate load in a lowland catchment using the ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and to determine the contribution of point and diffuse sources to nitrate load in the entire catchment.The study area Kielstau catchment has a size of approximately 50 km² and is located in the North German lowlands. The water quality is not only influenced by the predominating agricultural land use in the catchment as cropland and pasture, but also by six municipal wastewater treatment plants. Diffuse entries as well as punctual entries from the wastewater treatment plants are implemented in the model set-up. The model was first calibrated and then validated in a daily time step. The values of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency for the simulations of flow and nitrate load range from 0.68 to 0.75 for the calibration period and from 0.76 to 0.78 for the validation period. These statistical results revealed that the SWAT model performed satisfactorily in simulating daily flow and nitrate load in lowland catchment of Northern Germany. The results showed that diffuse sources are the main contributor to nitrate load in the entire catchment accounting for about 95% of the total nitrate load, while only 5% results from point sources. The model results also indicated that agriculture is the dominant contributor of diffuse sources and the percentage of agricultural land area is considerably positively correlated to nitrate load at the different subbasins. The area covered by forest is found to be negatively correlated with nitrate load.     

基于模糊贴近度法的白河水质评价

白河是南阳市的重要旅游胜地和饮用水源地。为了解白河水质状况,2010年在白河设置了七个监测断面,采集了12个月的水样来评价。为了克服传统模糊评价模型评价因子选取主观性强,评价结果可比性差的问题,本文利用主成分分析降维的思想筛选评价因子.利用改进后的模糊贴近度法来评价水质。最后,本文选择溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、氟化物和粪大肠杆菌评价因子,用改进的模糊贴近度法评价水质状况。结果表明,从上游到下游呈现出逐渐恶化的趋势。鸭河水库坝下和内乡盆窖断面水质级别为Ⅰ级,淅川张营水质级别为Ⅲ级,方城夏河、邓州汲滩、新野梅湾和新甸铺水质级别为Ⅴ级。改进后的方法与模糊综合评价法和层次分析法评价结果一致。     

再生水灌溉条件对小麦品质、产量及重金属影响的试验研究

面临日益严重的水资源危机,再生水作为一种非常规水源越来越受到人们的重视。试验以龙口市和高密市污水处理厂的再生水为灌溉水源,研究在再生水灌溉条件下对小麦品质,产量、重金属含量的影响。研究表明再生水灌溉条件下,小麦的品质及产量略有提高,重金属在小麦体内的累积表现为:根■茎■籽粒,与清水灌溉的小麦品质无显著性差异,而且没有超出《粮食卫生标准》和《食品污染物限量》的要求,不会在小麦体内造成累积。     

滴灌条件下砂壤土水分运动规律研究

采用多通道土壤水分自动测定系统,对风干砂壤土在滴灌条件下的水分入渗和水分再分布过程进行了模拟测定试验。根据测定结果,分析了在滴灌条件下湿润峰的运移速率、特征点的土壤含水率变化过程、湿润体内土壤水分的分布以及停止灌水后湿润体内水分的再分布等土壤水分运动特征。揭示了在点源供水条件下,湿润体内土壤含水率的分布从中心向外逐渐减小,含水率剖面具有三角形形状特征。供水停止后土壤水分再分布过程中,土壤湿润峰面不断向外部推移,湿润层土壤含水量开始有所增加,后期湿润体内的土壤含水量普遍降低,高含水区逐渐下移,最后达到相对稳定。     

大王滩水库饮用水水源地现状及防护对策

大王滩水库2008年列为南宁市水源地,2010年在6个监测断面的枯水期、平水期和丰水期进行水质监测,水库水中的总磷、总氮超标较为严重,主要是由于库区工业废水渗漏、生活污水直接排入库区和养殖污染、农业面源、旅游污染、库岸垃圾污染以及相关管理措施欠完善等原因导致的。为确保大王滩水库饮用水水质,提出做好水源地隔离防护和工业废水、生活污水处理措施,重点进行养殖污染、农业面源、旅游污染、库岸垃圾污染整治,以保护好大王滩水库饮用水水源地。     

Effect of irrigation methods,management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield,soil moisture and salinity distribution

The increasing demand for irrigation water to secure food for growing populations with limited water supply suggests re-thinking the use of non-conventional water resources. The latter includes saline drainage water, brackish groundwater and treated waste water. The effects of using saline drainage water (electrical conductivity of 4.2–4.8 dS m⁻¹) to irrigate field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Floradade) using drip and furrow irrigation systems were evaluated, together with the distribution of soil moisture and salt. The saline water was either diluted to different salinity levels using fresh water (blended) or used cyclically with fresh water. The results of two seasons of study (2001 and 2002) showed that increasing salinity resulted in decreased leaf area index, plant dry weight, fruit total yield and individual fruit weight. In all cases, the growth parameters and yield as well as the water use efficiency were greater for drip irrigated tomato plants than furrow-irrigated plants. However, furrow irrigation produced higher individual fruit weight. The electrical conductivity of the soil solution (extracted 48 h after irrigation) showed greater fluctuations when cyclic water management was used compared to those plots irrigated with blended water. In both drip and furrow irrigation, measurements of soil moisture one day after irrigation, showed that soil moisture was higher at the top 20 cm layer and at the location of the irrigation water source; soil moisture was at a minimum in the root zone (20–40 cm layer), but showed a gradual increase at 40–60 and 60–90 cm and was stable at 90–120 cm depth. Soil water content decreased gradually as the distance from the irrigation water source increased. In addition, a few days after irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased, but the deficit was most pronounced in the surface layer. Soil salinity at the irrigation source was lower at a depth of 15 cm (surface layer) than that at 30 and 60 cm, and was minimal in deeper layers (i.e. 90 cm). Salinity increased as the distance from the irrigation source increased particularly in the surface layer. The results indicated that the salinity followed the water front. We concluded that the careful and efficient management of irrigation with saline water can leave the groundwater salinity levels unaffected and recommended the use of drip irrigation as the fruit yield per unit of water used was on average one-third higher than when using furrow irrigation.     

Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece

Approximately, seventy (70) percent of world water use including all the water diverted from rivers and pumped from underground is used for agricultural irrigation, so that the reuse of treated municipal wastewater for purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation reduces the amount of water that needs to be extracted from natural water sources as well as reducing discharge of wastewater to the environment. Thus, treated municipal wastewater is a valuable water source for recycling and reuse in the Mediterranean countries and other arid and semi-arid regions which are confronting increasing water shortages. Treated wastewater reuse in agriculture is a common practice in the Mediterranean countries and there is a considerable interest in the long-term effects of treated wastewater on crops intended for human consumption. This paper reviews the fundamentals of agricultural irrigation using treated municipal wastewater and the status of municipal wastewater reuse in Greece and Spain with studies related to the effects on soils and plants.     

Characterizing ground water use by safflower using weighing lysimeters

Decades of irrigation on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley without sufficient drainage have created large areas where shallow ground water (<1.5 m) has become a problem for agriculture. Because drainage outflow is restricted as a result of environmental concerns, reducing the amount of irrigation applied is a farm management solution for this situation. One option to reduce the amount of irrigation water is to include shallow ground water use as a source of water for crop production when scheduling irrigation. The objective for this study is to describe soil water fluxes in the presence of saline, shallow ground water under a safflower crop. Two weighing lysimeters, one with and one without shallow saline ground water were used to measure crop evapotranspiration of surface drip irrigated safflower. A saline water table (14 dS/m) was maintained in one of the lysimeters. Ground water use as part of crop evapotranspiration was characterized using hourly measurements of the water level in a ground water supply tank (Mariotte bottle). Ground water contribution of up to 40% of daily crop water use was measured. On a seasonal basis, 25% of the total crop water use originated from the ground water. The largest ground water contribution was shown to occur at the end of the growing season, when roots are fully developed and stored soil water in the root zone was depleted. The applied irrigation on the crop grown in the presence of a water table was 46% less than irrigation applied to the crop without a water table. The reduction of irrigation was obtained by using the same irrigation schedule as on the lysimeter without ground water, but through smaller applied depths per irrigation event.     

农业需水价格弹性分析模型

应用计量经济学和多元统计分析的方法,通过对原始资料样本数据建立预处理模型,剔除水价以外的主要影响因素对农业用水量的影响,建立农业需水价格弹性分析模型,得出农业需水的价格弹性,研究表明农业水价与需水量之间存在明显的相关关系.将预处理模型和农业需水价格弹性分析模型在江苏省高扬程灌区中进行了定量的应用研究,结果显示农业水价对用水量有明显的抑制效果.