延边地区稻田抗药性杂草防除技术研究

2002年在延边稻区首次发现抗磺酰脲类除草剂慈姑以来,稻田陆续出现抗磺酰脲类除草剂的雨久花、藨草、牛毛毡和抗二氯喹磷酸的稻稗生态型。其中,抗性藨草和稻稗生态型仍处于蔓延状态。抗药性特征的分析结果,抗性稻稗生态型的抗二氯喹磷酸程度因地而异,高抗生态型的抗性系数(R90/S90)达到60。在标准使用剂量条件下,有效防除抗二氯喹磷酸稻稗生态型的除草剂有氰氟草酯、五氟磺草胺、丙草胺、丁草胺;有效防除抗磺酰脲类除草剂的慈姑、雨久花、藨草、牛毛毡生态型的除草剂有灭草松、2甲4氯、五氟磺草胺、嘧啶肟草醚、吡唑特。     

草净津防除杂草试验

草净津是均三氮苯中残效期较短的旱田除草剂。经1978—1980年连续三年在玉米、高粱、大豆、小麦、谷子等作物上进行了试验。草净津在玉米播种后出苗前和出苗后施药,每公顷用量3—5公斤,可防除稗草、狗尾草、野黍、蓼藜、野苋菜、棱草、龙葵、苍耳、蓖麻等杂     

甲草嗪大豆田除草试验总结

甲草嗪是三氮苯类内吸传导型选择性除草剂,土壤处理可被杂草的根部吸收而起到杀草作用。现将药效和施药技术试验总结如下: 一、材料与方法 (一)供试药剂 50％甲草嗪可湿性粉剂(昆山农药厂提供),70％赛克可湿性粉剂(西德拜耳公司产品)。 (二)试验地情况     

水稻田除草剂三唑磺草酮的作用特性

为了明确水稻田除草剂三唑磺草酮(QYR301)的最佳施药条件,以稗草Echinochloa crus-galli和水稻Oryza sativa作为测试靶标,采用温室盆栽法研究了其施药适期、耐雨水冲刷性、温度和光照强度对其除草活性的影响。结果显示:三唑磺草酮对不同叶龄水稻具有较高的安全性,在有效成分360 g/hm^2的剂量下,对2叶期以后的水稻干重抑制率为0%;其除草活性与稗草的叶龄显著相关,其中2~3叶期的稗草最为敏感,有效成分30 g/hm^2的三唑磺草酮对其干重抑制率为95%~98%;三唑磺草酮具有一定的耐雨水冲刷能力,药后降雨间隔达到8 h以上,其除草活性与药后降雨间隔时间无显著相关性,在有效成分30~120 g/hm^2的剂量下,对稗草的干重抑制率为75%~93%;在20~35℃区间,三唑磺草酮药效稳定,对稗草的GR50值在44.6~51.4 g/hm^2之间;相较于中度光照(45%)和低光照(4%),高光照(100%)条件下三唑磺草酮对稗草的干重抑制率显著增加。分析表明杂草叶龄、降雨、温度和光照会显著影响三唑磺草酮除草活性,为使其发挥最大药效,应选择在水稻2叶期以后至稗草2~4叶期,天气晴朗,气温高于20℃的情况下施药;如药后8 h以内遇降雨天气,则需进行补喷。     

甲酯化植物油助剂对除草剂的药效增强作用

为明确不同甲酯化植物油助剂对除草剂活性的影响,采用温室盆栽法测定了甲酯化油菜籽油、棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、大豆油、葵花籽油、亚麻籽油和蓖麻油8种甲酯化植物油助剂对磺草酮、莠去津、烟嘧磺隆和精喹禾灵4种常用茎叶处理除草剂防除稗草、反枝苋的影响.结果表明,8种助剂对供试4种除草剂均有不同程度的药效增强作用,其中对磺草酮和莠去津的药效增强幅度大于对烟嘧磺隆和精喹禾灵的药效增强作用,前者为30%～70%,后者则小于20%.相对而言,在供试8种助剂中,以甲酯化油菜籽油、棉籽油和花生油助剂对除草剂的药效增强效果较好,甲酯化玉米油、大豆油和葵花籽油助剂次之,而甲酯化亚麻籽油和蓖麻油助剂对除草剂的药效增强效果较差.     

玉米田除草剂苯唑氟草酮的作用特性

为明确玉米田除草剂苯唑氟草酮(fenpyrazone)的最佳施药条件，以稗Echinochloa crus-galli为测试靶标，采用整株水平测定法研究了温度、光照强度、药后降雨间隔时间和杂草叶龄对其除草活性的影响。结果显示：在气温15～35℃下，苯唑氟草酮药效随温度的升高而升高，在20～35℃范围内，苯唑氟草酮药效趋于稳定，对稗的GR50值在2.8～7.6 g/hm²之间；随着光照强度增强，苯唑氟草酮对稗的活性显著增加，鲜重抑制率在41.19%～90.84%之间；苯唑氟草酮具有很强的耐雨水冲刷能力，施药后降雨间隔时间达到1 h以上，其除草活性与间隔时间即无显著相关性，对稗的GR₅₀值在1.7～2.4 g/hm²之间；杂草叶龄会显著影响苯唑氟草酮的活性，其中1～4叶期的稗最为敏感，该条件下的GR₅₀值小于1.0 g/hm²。综合来看，为保证苯唑氟草酮发挥最大药效，建议应在稗1～4叶期，选择天气晴朗、气温高于20℃的情况下施药，如药后1 h内遇降雨天气，则需进行补喷。研究结果可为...     

稗草生防菌新月弯孢菌Culvularia lunata菌株J15(2)的安全性和致病力

为了确定生防菌新月弯孢菌Culvularia lunata菌株J15(2)的安全性及防除稗草的潜力,研究了该菌株的寄主范围,接种孢子时稗草叶龄、接种后保湿时间、接种浓度对该菌株致病力的影响,土壤带菌对稗草出苗的影响,以及与化学除草剂的相互作用.结果显示,菌株J15(2)只能在稗草上侵染并扩展;接种孢子后保湿24 h,对2叶期稗草抑制率可达55.6%,对1.5叶期稗草抑制率可达100%;保&48h,对2叶期稗草防效提高至91.6%;接种孢子量需达1012孢子/hm2才能较好地抑制稗草生长;土壤带菌亦可抑制稗草生长.该菌与化学除草剂精噁唑禾草灵或二氯喹啉酸混用能显著提高除稗效果,菌株J15(2) 3.3 × 1012孢子//hm2分别与精噁唑禾草灵有效剂量3.83g/hm2二氯喹啉酸有效剂量250.00g/hm2混用,对稗草防效分别为99.5%和88.6%,远高于这两个除草剂单用时的药效.该试验结果表明,菌株J15(2)具有作为微生物除草剂的开发潜力.     

阿宝防除夏玉米田杂草的效果及其使用技术

阿宝桶混剂是由河北省张家口市宣化农药厂生产的均三氮苯类除草剂“阿特拉津”与美国杜邦公司生产的磺酰脲类除草剂“宝成”（Ｒｉｍｓｕｌｆｕｒｏｎ）组成的现用现混型苗后一次性除草剂。阿宝的商品由２５％宝成干悬浮剂４ｇ和３８％莠去津悬浮剂１００ｍｌ分装在一个双体瓶内而成。此外,河北宣化农药厂也生产５０％阿宝（莠去津＋宝成）可湿性粉剂,供玉米田试用。为了解阿宝的除草效果及其使用技术,１９９８年新曹、东辛、宝应湖及沿湖四农场进行了有关试验,现将试验结果汇总如下。１　阿宝不同用量小区药效试验１１　阿宝不同用量…     

产品评价

９除草剂产品药效试验评价９．１水田除草剂共对３８个产品（含不同剂型） ,从除草剂的安全性、杀草谱、除草效果、施药条件、注意事项等方面进行了综合评价 ,从中选出了部分表现好的品种 ,现简介如下 :９．１．１５０ %拜田净ＷＰ拜耳公司开发的四唑啉酮类选择性除草剂 ,通用名为ｆｅｎｔｒａｚａｍｉｄｅ,经黑龙江、上海、广东、湖南、浙江、江西等９个单位２年的田间药效试验 ,该药剂在水稻直播田、移栽田、抛秧田均可有效地防除稻田主要杂草稗草、千金子、鸭舌草、异型莎草等 ,对水稻安全 ,对施药的水层管理要求宽松 ,可与磺酰脲类除草…     

除草剂减量用药对稗草及狗尾草的防除效果评价

比较3种除草剂对稗草及狗尾草的防除效果,并评价除草剂减量用药的可行性.结果表明,在稗草及狗尾草2叶期时用57％苯唑草酮·二甲酚草胺乳油进行防治,可以减少除草剂的使用量.同时,25％玉嘧磺隆悬浮剂和8％烟嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂减量用药对2叶期狗尾草也有较好的防效,但对稗草的防效不佳.因此,在稗草及狗尾草生长早期喷施合适的除草剂,可以减少除草剂的用量.     

Activity of mesotrione on resistant weeds in maize

Mesotrione is a new callistemone herbicide that inhibits the HPPD enzyme (p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) and introduces a new naturally selective tool into weed-management programmes for use in maize. Mesotrione provides control of the major broad-leaved weeds, and it can be used in integrated weed-management programmes depending on the grower's preferred weed-control strategy. At post-emergence rates of 150 g AI ha-1 or less, mesotrione provides naturally selective control of key species that may show triazine resistance (TR), e.g. Chenopodium album L, Amaranthus species, Solanum nigrum L, as well as species of weed that show resistance to acetolactase synthase (ALS) inhibitors e.g. Xanthium strumarium L, Amaranthus spp and Sonchus spp. The data presented show that resistant and susceptible biotypes of these species with resistance to triazine herbicides, such as atrazine, simazine, terbutylazine and metribuzin, or ALS-inhibitor herbicides, such as imazethepyr, remain susceptible to mesotrione. These results confirm that there is no cross-resistance in biotypes with target site resistance to triazine or ALS-inhibiting herbicides. It is important that herbicide choice and rotation becomes an integral part of planning weed management, so as to minimise the risks of crop losses from weed competition, build-up of weed seed in the soil and the further development of weed resistance across a range of herbicide modes of action.     

Improved chemical control of Conyza bonariensis in wheat limits problems in the following fallow

Conyza bonariensis is a major weed infesting zero‐tilled cropping systems in subtropical Australia, particularly in wheat and winter fallows. Uncontrolled C. bonariensis survives to become a problem weed in the following crops or fallows. As no herbicide has been registered for C. bonariensis in wheat, the effectiveness of 11 herbicides, currently registered for other broad‐leaved weeds in wheat, was evaluated in two pot and two field experiments. As previous research showed that the age of C. bonariensis, and to a lesser extent, the soil moisture at spraying affected herbicide efficacy, these factors also were investigated. The efficacy of the majority of herbicide treatments was reduced when large rosettes (5–15 cm diameter) were treated, compared with small rosettes (<5 cm diameter). However, for the majority of herbicide treatments, the soil moisture did not affect the herbicide efficacy in the pot experiments. In the field, a delay in herbicide treatment of 2 weeks reduced the herbicide efficacy consistently across herbicide treatments, which was related to weed age but not to soil moisture differences. Across all the experiments, four herbicides controlled C. bonariensis in wheat consistently (83–100%): 2,4‐D; aminopyralid + fluroxypyr; picloram + MCPA + metsulfuron; and picloram + high rates of 2,4‐D. Thus, this problem weed can be effectively and consistently controlled in wheat, particularly when small rosettes are treated, and therefore C. bonariensis will have a less adverse impact on the following fallow or crop.     

河北省谷田杂草综合防控技术研究

春播谷田杂草发生有3个峰期,夏播谷田杂草发生仅1个峰期。综合防控技术方案为：44%单嘧.扑灭WP的最佳剂量为1 800 g/hm2,播后苗前进行土壤处理;整地要平整、紧实;土壤含水量要求达到15%;药后不喷灌,或避开有中到大雨的天气用药。这样药效持续期在45 d以上,能有效控制谷田杂草危害,确保谷子安全生长。     

三种苗前除草剂对茅苍术杂草防治效果及安全性评价

为了筛选出防效好、残留少且对环境影响较小的茅苍术苗前除草剂,选取常用的3种苗前除草剂乙草胺、乙氧氟草醚和二甲戊灵,研究其除草效果,对叶绿素荧光参数的影响,农药残留情况及其对土壤微生物真菌和细菌群落的影响。结果表明,乙草胺的除草效果较好,株防效和鲜重防效都达到了80%以上,对茅苍术叶绿素荧光参数影响较小,农残较少,对土壤细菌和真菌群落无显著性影响;乙氧氟草醚和二甲戊灵对叶绿素荧光参数有影响,短时间内有一定的土壤农残。综合防效和安全性,优选乙草胺作为茅苍术的苗前除草剂。     

Increased herbicidal activity of triazine herbicides by piperonyl butoxide

Piperonyl butoxide (PB) is a known Synergist which enhances the activity of insecticides by inhibiting their biotransformation to less active products. We have evaluated the possible use of PB as a herbicide synergist using triazine herbicides in sensitive, tolerant, and resistant plants. The effects of PB, triazine herbicides, and their combinations were examined in whole plants as well as in chloroplasts isolated from triazine-sensitive (S) and -resistant (R) weed biotypes. PB itself, applied postemergence (0.1–0.5%, v/v), was slightly toxic to the plants tested. However, foliar application of PB combined with atrazine, terbutryn or prometryn to maize seedlings significantly increased the phytotoxicity of the herbicides. Low rates of atrazine, prometryn, and terbutryn in a tank-mixture with PB, effectively controlled Solatium nigrum L. and Abutilon theophrasli Medik. PB enhanced atrazine efficacy in both S and R biotypes of Lolium rigidum Gaud. The synergistic effect of PB was evident also in vitro when atrazine and methabenzthiazuron were used to inhibit photosystem II electron transport in chloroplasts isolated from resistant weeds. These data demonstrate the potential of PB as a herbicide synergist and its possible utilization as an aid for improving the activity of triazine herbicides in sensitive, tolerant and resistant plants.     

麦田入侵杂草小籽虉草对麦田常用除草剂的敏感性测定

为筛选能有效防除云南麦田入侵杂草小籽虉草Phalaris minor的除草剂, 采用温室盆栽法分别测定了麦田常用7种茎叶处理剂各7个梯度剂量对小籽虉草的毒力?结果表明, 在推荐剂量下, 50%异丙隆WP?5%唑啉草酯EC?15%炔草酯WP?69 g/L精噁唑禾草灵EW?7.5%啶磺草胺WG?30 g/L甲基二磺隆OD和70%氟唑磺隆WG对小籽虉草药后30 d的株防效分别为99.34%?99.43%?87.50%?75.00%?34.50%?37.50%, 54.17%, 药后30 d的鲜重防效分别为87.92%?92.66%?56.09%?74.43%?57.17%?45.61%?44.67%?所有除草剂中, 唑啉草酯的GR90接近推荐使用剂量的90%?异丙隆的GR90略高于推荐剂量, 其他除草剂的GR90远高于麦田推荐使用剂量?以上结果表明, 防治麦田杂草小籽虉草的首选除草剂为唑啉草酯, 备选除草剂种类少?     

植物光合作用测定法确定灭草松和特丁津混用的最低致死剂量

在荷兰瓦赫宁根国际植物研究所温室内,用植物光合作用测定法研究了光合作用抑制型除草剂灭草松和特丁津桶混防除6种常见阔叶杂草的最低致死剂量。结果表明,药剂对杂草的生长有明显的抑制作用,在施药2 d后可观察到明显的灭草松的防效,在施药8 d后可观察到明显的特丁津的防效。随着施药剂量的增加,杂草叶片的植物光合作用测定(PPM)值和杂草地上部分鲜重显著下降。供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异:红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感,ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17 g/hm2;春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感,ED90值分别为96.91、114.20 g/hm2;而番茄不敏感。比较施药后2、4和6 d时杂草叶片的PPM值与施药后16 d时杂草地上部分鲜重防效的相关性可以发现,施药后4 d杂草叶片的PPM值与鲜重防效的相关性最好,相应的R2为0.924 7。表明PPM值可以较好地预测防效,在本试验条件下,施药后4 d的PPM值的预测效果最好。     

The implications of spatially variable pre‐emergence herbicide efficacy for weed management

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of pre‐emergence herbicides within fields is spatially variable as a consequence of soil heterogeneity. We quantified the effect of soil organic matter on the efficacy of two pre‐emergence herbicides, flufenacet and pendimethalin, against Alopecurus myosuroides and investigated the implications of variation in organic matter for weed management using a crop–weed competition model.

RESULTS

Soil organic matter played a critical role in determining the level of control achieved. The high organic matter soil had more surviving weeds with higher biomass than the low organic matter soil. In the absence of competition, surviving plants recovered to produce the same amount of seed as if no herbicide had been applied. The competition model predicted that weeds surviving pre‐emergence herbicides could compensate for sublethal effects even when competing with the crop. The ED50 (median effective dose) was higher for weed seed production than seedling mortality or biomass. This difference was greatest on high organic matter soil.

CONCLUSION

These results show that the application rate of herbicides should be adjusted to account for within‐field variation in soil organic matter. The results from the modelling emphasised the importance of crop competition in limiting the capacity of weeds surviving pre‐emergence herbicides to compensate and replenish the seedbank. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

广东省稻田杂草控制效果及影响因素

为了解常规管理条件下对广东稻田杂草的控制效果及其影响因素,于2015年对粤东、粤西、粤北地区及珠江三角洲的早、晚季稻田杂草进行了调查分析。结果表明:在常规控制措施下稻田中综合草害指数与水稻产量呈负相关,推荐剂量的除草剂不能有效控制稻田杂草的危害,特别是在早季需要辅以人工措施对稻田杂草进行管理。稻田杂草对除草剂产生了不同程度的抗药性。化学除草剂成本低,水稻种植者目前仍可以通过更换除草剂品种和加大剂量对杂草进行控制。化感抑草品种的推广需要在品质和产量上进一步满足生产的需要。在杂草耐药性增加、环境和政策要求减少化学除草剂投入的双重压力下,选育具有化感抑草效果的水稻品种,结合农艺措施,应该成为今后稻田控草的发展方向之一。     

苗期水分管理对水稻分蘖及除草剂控草效应的影响

稻田除草剂大量及高频使用对农作物安全、土壤及水体环境构成了严重威胁,使得除草剂减量使用刻不容缓。水稻机插田药后长时间保水可显著抑制杂草,以此可减少除草剂用量,但长时间保水会导致水稻发育受限。盆栽试验表明,无论是否喷施除草剂30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油,杂草发生随保水时长增加而减少,且喷施除草剂对杂草防除具显著效果。田间试验表明,稻田施用30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油100 mL/667m~2后,药后保水7 d时的水稻分蘖及抑草的综合效应达到最佳。