竹叶兰的无菌播种快繁技术研究

以竹叶兰种子为外植体进行无菌播种，成功诱导原球茎并再生植株，建立其快繁体系。试验结果表明：(1)1/2 MS＋香蕉泥30.0 g/L为最佳种子萌发与原球茎诱导培养基；(2)1/2 MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.1 mg/L＋香蕉泥30.0 g/L为最佳芽增殖培养基，且芽生长健壮；(3)1/2 MS＋IBA 0.5 mg/L为最适生根培养基。     

铁皮石斛杂交种组织培养技术试验

以铁皮石斛杂交种子为外植体的组织培养技术试验结果：铁皮石斛杂交种原球茎最佳诱导培养基为3/4Ma＋5%椰子汁;增殖分化培养基为3/4Ma＋6-BA 0.2 mg·L-1＋NAA 0.1 mg·L-1＋10%马铃薯泥＋2%香蕉泥;壮苗生根培养基为3/4Ma＋6-BA 0.2 mg·L-1＋NAA 1.0 mg·L-1＋8%马铃薯泥＋5%香蕉泥,生根率可达100%,移栽成活率在97%以上。     

铁皮石斛组培快繁及移栽技术研究

以红杆铁皮石斛种子为外植体,进行组织培养快繁及移栽技术研究。采用对比试验研究不同培养基、激素浓度配比、基本培养基对铁皮石斛原球茎增殖、分化和生根壮苗的影响,并研究驯化时间与移栽基质对铁皮石斛移栽的影响。结果表明,MS+10％马铃薯泥+20％香蕉泥＋20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂最适合铁皮石斛原球茎增殖;MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+3.0 mg/L BA+20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂+200 ml/L椰汁最适合原球茎分化;1/2MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+15％香蕉泥+20 g/L蔗糖+6 g/L琼脂最适合铁皮石斛壮苗生根;驯化28 d的铁皮石斛移栽成活率最高,达96%;以松树皮∶椰糠∶石头=1∶1∶1为栽培基质,对其苗长势最佳。     

齿瓣石斛组织培养技术研究

以齿瓣石斛蒴果为外植体进行胚培养的试验表明,初始萌发培养基为1/2MS;原球茎萌发培养基为3/4MS＋10%马铃薯汁＋5%香蕉汁＋6-BA0.2mg·L^-1＋NAA0.05mg·L^-1＋0.05%AC;继代增殖培养基为MS＋10%马铃薯汁＋10%香蕉汁＋6-BA0.5mg.L^-1＋NAA0.2mg.L^-1＋0.1%AC;壮苗生根培养基为1/2MS＋10%香蕉汁＋5%马铃薯汁＋6-BA0.2mg·L^-1＋NAA1.0mg·L^-1＋0.1%AC,生根诱导率达100%,成活率达90%以上。     

黑毛石斛×鼓槌石斛杂交种组培快繁技术研究

本研究以黑毛石斛×鼓槌石斛杂交种蒴果为外植体,通过对种子无菌萌发和原球茎诱导、原球茎增殖及丛生芽诱导、生根壮苗以及移栽驯化研究,建立杂交石斛兰的组培快繁技术体系。结果表明,最适合种子无菌萌发和原球茎诱导的培养基为MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L+琼脂6.8 g/L+蔗糖20 g/L+马铃薯50 g/L;原球茎增殖及丛生芽诱导的最佳培养基为1/2 MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+KT 1.0 mg/L+蔗糖25 g/L+琼脂6.8 g/L+碳粉1.0 g/L+马铃薯50 g/L+香蕉50 g/L,继代培养50 d,增殖系数达6.19;最佳生根壮苗培养基为1/2 MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+花宝1号0.5 g/L+蔗糖25 g/L+琼脂6.8 g/L+碳粉1.0 g/L+马铃薯50 g/L+香蕉50 g/L,培养2个月后,平均株高达7.14 cm,平均根数6.17条,平均根长6.46 cm,生根率达100%。体积比为单一松树皮和松树皮∶兰石=1∶1适于移栽,移栽65 d成活率分别达到96.32%和96.71%。     

蝴蝶兰花梗的组织培养及快速繁殖

以蝴蝶兰的花梗为外植体，在1／2MS＋6－BA3mg/L NAA0.2mg/L的培养基上诱导花梗苗；以去茎法的茎段为增殖材料，增殖培养基为花宝1号2g/L,6-BA5-10mg/L,NAA0.2mg/L，腺嘌呤0mg/L,肌醇100mg/L，椰子汁10％（V／V），可取得较高的增殖率，增殖芽在生根培养基中，花宝1号3．5g/L,NAA2mg/L,IBA1mg/L，水解乳蛋白1g/L，香蕉泥105，活性炭1g/L，生根效果好。     

老虎须的组织培养与植株再生

以老虎须茎段为试验材料,采用不同激素组合对其进行愈伤组织诱导和分化、芽增殖与生根研究。结果表明：老虎须茎段愈伤组织诱导和分化的最适培养基分别为MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋KT 3.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L和MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋KT 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L;芽增殖的最适培养基为MS＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋IAA 0.2 mg/L;生根的最适培养基为1/2 MS＋IBA 0.5 mg/L。     

白掌的离体快速繁殖初探

以白掌带顶芽或腋芽茎段，进行组培试验，研究表明：适合诱导培养基为1／2MS＋6-BA3．0mg／L，诱导率为100％；适合不定芽增殖培养基为Ms＋6-BA4mg／L＋NAA0．5mg／L，适合生根诱导培养基为1／2MS＋NAA1．0mg／L或1／2MS＋IBA1.0mg／L，生根率可达90％以上；继代过程中次数多了会出现玻璃化现象，而6-BA浓度4或0．5mg／L的交替使用有效减低玻璃化的发生，也有利于芽苗的增殖。     

铁皮石斛高效再生体系研究与应用

以原球茎为实验材料,对影响铁皮石斛再生体系的主要影响因素进行试验,建立铁皮石斛在生产中的高效再生体系。试验结果表明,在基本培养基MS、Fonnesbech和N6中,最适合的基本培养基为MS;原球茎最佳增殖培养基为MS＋6-BA0.75 mg/L＋NAA0.2 mg/L＋4.0% 白糖,接种35 d后原球茎增殖倍数为4.19;最佳分化培养基为MS＋6-BA0.3 mg/L＋3.0%白糖,分化率为74%。分化出的丛芽在生根培养基MS＋AC0.05%＋白糖3.0% 中,28 d生根率达到87%。     

蜻蜓凤梨叶片组织培养植株再生的研究

以蜻蜓凤梨试管苗叶片为外植体进行离体再生研究。结果表明，叶片诱导直接分化不定芽的最佳培养基是MS＋BA 5.0 mg/L＋IBA 1.5 mg/L，分化率高达80%。增殖培养基为MS＋BA 0.5 mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L。壮苗培养基为MS＋NAA 2.0 mg/L。生根培养基为MS＋NAA 2.0 mg/L＋AC 0.5 g/L，生根率达100%。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.