实时荧光定量PCR在植物害虫研究中的应用

实时荧光定量PCR技术作为一项新兴技术,以快速、准确定量、便捷等优点广泛应用于科学研究各个领域,越来越受到人们的重视。近年来,随着实时荧光定量PCR技术的发展和深入,大大提高了植物害虫的研究水平。本文结合了最近几年来应用于鉴定和研究植物害虫的情况,同时也介绍了在植物病原线虫和害螨研究中的应用,综合论述了实时荧光定量PCR技术在植物害虫研究中的应用。     

多重光散射技术及其在农药制剂稳定性研究中的应用

多重光散射技术通过穿透力极强的近红外脉冲光源对样品扫描,快速、准确分析悬浮液、乳状液和泡沫液等体系的内部变化情况,有利于体系物理稳定性的研究,被广泛应用于食品、医药和石油等领域。随着交叉学科的快速发展,多重光散射技术在农药制剂加工中的应用越来越多,为农药水基化制剂的研究和开发提供了有效途径。     

基于多重PCR技术的高通量测序在植食性昆虫食谱鉴定中的潜在应用

多重PCR技术因成本低、灵敏度高、快捷、高效等优点而被广泛用于遗传病鉴定和传染病传播、食品掺假、污染鉴定以及病虫害检测中,但多重PCR技术在动植物分类中应用较少,在植食性昆虫食谱鉴定中应用更少。该文详细介绍了植食性昆虫食谱分子鉴别技术,多重PCR技术要素、种类和应用以及与其他技术的结合应用,高通量测序中多重PCR捕获技术,并对多重PCR技术与高通量测序技术的结合在动物食谱鉴定中的潜在应用进行了展望。     

喷码技术在农药防伪中的应用

随着农药生产技术的不断发展，以及生产企业对产品质量和品牌意识的不断加强，农药防伪技术在农药生产中得到了越来越广泛的应用。当今的防伪技术主要包括：材料化学防伪技术、激光全息防伪技术、印刷和造纸防伪技术、生物防伪技术、数字防伪技术等。     

山西省农药使用量主要影响因素分析及减量对策探讨

选择农药使用量较大的运城市、临汾市,摸清了农药使用现状,对当地农药使用量的主要影响因素进行了全面分析,如单位耕地面积农药使用量较大、有机磷类农药仍占有较大比重、农户乱用农药现象仍然存在、农药使用技术操作不规范、一些农户环保意识差、乱扔乱丢农药废弃包装物、植保器械跑冒滴漏现象严重等问题;找出了农药减量技术应用中面临的难题,如绿色防控技术应用成本偏高,农村青壮年劳动力缺乏,农作物小块插花种植不便于统防统治作业,社会化服务组织力量薄弱,安全施药技术应用不够广泛等。在总结农药减量使用成功经验的基础上,有针对性地提出了减少农药用量的技术路径和措施建议:增加培训资金,强化政策宣传和技术培训;实施激励政策,设置农药减量技术补贴;加大资金支持力度,促进新型服务体系发展壮大;出台相关政策,清除农药废弃包装物污染;设立专项经费,对高效植保机械进行补贴。     

实时荧光定量PCR在植物病害流行学中的应用

实时荧光定量PCR广泛应用于植物病理学研究的各个领域。近年来已开始应用于植物病害流行学的定量研究中,本文对近年来实时荧光定量PCR技术在病菌初始菌源的定量分析、病害流行动态的监测、寄主抗病性的快速鉴定和植物病原菌的抗药性监测等方面的应用进行了综述。     

《农药科学与管理》稿约

<正>欢迎新老作者踊跃投稿,特别是农药研发、生产、经营、应用、科普等方面的高质量稿件。农药管理。重大政策法规的解读、宣贯,对行业发展有重要指导作用的管理类文章,市场监管,地方管理和执法的经验和案例介绍等。综述/论坛。农药行业内各领域现状的综合评价,行业内新政策出台前的引导、有争议问题的讨论,风险性提示,以及解决行业中存在问题探讨等。农药研究。包括围绕登记的产品分析、残留、毒理、环境、药效等技术研究,以及农药新品种开发研究、工艺研究等相关内容。应用技术。包含科学合理用药、药效应用技术、产品应用技术指导等内容。     

臭氧去除果蔬中农药残留研究进展

水果、蔬菜中农药残留的清洗去除研究是进一步提升食品安全的保证。臭氧处理技术是去除农药残留的常用方法之一。本文主要介绍了用于去除水果蔬菜上农药残留的臭氧处理技术,包括:臭氧产生方式、应用形式以及臭氧与其他方法联合处理技术的应用,综述了影响农药残留去除效果的因素,也介绍了臭氧去除农药残留的同时对果蔬外观、营养等影响,进一步探究了臭氧去除农药残留的作用机制和应用价值,旨在为臭氧清洗技术用于去除果蔬农药残留的研究提供理论和应用参考。     

有机磷农药残留分子印迹聚合物研究现状与展望

为解决有机磷农药在土壤及水体中的残留污染问题,分子印迹技术在该类农药残留检测中的应用研究已得到迅速发展。文章就有机磷农药分子印迹聚合物 (molecularly imprinted polymers,MIPs) 的研究背景、分子印迹技术基本原理及分类、计算化学在筛选优化虚拟模板及功能单体中的应用,以及有机磷农药残留MIPs的制备与应用研究等内容进行了综述。MIPs因具有结构可预测、特异识别和应用普遍的特性,可广泛用于光学传感、化学传感、电化学传感、光电传感、质量敏感传感、仿生催化及样品前处理等众多领域。可通过Discovery Studio、HyperChem及Gaussian 3种分子模拟软件对 (虚拟) 模板、功能单体以及二者所形成的加合物进行计算模拟以获得最低能量的优势构象,通过计算加合物的结合能来优化筛选 (虚拟) 模板和功能单体。将计算化学与实验研究相结合,相信在未来几年,有机磷农药残留MIPs有可能在原位显色传感、农产品农药残留高通量筛查及计算机自动化检测等领域得到长足发展。     

实时定量PCR的原理及其在植物病理学研究中的应用

实时定量PCR(Real-time quantitative)是一种利用荧光信号实时监测每个循环的扩增产物,从而实现对模板进行定量分析的新技术。它具有快速、灵敏、精确等优点。该技术在分子诊断、分子生物学研究、动植物检疫以及食品安全检测等方面有广泛的应用。本文综述了实时定量PCR的原理、影响因素及其在植物病理学研究中的应用。     

Pesticide paddy field model (PADDY) for predicting pesticide concentrations in water and soil in paddy fields

To evaluate the fate of pesticides in paddy fields, the pesticide paddy field model (PADDY) has been developed for predicting pesticide concentrations in paddy fields and the run-off amount of pesticides to the aquatic environment. This model focused particularly on granule formulation because these formulations have been used widely as herbicides on paddy fields in Japan. The behavior of pesticides in paddy fields was assessed by considering the main processes on the basis of a compartment system and the mass-balance equations of pesticides in the compartments were derived from kinetic data. The mathematical model, PADDY, was constructed by numerical solution techniques. A method for measuring the pesticide parameters for this model was also developed. To validate the model, a field experiment was carried out on a paddy field and the concentration changes of pesticides in water and soil were measured. These were in reasonably good agreement with those predicted by PADDY. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

人工智能在农药精准施药应用中的研究进展

传统农药施药方式大多依靠人工经验识别单位种植面积内作物的主要病虫草害并针对该症状均匀连续喷洒农药。该方法难以根据作物的不同病虫草害种类和严重程度及时调整农药种类及用量,可能会导致不足或过量用药,喷洒在非症状区域的农药还会对生态环境造成污染。精准施药技术在平衡使用农药与保护生态安全之间给出了一种有效的解决方案,值得大力推广。近年来,人工智能技术的发展推动了精准施药相关研究。为进一步总结人工智能在农药精准施药关键技术中的应用进展,探索人工智能在农药精准施药未来发展方向,本文分析了人工智能在农药精准施药关键技术领域的应用现状,并展望了人工智能在农药精准施药应用中的发展趋势。     

Impacts of transgenic Bt cotton and integrated pest management education on smallholder cotton farmers

Abstract

Comparative field research on transgenic Bt cotton and conventional cotton under different conditions (fields without pesticide inputs, fields managed by farmers with IPM education, fields managed by farmers lacking IPM education) were carried out in Hubei province of China in 2002. The amount of pesticide used on Bt cotton by non-IPM farmers was found to be around three times that used by IPM farmers. IPM farmers made significantly higher net profits from cultivating transgenic Bt cotton in comparison with non-IPM farmers. Other pest management practices had more significant influences on the population dynamics of predatory natural enemies and major insect pests than did the adoption of transgenic Bt cotton in the cotton ecosystem. Our study showed that IPM education, by increasing farmer capacity to critically evaluate inputs and their effects, monitor their fields and make informed decisions on pest management, enabled farmers to reduce pesticide use significantly, so resulting in improved production and profit margin. IPM farmer education thus, contributed to maximising the value of planting transgenic Bt cotton.     

Integrated modeling environment for statewide assessment of groundwater vulnerability from pesticide use in agriculture

Atrazine, a herbicide widely used for corn production in the Midwest, has been detected in groundwater of several states, and has been identified as a possible human carcinogen. With the widespread use of pesticides in crop production, and the frequent detection of these chemicals in groundwater, large-scale risk assessments would help water resource managers to identify areas that are more susceptible to contamination and implement practices to ameliorate the problem. This paper presents an integrated, visual and interactive system for predicting potential environmental risks associated with pesticide contamination at spatial scales ranging from fields to landscapes and regions. The interactive system extends the predictive ability of the Pesticide Root Zone Model Release 2.0 (PRZM-2) to a landscape and statewide scale through integration with a geographic information system (GIS), graphical user interface and environmental databases. Predictions of statewide (Iowa) vulnerability of groundwater from atrazine leaching below the unsaturated zone were made to demonstrate the utility of the system, and the results were used in risk assessment. In the example application, atrazine fate and transport were evaluated using long-term climatic data (1980--1989) in combination with several environmental databases (eg STATSGO soils database) and exposure risks were expressed in terms of the probability of the predicted pesticide concentrations exceeding the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water. The results indicate that the predicted pesticide concentrations were significantly lower than the EPA-established MCL. In addition to providing an interactive environment for landscape-level assessment of potential risks from pesticide leaching, the system significantly reduces the time and resources needed to organize and manipulate data for use with PRZM-2, and provides an analytical framework for evaluating groundwater-leaching impacts of pesticide management practices.     

高效低风险是农药发展的必由之路

农药是与人类生存活动紧密相关的一类重要的农用化学品,随着人们对环境安全和自身健康日益关注,对农药认识和理解趋于全面和理性.笔者认为,目前对农药发展的要求已由“高效、低毒、低残留”发展和延伸到高效低风险的阶段.农药产业也应调整思路,积极更新产品.高效低风险农药已成为当前农药发展的必由之路.     

毒死蜱环境安全性进展

有机磷农药毒死蜱作为一种高效、广谱的含氮杂环类杀虫杀螨剂,被广泛应用于农业、卫生等领域的害虫防治,其大量频繁使用,易对环境造成威胁,本文综述了毒死蜱的环境安全性研究数据,介绍了毒死蜱在环境中的暴露、迁移水平,及其对非靶标生物的毒性。     

西北春小麦和麦田土壤中15种常用农药残留的检测

为掌握西北春小麦和麦田土壤的农药残留污染状况,在调研和总结分析了西北春小麦的病、虫、草害发生和防治措施基础上,采集了我国西北地区甘肃、青海、宁夏的9个春小麦产区的小麦籽粒和麦田土壤样品。针对春小麦病虫草害防治中常用的农药,使用HPLC-MS/MS和GC-MS方法,测定了吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、毒死蜱等4种杀虫剂,三唑酮及其代谢物三唑醇、戊唑醇、多菌灵、三环唑、苯醚甲环唑等6种杀菌剂,精噁唑禾草灵、苯磺隆、2,4-滴丁酯、炔草酯及其代谢物炔草酸等5种除草剂,共15种农药及代谢物在小麦籽粒和麦田土壤中的残留量。通过与小麦中农药残留限量相比较,评价了西北春小麦的食品安全。结果显示,仅在采自甘肃金昌的小麦籽粒样品中检出了戊唑醇,且未超过最大残留限量,在其他样品中均未检出15种农药的残留,表明西北春小麦和麦田土壤的农药安全性均较高。本研究为掌握小麦籽粒的农药残留和麦田土壤的农药污染情况提供了研究数据,为进一步指导西北春小麦的绿色无公害病虫害防治提供了参考。     

农药内吸性的研究现状与改善策略

合理利用和改善农药在植物中的内吸传导特性，可大幅提高农药在靶标部位的积累并减少农药对环境的污染。通过对农药内吸性的研究，已逐步揭示了植物吸收和传导农药的基本原理，对内吸性农药的研发具有重要意义。随着农药改造和纳米载体的出现及发展，利用不同方法或手段来改善农药内吸性的研究报道也逐渐增加。本综述主要从农药在植物中的内吸性研究进展、研究方法以及改善农药内吸性的策略3个方面进行了阐述，可为内吸性农药及其剂型的开发提供参考。     

Anwendungsmuster von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Winterweizen und Winterraps

From the year 2000 on, different steps have been taken to study the real extent of pesticide use in Germany. For this paper, the data of farms in North East Germany were examined for the chemical plant protection measures carried out between 2000 and 2004. Results are presented for 97 winter wheat fields and 68 fields of oil seed rape. Pesticide use intensity is described as frequency of use, number of pesticides used, and treatment frequency index. Number and composition of tank mixtures are given in detail. More over it can be shown that the use of reduced dosages contributes to smaller overall pesticide use intensity.