矿区排土场土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐接种效应

土壤中丛枝菌根真菌促进植物对矿质营养和水分的吸收,可以增强宿主植物在逆境条件下的生存能力。利用丛枝菌根真菌与宿主植物共生关系,在以矿区排土场土壤为基质的盆栽试验条件下,向刺槐幼苗接种供试丛枝菌根真菌(摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、象牙白多孢囊霉Diversispora eburnea、隐类球囊霉Paraglomus occultum及3种真菌的混合菌剂),验证丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐生长的影响。结果表明,接种供试丛枝菌根真菌能显著提高刺槐幼苗生物量和叶绿素含量,其中以接种摩西球囊霉组植株菌根侵染率、株高、地径、生物量和SPAD值最高,说明供试菌剂中摩西球囊霉与刺槐幼苗根系的亲和力最高,接种效应最显著。研究结果为菌根技术在矿区土地复垦中的应用提供参考。     

桃棕苗期接种丛枝菌根菌效应研究

以桃棕哥斯达黎加San Carlos种源及14152号家系幼苗为宿主,开展接种丛枝菌根真菌(地表球囊霉、苏格兰球囊霉和木薯球囊霉)的试验研究.结果表明:参试的3个丛枝菌根真菌均可在桃棕San Carlos种源和14152号家系上形成感染,感染率26.7%～50.0%,感染指数13.3～37.5.尽管形成了菌根感染,但接种后7个月时,对桃棕San Carlos种源和14152号家系的地上部分的生长均未产生显著的影响;菌根接种对14152号家系根系的生长产生显著的促进作用(P＜0.05).木薯球囊霉G3008菌株接种处理下,14152号家系幼苗根系生物量和主根长分别比不接种(对照)提高了80.0%和51.4%.3个丛枝菌根菌中,木薯球囊霉G3008菌株对桃棕家系苗期根系发育有较好的效果.     

丛枝菌根对喜树幼苗的生长效应

2005年2月精选喜树种子培养无菌根幼苗,生长90天以后分别接种3种丛枝菌根真菌,即蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa),探讨了菌根真菌对喜树幼苗株高、生物量以及氮、磷吸收的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根的形成显著促进了菌根幼苗的高生长和生物量的积累,对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大,但却有利于喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收。从植株高度和生物量来看,菌根幼苗优于无菌根幼苗,蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗尤为突出,分别达到无菌根幼苗(CK)的1.2和1.6倍,差异显著。丛枝菌根的形成对喜树幼苗氮素营养的吸收影响不大。从全株的氮含量来看,菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗相近,只有在根、茎和叶片中Am菌根幼苗的氮含量才有明显变化,而透光球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗与无菌根幼苗之间则没有显著差异。丛枝菌根的形成总体上促进了喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收,并且主要体现在根的磷含量上。与无菌根幼苗比,所有菌根幼苗根的氮、磷分配比例增加,而茎和叶片的氮、磷分配比例减少。图2表2参13。     

接种丛枝菌根菌对黄檗苗木主要3种生物碱含量的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了接种丛枝菌根菌对黄檗实生苗主要药用成分含量的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根菌显著增加了黄檗重要的药用成分小檗碱、药根碱及掌叶防己碱的含量,其中尤以接种摩西球囊霉和透光球囊霉的处理效果显著。     

盐碱胁迫下AM真菌对沙枣苗木生长和生理的影响

【目的】研究盐碱胁迫下丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对沙枣苗木的生长和生理的影响,以期探索AM真菌提高沙枣苗木耐盐碱机制,为菌根化沙枣苗木在盐碱地推广应用提供理论基础。【方法】采用盆栽法研究了4种不同土壤盐碱度下分别接种根内球囊霉和摩西球囊霉对沙枣苗木的生长影响,并对沙枣苗木的光合特性、Na+和K+含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量等各项生理指标进行测定。【结果】2种AM真菌均能与沙枣苗木建立共生关系,且GI处理对苗木的侵染率显著高于接种GM处理,但随着土壤中盐浓度增加,沙枣苗木菌根侵染率有所降低。在同一盐碱度下接种AM真菌可显著促进沙枣幼苗的生长,在中度盐碱胁迫下(含盐量1.56%,p H 9.52),接种GI和GM的沙枣苗木株高分别较未接种AM真菌植株增加了20.07%,9.68%,植株干生物量显著增加;AM真菌可显著提高盐碱胁迫下沙枣幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和光合生理特性,其叶片净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、胞间二氧化碳浓度Ci均显著高于未接种AM真菌处理的幼苗(P0.05)。接种GI和GM处理植株叶片组织内SOD,CAT和POD酶活性显著高于对照处理,但根系及叶片组织内丙二醛含量显著低于对照处理的植株,而其脯氨酸含量却都表现出显著提高。接种AM真菌沙枣根系和叶片中Na+含量较未接种处理植株显著下降,K+含量和K+/Na+比值显著提高。【结论】接种AM真菌能显著提高沙枣苗木耐盐碱能力。接种根内球囊霉的沙枣苗木的生长及抗盐碱胁迫能力的各项生理指标均显著高于接种摩西球囊霉处理的苗木,表明根内球囊霉在盐碱地改良方面具有很好的推广应用前景。     

丛枝菌根真菌对澳洲坚果幼苗耐旱性的影响

基于云南热区季节性干旱的自然条件,探讨AM真菌接种对具有排根的引种作物——澳洲坚果幼苗生长及耐旱性的影响,旨在为外来物种的本地驯化栽培提供科学的理论依据。在正常水分与水分胁迫条件下,对盆栽澳洲坚果幼苗分别接种土著AM真菌(N-AM)和摩西球囊霉(G-AM),测定澳洲坚果幼苗生长、菌根定殖、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量等指标。结果表明,两个接种处理下,AM真菌均能与澳洲坚果幼苗建立共生关系,接种土著AM真菌(N-AM)处理的澳洲坚果幼苗根系的侵染率均显著高于接种摩西球囊霉(G-AM)处理,以正常水分条件下N-AM处理的苗木根系中AM侵染率为最高;接种AM真菌能促进澳洲坚果幼苗的生长,在正常水分条件下接种土著AM真菌的澳洲坚果幼苗干物质累积量最大;接种AM真菌后澳洲坚果幼苗中可溶性糖含量比不接种显著增加,叶片和排根中增加幅度较大;澳洲坚果幼苗在水分胁迫条件下接种土著AM真菌后可溶性糖含量增幅最大,如叶片可溶性糖含量比G-AM处理和对照增加71.82%和98.64%;澳洲坚果幼苗叶片和根系中脯氨酸含量仅在水分胁迫时显著升高,脯氨酸累积量呈现CKG-AMN-AM,研究结果表明可溶性糖和脯氨酸在澳洲坚果的耐旱性中发挥不同的作用。两个接种处理中AM真菌均能与澳洲坚果幼苗很好地共生,并促进澳洲坚果幼苗生长和耐旱性,接种土著AM真菌的幼苗各指标显著优于接种摩西球囊霉的,可能是由于拥有多样性优势的土著AM真菌在澳洲坚果幼苗根系中定殖能力较强。     

水曲柳丛枝菌根真菌接菌苗对干旱胁迫的生长和生理响应

【目的】研究水曲柳接种丛枝菌根真菌后对干旱环境的生长和生理响应，为丛枝菌根真菌在干旱环境中的应用提供理论依据，也为水曲柳在干旱环境下的苗木培育及生产提供技术支撑。【方法】以水曲柳幼苗为供试植物，选取幼套球囊霉菌和摩西球囊霉菌为供试菌种，设置单接幼套球囊霉菌（Ge）、单接摩西球囊霉菌（Gm）和混合接种（Mix:Ge+Gm）3种接菌方式，以不接菌苗（CK）为对照组；在温室内采用盆栽控水的方式模拟自然干旱，设置轻度干旱LD（控水5天）、中度干旱MD（控水10天）和重度干旱SD（控水15天）3个处理，与全程正常供水NW进行比较；研究水曲柳接菌苗对不同水分条件的菌根侵染率、生长、渗透调节和抗氧化系统响应。【结果】1）干旱胁迫下，接菌能够促进苗木生长，提高苗木质量；混合接菌比单一接菌更有助于提高苗木生长。混合接种处理具有更高的菌根侵染率，相关分析发现，菌根侵染率与苗高增量、地径增量、生物量增量、根长、根表面积、根系平均直径、可溶性蛋白（Sp）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著正相关（P<0.05），与丙二醛（MDA）含量显著负相关（P<0.0...     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫穗槐固氮能力的影响

通过对紫穗槐双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌、单接种丛枝菌根真菌、单接种根瘤菌、非接种对照处理,研究丛枝菌根真菌时紫稳槐固氮能力的影响.结果表明:选用的丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus intraradices)能够与紫穗槐很好地形成共生复合体,双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌处理的苗木根系结瘤数量显著提高,苗木根系土壤的脲酶活性、叶片硝酸还原酶活性显著提高;通过对紫稳槐植株和土壤氮素含量的测定,进一步证实丛枝菌根真菌能够增强豆科树种紫穗槐的固氮能力.     

摩西球囊霉与伯乐树的共生效应研究

选用丛枝菌根(AM)真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus eburneun)对伯乐树种子(Bretschneidera sinensis)进行接种,以未经真菌处理的种子为对照,当种子萌发并长成幼苗8周后,分别测定两组不同处理下幼苗叶片的生理指标(SOD酶活性、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量、水含量)和形态学指标(平均苗高、平均地径、平均叶片数、侧枝数),以探求有利于伯乐树栽培的生长条件。结果表明:经AM处理后SOD活性有所增强,而可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量与水含量则明显增加;接种过的幼苗的平均苗高、地径、叶片数、侧枝数以及成活率均明显优于对照组;综上说明,AM真菌摩西球囊霉对伯乐树的生长具有一定的促进作用。     

山西历山自然保护区沙棘丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)资源的调查

通过对山西历山自然保护区沙棘根际的丛枝菌根真菌资源进行了调查。从沙棘的根际土壤中共分离鉴定出7种丛枝菌根真菌的孢子，分别为孔围球囊霉、摩西球囊霉、地表球囊霉、集球囊霉、地球囊霉、缩球囊霉、单孢球囊霉，其中，孔围球囊霉为国内新记录种，摩西球囊霉为优势种。从而为沙棘的丰产栽培、育苗及造林提供了理论依据。     

土壤水分和接种VA菌根对构树根系形态和分形特征的影响

石灰岩生态系统是一种脆弱的退化生态系统.由于岩石易水解形成溶蚀地貌,土壤水分难以保存,水土流失现象普遍,尤其原生植被破坏后,生境更加恶化,植被恢复非常困难(谢宗强等,1995).     

江南油杉细根生物量空间分布及其对土壤水分的响应

[目的]探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制.[方法]以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征.[结果]1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0～...     

干旱胁迫对真桦根系形态及生物量分配的影响

通过人工控水土培方法,研究了干旱胁迫对真桦的根系形态、分级特征、苗高生长以及生物量分配的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著影响真桦根系形态及构型,随着土壤含水量的降低,真桦根系质量和平均直径降低。轻度和中度干旱使真桦根系总长度、根系表面积、比根长降低;重度干旱下,直径小于0.5 mm的细根比例显著提高,根系总长度、根系表面积、比根长显著提高。随着土壤含水量的降低,真桦苗木的高生长受到抑制,生物量降低,根冠比明显提高。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal induced changes to plant growth and root system morphology in Prunus cerasifera

We compared root system morphogenesis of micropropogated transplants of Prunus cerasifera L. inoculated with either of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus mosseae or Glomus intraradices or with the ericoid mycorrhizal species Hymenoscyphus ericae. All plants were grown in sand culture, irrigated with a nutrient solution that included a soluble source of phosphorus, for 75 days after transplanting. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased both the survival and growth (by over 100%) of transplants compared with either uninoculated controls or transplants inoculated with H. ericae. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased root, stem and leaf weights, leaf area, root length and specific leaf area, and it decreased root length/leaf area ratio, root/shoot weight ratio and specific root length. Both uptake of phosphorus and its concentration in leaves were increased by AM infection, although the time course of the relationships between intensity of AM infection and P nutrition were complex and suggested a role for factors other than nutrition. The time course for the development of infection varied. It was most rapid with G. mosseae, but it was ultimately higher with G. intraradices. None of the treatments significantly affected the lengths of adventitious roots or the first-, second- or third-order laterals that developed from them. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization increased the intensity of branching in all root orders with the effect being most obvious on first-order lateral roots where the number of branches increased from under 100 to over 300 brances m(-1). As a result, although first-order laterals made up 55% of the root systems of control plants, the comparable value was 36% in AM-infected plants. In contrast, second-order laterals represented 25% of control root systems, but 50% of AM-colonized root systems. Glomus intraradices but not G. mosseae increased root diameter. Anatomical studies revealed no changes in the overall form of the root tip, although there were changes in the diameter of the root cap, cell numbers and cell size. Hymenoscyphus ericae increased the duration of the metaphase index. Both AM fungal treatments increased the concentrations of soluble proteins in root extracts and modified the protein profiles by the elimination and addition of protein bands detected by PAGE analysis. We conclude that AM fungal inoculation influenced processes in the root system at different levels, but not all effects were due to improved P nutrition or increased physiological age.     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on leaf solutes and root absorption areas of trifoliate orange seedlings under water stress conditions

The effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae on plant growth, leaf solutes and root absorption area of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) seedlings were studied in potted culture under water stress conditions. Inoculation with G. mosseae increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight, when the soil water content was 20%, 16% and 12%. AM inoculation also promoted the active and total absorption area of root system and absorption of phosphorus from the rhizosphere, enhanced the content of soluble sugar in leaves and roots, and reduced proline content in leaves. AM seedings had higher plant water use efficiency and higher drought tolerance than non-AM seedlings. Effects of G. mosseae inoculation on trifoliate orange seedlings under 20% and 16% soil water content were more significant than under 12% soil water content. AM infection was severely restrained by 12% soil water content. Thus, effects of AM fungi on plants were probably positively related to the extent of root colonization by AM fungi. The mechanism of AM fungi in enhancing drought resistance of host plants ascribed to greater osmotic adjustment and greater absorption area of root system by AM colonization. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 2005, 30(5): 583–588 [译自: 植物生理与分子生物学报, 2005, 30(5): 583–588]     

Growth of Nursery-grown Bamboo Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in two Tropical Soil Typeswith and without Fertilizer Application

A nursery experiment was conducted to assess the effect of bioinoculants (Glomus aggregatum, Bacillus polymixa, Azospirillum brasilense) on seedling growth promotion of bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees.) in two soil types (alfisol, vertisol) with or without fertilizer application. Bamboo seedlings were grown in the presence or absence of bioinoculants either individually or in all combinations for 180 days in field soil under tropical nursery conditions. Shoot, rhizome and root length, dry masses, nutrient concentrations and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonized root lengths were determined at harvest. Under the experimental condition tested combined inoculation of AM fungi, PSB and A. brasilense resulted in maximum growth response both under fertilized and unfertilized conditions in both soil types. Fertilizer application enhanced the efficiencies of N, P and K uptake, whereas reduced their usage efficiencies. Though soil type did not affect microbial inoculation response, fertilizer application significantly affected plant response to microbial inoculation.     

金沙江干热河谷不同土壤水分对台湾青枣根系生长的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同水分处理下台湾青枣根系的分布状况,调查分析了不同径级根系数量、根系含水率、根系密度等项目。结果表明:台湾青枣根系主要分布在0-60 cm的土壤中,根系数量随土壤含水量的降低而增加,但根系含水率则是随着土壤含水量的增加而增加,而根系数量则随着土壤含水量的减少而增多的特征。因此,A处理(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%-55%)是台湾青枣生长的最适水量,通过人为控制土壤含水量,以此调节根系生长与空间分布,最终达到调控作物生长和产量。     

施氮和接种AM真菌对刺槐生长及营养代谢的影响

以灭菌土为生长基质,采用盆栽试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同施氮水乎下接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉和缩球囊霉对刺槐生长和营养代谢的影响.结果表明:接种AM真菌后刺槐根系菌根侵染率、根系活力和植株的生物量以及叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性都随着施氮量的增加先升高后降低,在土壤中施氮量为0.4 g·kg-1水平时最好;相反,刺槐叶片丙二醛(MDA)和游离脯氨酸(PRO)含量却随着施氮量的增加先降低后升高,在施氮量为0.4 g·kg-1水平时最小.AM真菌的菌根效应因菌种不同而异,接种摩西球囊霉后,其菌根侵染率与各指标的相关性显著,更能促进刺槐的生长和营养代谢.     

黄土丘陵区燕沟流域人工刺槐林的细根空间分布特征

对黄土丘陵区燕沟流域10年生人工刺槐林的细根生物量、比根长、根长密度和根面积指数的空间分布特征,以及这些根系参数与土壤物理因子(土壤含水量、土壤温度和土壤密度)的关系进行研究。结果表明:1)人工刺槐林细根在0～180cm土层中随深度呈层次性衰减(a,b,c,d,e);其中,细根生物量、根长密度和根面积指数等随深度变化均可用负指数函数描述,根系集中分布在0～60cm土层,峰值都在0～20cm土层,该土层3项指标分别占各自0～60cm土层总量的42.72%,44.44%和47.14%;比根长随深度增加衰减趋势较弱,在80～140cm土层中出现反复,其随土层深度的变化可用三次多项式描述。2)细根生物量、根长密度和根面积指数等均随距树干基部的距离增加而减小,比根长在0～40cm随距树干距离增加而增加,在40～80cm达到最大值,120～160cm内最少。3)根系分布受环境因子影响,其影响程度依次为:土壤温度>土壤含水量>土壤密度,建立根系参数与土壤物理因子的多元线性回归模型,模型均达到95%以上显著水平。     

Morphological response of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa to the combined impact of drought and shade

Light and soil moisture availability are two important abiotic factors influencing plant growth in an agroforestry system. Different soil moisture and light treatments were applied to examine the combined impact of drought and shade on the morphological plasticity of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Chinese chastetree) and Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Spine jujube). We found that the interaction of light and soil moisture was orthogonal in the two species. V. negundo captured irradiance efficiently with relatively long petiole and petiolule, while Z. jujuba maintained higher branches to absorb light than V. negundo. Compared to the seedlings under full sunlight, the palmately compound leaves of V. negundo under low light showed larger specific leaf area (SLA), lower ratio of leaflet length to width and higher leaf mass ratio (leaf biomass to total biomass); in contrast, the simple leaves of Z. jujuba under low light showed larger SLA and ratio of leaf length to petiole length. In both species, drought reduced the branch number, mean internode length of stem, and increased root mass ratio (root biomass to total biomass), but leaf morphology showed little variation to the decreased soil moisture. Between the two species, V. negundo is more shade-tolerant, while Z. jujuba is more drought-tolerant. In an alley cropping system, the spacing can be smaller in the V. negundo-crop system than the Z. jujuba-crop system when soil moisture is adequate. However, the V. negundo-crop system should be managed with more caution under the soil moisture limited conditions.