An outbreak of peste des petits ruminants in a zoological collection

Peste des petits ruminants virus was suspected to be the cause of a disease outbreak in a zoological collection at Al Ain in the Arabian Gulf. Clinically the outbreak affected gazelles (Gazellinae), ibex and sheep (Caprinae) and gemsbok (Hippotraginae); subclinical involvement of Nilgai (Tragelaphinae) was suspected. A morbillivirus was isolated and using monoclonal antibodies and biological tests in cattle, sheep and goats the virus of peste des petits ruminants was identified.     

Effect of foodstuff contamination by aflatoxin on the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

Twenty young female adult one-humped racing camels (Camelus dromedarius) kept in camps scattered outside Al Ain city and aged between 3- and 6-years-old, died after a short clinical illness. Affected camels were dull, inappetant and pyrexic, with submandibular oedema and enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes. Of 100 camels within the camps, 31 showed clinical signs. At necropsy examination, the liver of dead animals appeared yellowish, enlarged, congested and friable. The main hepatic histological findings were centrolobular necrosis, haemorrhages and cellular vacuolation. Aflatoxins were detected in sera, liver, ruminal contents and in feed ingested by affected animals. Sera of symptomatic and recovered camels also showed increased levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminases, glutamic pyruvic transaminases, aspartate transaminases, gamma glutamyl transaminases, glucose, urea nitrogen, phosphorus and total iron. Decreased levels of albumin, calcium, cholesterol and triglycerides were also observed. It was probable that aflatoxicosis was responsible for clinical signs and subsequent death of the camels. The need for suitable and appropriate storage conditions of animal feed to prevent fungal growth and aflatoxin contamination is highlighted.     

饲喂棉籽饼水牛尿石症发生中血清维生素A含量变化及其作用的研究

选用１２头无既往病史，９－１２月龄末去势公水牛随机分为４组，每组３头。采用饲喂棉籽饼与经加水煮沸１小时后的棉籽饼，添加与不添加维生素Ａ的方法，进行了１２周的人工诱病和预防试验。对参试水牛血清中维生素Ａ含量的动态变化进行了观察。结果表明：饲喂棉籽饼与饲喂经加水煮沸的棉籽饼组间，添加与不添加维生素Ａ组间，表现与不表现临床尿石症水牛间血清维生素Ａ含量差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），试验期间各组水牛血清维生素     

Influence of aluminum citrate and citric acid on mineral metabolism in wether sheep

A 60-d trial was conducted to determine effects of Al citrate and citric acid on DM digestibility (DMD) and metabolism of Mg, Ca, P, K, Na and Al. Eighteen crossbred, yearling wether lambs equipped with ruminal cannulas were fed a basal diet containing .12% Mg and 2.87% K (DM basis) and were allotted to three treatments: 1) control, 2) 2,000 ppm Al as Al citrate and 3) citric acid equivalent to the citrate in treatment 2. Treatments were administered in 200 ml of deionized water twice daily in divided doses via ruminal cannula. Balance trials were conducted during d 0 to 5, 6 to 10, 25 to 35 and 50 to 60. Dry matter digestibility decreased (P less than .05) approximately 3 percentage units in lambs receiving Al. Treatment with Al citrate increased (P less than .01) apparent absorption and retention of Al compared to those receiving citric acid alone. Approximately 30% of ingested and infused Al was apparently absorbed. Compared to citric acid, Al citrate treatment lowered apparent absorption and retention of Mg and Ca during d 0 to 5. Apparent Ca absorption and retention again were lowered during d 50 to 60. Urinary Ca was increased (P less than .01) and apparent P absorption (P less than .10) and retention (P less than .05) were decreased by Al citrate during all measurement periods. Apparent absorption of K decreased (P less than .05) slightly in response to Al treatment. Apparent absorption of Na was not influenced by Al treatment. Serum Mg and P decreased and serum Ca increased in response to Al treatment. Results demonstrate negative effects of ingested Al, but not of citric acid, on DMD and metabolism of Mg, Ca, P and K.     

铝处理对苜蓿种子萌发及其幼苗生理生化特性的影响

在种子萌发试验中,低于０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ａｌ＾３＋处理对苜蓿种子的萌发无明显的影响,高于０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ａｌ＾３＋处理则明显降低种子的发芽数量,速度和质量,降低萌发种子的蛋白酶活性和自由氨基酸的含量,加速种子的电解质外渗。在幼苗生长的试验中,低于０．０５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和Ａｌ＾３＋处理对苜蓿幼苗的生长略有促进作用,０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ａｌ＾３＋处理对其无明显的影响,高于０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的Ａｌ＾     

Effects of dietary aluminum and phosphorus on magnesium metabolism in dairy calves

The metabolism of Mg was studied in young dairy calves fed two levels of added Al (0 and .20% Al) and two levels of added P (0 and .22% P) for 7 wk. The four treatments were 1) normal P-low Al, 2) low P-low Al, 3) normal P-high Al and 4) low P-high Al. The basal diet (low P-low Al) contained, by analysis, .132% P, .021% Al and .17% Mg. Added Al did not affect (P greater than .10) serum Mg. An Al x P interaction on bone Mg was detected (P less than .01). Magnesium was reduced in tibia shaft (.34 vs .44%) and in tibia joint (.43 vs .53%) in calves fed high Al in the presence of normal dietary P, but Mg was not reduced in the calves fed low-P diets. Apparent absorption of Mg was reduced by approximately five-fold (.18 g/d vs -.84 g/d, P less than .01); urinary Mg excretion was reduced 31% (1.12 g/d vs .77 g/d, P less than .01); and Mg retention declined 41% (-95 g/d vs -1.61 g/d, P less than .01) in calves fed added A1. Compared with calves fed low-P diets, calves fed normal levels of P had a higher Mg concentration in tibia shaft (P less than .01) and tibia joint (P less than .05). The data indicate that supplemental Al may adversely affect Mg metabolism in calves.     

高寒草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体稳定性及其铁铝氧化物分异的研究

团聚体对有机碳的物理保护是土壤碳固存的重要机制。本研究以青藏高原东缘灌丛化草地和未灌丛化草地为研究对象,采用Cambardella与Elliott湿筛法和沉降虹吸法分离和提取团聚体,测定了灌丛化草地和未灌丛化草地中土壤团聚体含量,分析了团聚体稳定性、不同形态铁铝氧化物的分异及铁铝氧化物与团聚体稳定性的关系。结果显示:灌丛化显著降低了<0.053 mm微团聚体含量(P<0.05),对团聚体稳定性没有显著影响(P>0.05);灌丛化显著增加了>0.25 mm大团聚体内游离态铝的含量(Al_d的含量增加了14.09%)(P<0.05)和<0.25 mm微团聚体内游离态铁铝的含量(Fe_d、Al_d的含量分别增加了9.75%和15.31%)(P<0.05),显著降低了<0.25 mm微团聚体内络合态铁铝的含量(Fe_p、Al_p的含量分别降低了31.03%和9.41%)(P<0.05)。通过增强回归树分析,游离态铁铝氧化物对团聚体稳定性的作用最强,络合态铝氧化物对团聚体稳定性作用最弱。表明灌丛化有助于增强团聚体的稳定,促进土壤有机碳的固存。     

Reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is amplified by aluminum exposure in a model of type 2 diabetes

In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic aluminum (Al) exposure for 10 weeks on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampus of type 2 diabetic rats. Six-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats were selected and randomly divided into Al- and non-Al-groups. Al was administered via drinking water for 10 weeks, after which the animals were sacrificed at 16 weeks of age. ZDF rats in both Al- and non-Al-groups showed increases in body weight and blood glucose levels compared to ZLC rats. Al exposure did not significantly affect body weight, blood glucose levels or pancreatic β-cells and morphology of the pancreas in either ZLC or ZDF rats. However, exposure to Al reduced cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in both ZLC and ZDF rats. Exposure to Al resulted in poor development of the dendritic processes of neuroblasts in both ZLC and ZDF rats. Furthermore, onset and continuation of diabetes reduced cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, and Al exposure amplified reduction of these parameters. These results suggest that Al exposure via drinking water aggravates the impairment in hippocampal neurogenesis that is typically observed in type 2 diabetic animals.     

中国假俭草种质资源耐铝性变异分析

 以美国引进的常用品种‘Ｃｏｍｍｏｎ’假俭草和目前最耐铝的假俭草品种‘ＴｉｆＢｌａｉｒ’为对照品种,采用小容积营养液培养法对选用来自中国１３个省份的５１ 份假俭草种质资源耐铝性进行评价。结果表明,１５００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ 的铝（ＡｌＣｌ３·６Ｈ２Ｏ）胁迫下假俭草种源间的生长存在显著差异,其中相对根系干重、相对地上部分干重、相对全株干重的变异系数分别为２０．５５％,１５．６２％和１５．５２％。采用隶属函数值的方法对供试材料的耐铝性划分５个等级,处于１～３级的（较耐铝种源）共２１个,占总数的３９．６％,处于第４级的（中间型）共１９个,占总数的３５．９％,处于第５级的（铝敏感种源）共１３个,占总数的２４．５％。其中‘Ｃｏｍｍｏｎ’假俭草和耐铝的‘ＴｉｆＢｌａｉｒ’假俭草属于中间类型,这说明中国假俭草种源的耐铝性存在很大的开发潜力。     

酸、铝胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

本试验采用水培法,以金皇后品种的紫花苜蓿为材料,探讨了酸(pH 3.0,4.5,6.0,7.5)、Al³⁺(0,50,100,200 mg/L)胁迫处理对苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着酸度的增加对苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的抑制作用增强,微酸(pH 6.0)环境下几乎没有抑制作用,甚至有促进作用。溶液铝含量在0,50 mg/L时,苜蓿生长正常,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、茎长、根长等均明显高于其他处理(P<0.05);当铝含量在100~200 mg/L时,苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长受到严重抑制,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、茎长、根长等均显著低于(P<0.05)其他处理。酸、铝共同胁迫对苜蓿种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响大于单一胁迫对它的影响,当pH<4.5、Al³⁺浓度达到50 mg/L以上时,即可对苜蓿芽苗的生长产生明显的抑制作用。     

8份云南苜蓿属优异种质资源对铝胁迫的生理耐受响应研究

以8份云南苜蓿资源为研究材料,研究了铝胁迫对苜蓿幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,低浓度（≤100 μmol·L^-1）铝处理对苜蓿幼苗的植株生长及根系伸长的抑制作用较弱,但对苜蓿根系活力抑制作用较大,且促进了丙二醛在根尖的积累,破坏膜系统的通透性;由于在逆境中苜蓿自身调节机制作用缓解铝毒害,当胁迫处理浓度≥200 μmol·L^-1时,根系活力下降及丙二醛积累变化趋势较为平缓。随着铝处理浓度的增加,苜蓿根尖受胁迫影响随之增大,氧化酶活性呈逐级递减的趋势。采用隶属函数法对8份供试苜蓿材料耐铝性进行评价,可将供试材料分为耐铝型、中等耐铝型和敏感型三种,综合分析认为紫花苜蓿（No.12）在不同浓度铝胁迫处理下耐铝性表现均较好,可在南方酸性富铝化土壤中推广应用。     

亚慢性铝暴露对雏鸡大脑组织氨基酸类神经递质的影响

以1周龄海兰白蛋鸡为试验对象,采用连续腹腔注射等体积不同浓度梯度AlC13的方法,建立不同程度亚慢性铝暴露模型,研究铝暴露对鸡大脑组织氨基酸类神经递质的影响.试验雏鸡分为对照、低、中、高4个试验组,铝暴露剂量分别为0、18.31、27.47、36.62 mg/kg·dAl3+,暴露60 d后,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测鸡大脑组织中氨基酸类神经递质含量,原子吸收分光光度法检测鸡血清和大脑组织中铝的含量.结果表明,随染铝剂量的加大,谷氨酸( Glu)的含量呈升高趋势,但与对照组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05);血清和大脑组织中铝的含量、甘氨酸(Gly)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、牛磺酸(Tau)含量均高于对照组,与对照组比较差异显著(P＜ 0.05;P＜0.01);低剂量组天门冬氨酸(Asp)含量低于对照组,中高剂量组高于对照组,与对照组比较差异显著(P＜ 0.05;P＜0.01).结果提示,铝暴露可通过影响雏鸡氨基酸类神经递质的含量而产生兴奋性神经毒性作用.     

蒺藜苜蓿耐酸铝性状的全基因组关联分析

铝毒害是酸性土壤耕种的主要限制因素,每年造成大量作物减产。蒺藜苜蓿是紫花苜蓿的一年生近缘种,广泛分布于世界各地,是紫花苜蓿遗传改良的重要基因资源。本研究利用蒺藜苜蓿群体的耐酸铝性状差异,进行全基因组关联分析,筛选蒺藜苜蓿耐酸铝性状相关的遗传位点,共得到58个与蒺藜苜蓿耐酸铝性状相关的SNP标记。对其周围基因进行功能注释分析,发现这些SNP位点主要参与苜蓿的细胞壁、脂质代谢、环境胁迫响应过程、氧化还原反应过程以及小分子转运等过程。最后,通过基因组选择方法将发掘SNP标记应用到蒺藜苜蓿耐酸铝性状的预测,预测准确性达到0.80,这说明本研究发掘的SNP标记可以用于蒺藜苜蓿及其近缘物种紫花苜蓿耐酸铝性状的遗传改良。     

9种杂草植物相对铝耐性的特征分析

通过对酸性土壤地区的铝毒污染进行高效、无污染的生物治理,可为作物生长提供良好的生存基础。试验采用小盆钵土培法,设置铝质量浓度为0.2 g/kg,根据不同种禾本科和菊科植物的生物量、根冠比、叶面积和比叶面积评价了9种杂草植物对铝毒的响应,并对不同种类杂草植物对铝响应进行了筛选。结果表明：铝处理后,9种杂草植物中禾本科植物较菊科植物更耐铝。禾本科植物中牛筋草Eleusine indica和升马唐Digitaria ciliaris的相对根（干）鲜质量、相对地上部（干）鲜质量、相对叶（干）鲜质量较大,并且相对叶面积均较大。菊科植物旱莲草Eclipta prostrata的相对耐铝性较差,各相对耐性指标值均偏小。相关分析表明禾本科植物的相对根鲜质量、相对叶鲜质量和相对根干质量三者之间存在显著相关性。主成分分析结果显示,对禾本科和菊科植物进行耐铝性筛选时,均可用相对根鲜质量作为主要的筛选指标。     

三种杀虫剂对多异瓢虫的毒力及亚致死效应

为协调化学防治和生物防治,指导田间合理用药,采用接触处理（滤纸）和毒蚜饲喂两种方式,测定了3种杀虫剂吡虫啉（I）、阿维菌素（Ab）和高效氯氰菊酯（Al）对多异瓢虫（Hippodamia variegate）的毒力,及亚致死剂量对多异瓢虫发育历期和繁殖力的影响。结果表明：多异瓢虫接触3种杀虫剂的亚致死剂量后的日平均产卵量均显著低于对照（P<0.05）,而且当代累积平均产卵量显著低于对照（P<0.05）;毒蚜饲喂组的瓢虫日平均产卵量与对照无显著差异,当代累计平均产卵量与对照无显著差异。多异瓢虫各处理当代第1 d产卵孵化率均显著低于对照（P<0.05）。接触处理瓢虫组各处理的F₁代总发育历期显著长于对照,而毒蚜饲喂处理与对照差异不显著。各处理的F₁代产卵量与对照无显著差异,Al接触处理瓢虫组的F₁代第1 d产卵孵化率显著低于对照。本试验LC₂₀亚致死剂量的杀虫剂不仅对当代而且对下一代的生长均有抑制作用,药剂接触处理对多异瓢虫发育和繁殖的影响大于取食毒蚜处理。     

Effects of aluminum on the reduction of neural stem cells,proliferating cells,and differentiating neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus of D-galactose-treated mice via increasing oxidative stress

Aluminum (Al) accumulation increases with aging, and long-term exposure to Al is regarded as a risk factor for Alzheimer''s disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of Al and/or D-galactose on neural stem cells, proliferating cells, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. AlCl₃ (40 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered to C57BL/6J mice for 4 weeks. In addition, vehicle (physiological saline) or D-galactose (100 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to these mice immediately after AlCl₃ treatment. Neural stem cells, proliferating cells, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons were detected using the relevant marker for each cell type, including nestin, Ki67, doublecortin, and NeuN, respectively, via immunohistochemistry. Subchronic (4 weeks) exposure to Al in mice reduced neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts without causing any changes to mature neurons. This Al-induced reduction effect was exacerbated in D-galactose-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated adult mice. Moreover, exposure to Al enhanced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus and expression of antioxidants such as Cu, Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase in D-galactose-treated mice. These results suggest that Al accelerates the reduction of neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts in D-galactose-treated mice via oxidative stress, without inducing loss in mature neurons.     

铝胁迫对西藏野生垂穗披碱草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用水培的方法,以采自西藏高寒区域不同地区的野生垂穗披碱草种子为材料,初步探讨了酸性环境下(pH 4.5)不同浓度的Al³⁺(0、0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L^-1)胁迫对垂穗披碱草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以期为酸铝土壤的改良提供优良的种质资源。研究结果显示,低浓度Al³⁺(0.5、1.0 mmol·L^-1)对3种垂穗披碱草种子的发芽率无显著影响(P>0.05),但Al³⁺浓度为1.5 mmol·L^-1时,3种垂穗披碱草种子的发芽率均被显著抑制(P<0.05)。同时,3种野生牧草的根长、株高、根重及茎叶重在Al³⁺胁迫下受到了不同程度的抑制,且根系被抑制的程度大于茎叶。此外,植物幼苗中丙二醛和可溶性糖作为受胁迫程度的重要指标,其含量在3种垂穗披碱草幼苗中均随Al³⁺浓度的升高呈现出上升的趋势。结果还表明,1.5 mmol·L^-1 Al³⁺处理时,那曲、申扎、浪卡子垂穗披碱草根系中铝含量分别是地上部的12.2、15.3、17.5倍。铝毒和磷缺失往往是酸性土壤中同时存在的问题,这严重影响了植物生长,研究表明Al³⁺抑制了垂穗披碱草对磷的吸收及转运。通过隶属函数法对3种垂穗披碱草的抗铝特性评估结果显示,采自申扎县的垂穗披碱草对Al³⁺的耐性较高,可驯化育种,为酸性土壤的改良提供优质的种质资源。     

不同处理的饲料纤维（小麦麸）对蛋雏鸡血清酶活力的影响

本试验研究了经膨化、纤维素酶、碱、酸处理的小麦麸对蛋雏鸡全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、血清碱性磷酸酶活力的影响。结果表明,1.各处理组间全血谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力差异不显著(P>0.05);2.经纤维素酶、酸、碱处理的麦麸组,血清碱性磷酸酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.01);而膨化处理组与对照组相比,血清碱性磷酸酶活力差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

铝胁迫对狗牙根根系生长和营养元素的影响

为了探究狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.)耐铝种质及敏铝种质根系生长和营养元素对铝胁迫的响应.本研究以狗牙根耐铝种质A22和敏铝种质A326作为试验材料,在500μM AlCl3(pH值4.0)溶液中设计了3个处理时间(0 h,12 h,24 h),在24 h处理时间点设计了4个铝处理浓度,分...     

鸭茅幼苗生长及形态对铝胁迫的响应

选取我国西南地区的鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)主栽品种‘德纳塔’、‘安巴’、‘宝兴’和‘牧友’为供试材料,研究酸性环境下不同梯度的铝离子(0,10,30,50和100 μM)对鸭茅幼苗生长及形态的影响。结果表明:铝胁迫下,鸭茅枝条干重、根系干重、植株形态及根系伸长均受到显著抑制,且随着浓度的增加呈现出下降趋势;低浓度(10～30 μM)铝离子处理对鸭茅生长造成的抑制较弱,对鸭茅植株的健康形态塑造没有造成影响;而高浓度(≥50 μM)铝离子处理则对鸭茅植株根系伸长和植株形态造成严重的抑制,不利于植株后期的健康生长;供试鸭茅地下部根系积累铝的量要大于地上部枝条,且品种间存在一定差异,‘牧友’根系中铝含量最低,耐受性较强。表明鸭茅通过改变植株形态和调控自身积累铝的水平来应对酸性土壤中的铝离子胁迫,但是酸性铝离子环境对鸭茅早期生长仍具有一定的毒害作用,低浓度造成的影响较小,而高浓度则对鸭茅植株生长和形态塑造均造成不良的影响。