利用青枯菌胞外蛋白输出缺失突变体防治西红柿青枯病的研究

作者采用转座子Tn5诱变植物青枯菌获得了世界首例植物青枯菌胞外蛋白输出缺失突变体(简称eep突变体)。该突变体在缺失了许多胞外蛋白(包括有植物细胞壁降解酶、果胶酶类和纤维素酶类)外输功能后,也失去了对寄主的致病力。因此,该类突变体有可能被应用于植物青枯病的生物防治。本文主要是针对eep突变体在番茄上的定埴能力和生防效果进行研究。     

植物青枯病原细菌胞外蛋白相关基因的克隆

 用含有转座子Tn5的铜绿假单胞杆菌PAO1826(pMO75∷Tn5,Km^r)诱变我国马铃薯青枯菌小种3号菌株PO41,获得6000多个胞外多糖正常产生的接合子。经SDS-PAGE电泳,筛选出2个胞外蛋白减少9种的突变株PM2644和PM239,其可以引起烟草叶片典型的过敏性反应,致病力比野生型菌株显著降低,皆为原养型菌株。Southern杂交的结果表明,突变株染色体上只有1个转座子插入位点。标记交换证明,9种胞外蛋白缺失与转座子插入相偶联的频率为100%。以聚半乳糖醛酸酶和内葡聚糖酶2种胞外酶为指示蛋白进行定量测定的结果表明,在突变株上清液中和菌体细胞内都没有这2种胞外酶的存在。以突变株PM2644为受体菌,通过基因功能互补的方法,从野生型青枯菌基因文库筛选到2个阳性克隆pPSP1和pPSP2,它们既能恢复2个突变株产生胞外蛋白的能力,也能将2个突变株的致病力恢复到接近野生型菌株的水平。     

绿针假单胞菌YL-1抗细菌活性相关基因的克隆和分析

绿针假单胞菌YL-1对植物多种重要病原细菌和病原真菌有较强的抑制作用。采用转座子插入突变技术电转化绿针假单胞菌YL-1,构建随机插入突变体库。通过平板抑菌试验从突变体库中筛选对3种病原细菌荚壳伯克霍尔德菌Burkholderia glumae、解淀粉欧文氏菌Erwinia amylovora和胡萝卜果胶杆菌Pectobacterium carotovora抑菌效果显著下降的突变体,并采用PCR和Southern Blot验证转座子是否成功插入到YL-1染色体基因组上。利用质粒拯救技术克隆转座子插入位点基因、测序和生物信息学分析。结果表明:本研究成功构建了绿针假单胞菌YL-1随机插入突变体库,筛选出7株对3种病原细菌抑制效果明显下降的突变体,但其对立枯丝核菌的抑制效果与野生型菌株YL-1相同;PCR和Southern Blot试验结果表明绿针假单胞菌YL-1的7株突变体均是单拷贝;克隆到7个突变体插入位点的基因序列并测序,生物信息学分析结果表明其中6个突变位点是嗜铁素合成基因簇,1个突变位点是蛋白分泌基因sec Y。     

水稻白叶枯病菌HD-GYP结构域蛋白PXO_03945的功能鉴定

为了揭示水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,简称Xoo)环二鸟苷酸(c-di-GMP)信号相关蛋白PXO_03945的生物学功能,本研究通过基因同源重组和无标记交换,对PXO_03945基因进行了缺失突变,对野生型、突变体和互补菌株进行表型测定,分析该基因缺失突变对病菌胞内c-di-GMP水平、致病性、运动性、胞外多糖产生和生物膜形成的影响。结果表明,PXO_03945蛋白具有参与c-di-GMP降解的磷酸二酯酶(PDE)的HD-GYP结构域和功能未知的DUF3391结构域。全长基因缺失可导致体内c-di-GMP浓度明显上升。与野生型相比,ΔPXO_03945对水稻品种日本晴的致病性显著下降,而游动性增强,胞外多糖产生和生物膜形成增加。基因互补可以使之恢复。因此,HD-GYP结构域蛋白PXO_03945可能通过降解胞内c-di-GMP,正向调控了致病性,负向调控了运动性、EPS产生和生物膜形成能力。     

软腐欧氏杆菌的蛋白酶与致病作用的关系

 胡罗卜软腐欧氏杆菌(Erwinia carotovora var.carotovora Dyc)在合成培养基MS中产生两种蛋白酶,但在无细胞滤液中测不到果胶裂解酶和果胶水解酶的活性。用等电聚焦电泳测得这两种蛋白酶都是碱性蛋白酶,等电点分别为8.3和8.9。变性温度为49-50℃,对酸或碱具有较高的稳定性。纯化的蛋白酶单独作用马铃薯块、能使其变软,切片观察表明细胞壁被明显降解。通过滤膜结合法,将供体菌1830/pJB4J1::Tn5的转座子转入到野生型StEcc-12中,从2000个接合子中获得了11个缺少产蛋白酶能力的突变体。这些突变体的分泌性蛋白质等电聚焦图谱与野生型菌株明显不同,其中一个变突体蛋白酶带完全缺失,另外一个则出现8条新的蛋白带,其他5个属部分缺失。这些突变体对马铃薯块组织离析、腐烂的能力都有不同程度的减弱。研究结果认为在由胡罗卜软腐欧氏杆菌引起的软腐病程中蛋白酶和果胶酶是协同作用的,果胶酶降解植物细胞间和胞壁中的果胶质,而蛋白酶则降解植物细胞壁和膜中的蛋白质。     

水稻类病变突变体及抗病性的研究进展

 植物类病变突变体是一类在没有病原物侵染情况下就能自发产生坏死斑的突变体,这类突变往往导致植株的抗病增强和防御相关基因的组成性表达。水稻中已报道了将近200个来源不同的类病变突变体,截至2009年5月底52个水稻类病变突变体已被鉴定和命名,其中6个控制类病变性状的基因被克隆,它们分别编码不同的蛋白,包括热激蛋白转录因子、E3泛素连接酶、酰基转移酶、质膜蛋白激酶、锌指蛋白和锚蛋白。尽管这些蛋白不是直接与植物抗病途径相关,但是在41个已鉴定的水稻类病变突变体中,绝大多数提高了对白叶枯病或稻瘟病的抗性,表明这些类病变基因的突变激活了植株的防御系统,并且不同的类病变基因可能参与了不同的抗病信号传导途径。深入研究水稻类病变突变体对作物抗病的分子机理研究和栽培品种的遗传改良都具有重要的意义。      

水稻白叶枯病菌鞭毛基体基因fliExoo缺失突变分析

 为了阐明水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,简称Xoo)鞭毛基体组分蛋白基因fliExoo的生物学功能,本研究用Gm^R抗性基因标记交换法成功构建了基因缺失突变体△fliExoo。与野生型菌株PXO99^A相比,△fliExoo鞭毛缺失,菌体易沉降,在0.3%半固体培养基上运动能力明显降低;尽管生长速率和胞外纤维素酶活性无明显变化,但胞外多糖产生和生物膜形成能力明显下降;对水稻品种日本晴的致病性和对非寄主烟草的致敏性反应明显减弱。基因互补可以使上述突变表型恢复。因此,鞭毛基因fliExoo突变不仅影响了细菌鞭毛依赖的运动性,而且对病原菌毒性相关的表型也产生了影响。     

荧光假单胞菌Tn5诱变菌株防治小麦全蚀病的初步研究

 利用生物技术(转座子Tn5诱变)对荧光假单胞菌进行遗传改良获得对小麦全蚀病有更好防治效果的基因工程菌株。将大肠杆菌S17-1中psup2021值粒上的转座子Tn5转移到荧光假单胞菌CN12菌系的基因组内获得5100个Tn5突变体,转化频率为1.2×10^-7。与自然菌系CN12比较,7个突变体对全蚀病菌的离体拮抗作用提高到160-250%,其中3个突变体对温室苗期全蚀病防治效果也显著提高(p=0.01)。初步研究证明:(1)荧光假单胞菌中可能存在两类功能不同的拮抗作用基因(暂称为抗生基因和调控基因);(2)在目前抗病基因缺乏或难于应用的情况下,利用微生物或其有用基因达到防病增产的目的可能是一条有希望的途径。     

十字花科黑腐病菌中一个假定蛋白基因XC_3605与致病相关

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是全球范围内能引起十字花科植物黑腐病的重要植物病原细菌,也是研究植物病原细菌与植物互作机制的模式细菌。利用自杀质粒pK18mobsacB诱变十字花科黑腐病菌Xcc 8004的XC_3605基因,获得缺失突变体D3605。表型分析发现D3605胞外多糖合成能力、游动能力及致病力显著降低,积聚形成生物被膜的能力增强。用带有全长XC_3605基因序列的pLAFRJ对D3605进行功能互补,其胞外多糖产量、游动性、致病力和生物被膜均得到恢复。研究结果表明,XC_3605基因在十字花科黑腐病菌致病过程中发挥作用。     

转座子Tn5诱导的水稻白叶枯病菌毒性基因突变体及其生化行为

 通过接合试验,将转座子Tn5从三个供体菌中引入水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.oryzae Dye)日本系统小种3菌株(JXOⅢ)的细胞内,接合频率分别为0.2×10^-6,0.4×10^-7和0.27×10^-6。随机挑选的接合子总DNA与³²P标记的含有Tn5的探针质粒(pJB4JI:Tn5)杂交,放射自显影显示出同源杂交带。在6000个JXOⅢ的Tn5诱变株中,发现13个菌株对8个供试水稻品种(早生爱国3号,IR26,IR20,IR8,cas209,南粳15,金南风和TN-1)都不致病,表现为不亲和反应。在含有酶解基质的平板上,比较了JXOⅢ和13个毒性基因突变体的胞外水解酶活性和多糖产量。结果发现所有突变体的蛋白酶活性和胞外多糖产量都增强;所有突变体的淀粉酶活性和大多数突变体的果胶酶活性都是从无到有;突变体纤维素酶活性基本不变;大多数突变体的酯酶活性有所降低。     

Role of Extracellular Polysaccharide and Endoglucanase in Root Invasion and Colonization of Tomato Plants by Ralstonia solanacearum

ABSTRACT Ralstonia solanacearum is a soilborne plant pathogen that normally invades hosts through their roots and then systemically colonizes aerial tissues. Previous research using wounded stem infection found that the major factor in causing wilt symptoms was the high-molecular-mass acidic extracellular polysaccharide (EPS I), but the beta-1,4-endoglucanase (EG) also contributes to virulence. We investigated the importance of EPS I and EG for invasion and colonization of tomato by infesting soil of 4-week-old potted plants with either a wild-type derivative or genetically well-defined mutants lacking EPS I, EG, or EPS I and EG. Bacteria of all strains were recovered from surface-disinfested roots and hypocotyls as soon as 4 h after inoculation; that bacteria were present internally was confirmed using immunofluorescence microscopy. However, the EPS-minus mutants did not colonize stems as rapidly as the wild type and the EG-minus mutant. Inoculations of wounded petioles also showed that, even though the mutants multiplied as well as the wild type in planta, EPS-minus strains did not spread as well throughout the plant stem. We conclude that poor colonization of stems by EPS-minus strains after petiole inoculation or soil infestation is due to reduced bacterial movement within plant stem tissues.     

青枯雷尔氏菌胞外蛋白指纹多态性分析

 采用SDS-PAGE技术对70株不同来源及致病力青枯雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）进行胞外蛋白指纹多态性分析,研究结果表明,供试青枯雷尔氏菌菌株呈现丰富的胞外蛋白指纹多态性,多态性比率为100%。不同来源青枯雷尔氏菌分泌的胞外蛋白不同,EZ-Tn5TM插入诱变菌株电泳出20条不同大小蛋白条带,分子量集中在20~97 kD ,且菌株间蛋白条带相似或完全相同;60Co辐射诱变菌株共电泳出16条不同大小的蛋白条带,多数蛋白分子量44.3 kD;野生型菌株电泳的蛋白条带最多,共获得26条不同大小的蛋白条带。进一步对37株不同致病力的野生型菌株进行胞外蛋白含量测定,结果表明,不同致病力菌株胞外蛋白含量差异大,强致病力菌株分泌的胞外蛋白含量较高,为1.026～5.963μg/mL,无致病力菌株胞外蛋白含量较低,为0.083～0.761 μg/mL。     

Induction of mutants of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici with altered virulence

Mutants ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici were obtained by UV irradiation. The mutants of race 1 and race 2 caused disease symptoms on plants with resistance genes against the corresponding wild type strains. Mutants of race 1 of the pathogen were stable, whereas mutants of race 2 lost the ability to cause disease symptoms in plants carrying the 1–2 resistance gene, after prolonged maintenenance on potato dextrose agar. Mutants of race 1 resembled race 2 in pathogenicity and they were vegetatively compatible with race 2, but no longer with race 1. These results suggest that the isolated strains with an altered virulence pattern have mutations in loci involved in avirulence.     

Molecular Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum Isolated from Ginger in Hawaii

ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) growing on the island of Hawaii was determined by analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Initially 28 strains of R. solanacearum collected from five host plant species worldwide were analyzed by AFLP. A second analysis was conducted on 55 R. solanacearum strains collected from three ginger farms along the Hamakua Coast of Hawaii, the principle area of ginger cultivation in the state. From the initial analysis, R. solanacearum strains from ginger in Hawaii showed a high degree of similarity at 0.853. In contrast, the average genetic similarity between R. solanacearum strains from heliconia and ginger was only 0.165, and strains from ginger showed little similarity with strains from all other hosts. The second analysis of 55 strains from ginger on different Hawaiian farms confirmed that they were distinct from race 1 strains from tomato. Strains from ginger also showed greater diversity among themselves in the second analysis, and the greatest diversity occurred among strains from a farm where ginger is frequently imported and maintained. Our results provide evidence that R. solanacearum strains from ginger in Hawaii are genetically distinct from local strains from tomato (race 1) and heliconia (race 2).     

番茄青枯病内生拮抗细菌的筛选

 从广西一些市县采集番茄茎标本分离得到55个细菌菌株,分属为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)、黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas spp.)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.)和欧文氏菌(Erwinia spp.),其中芽孢杆菌为优势种群。经回接测试,有36个菌株为番茄植株内生菌。这些内生菌只有7个菌株对番茄青枯病菌有拮抗作用,芽孢杆菌B₄₇菌株对番茄青枯病菌拮抗作用较强,经室内和田间初步防治测定,它对番茄青枯病有较好的防治效果。     

青枯菌Po82菌株Ⅵ型分泌系统基因簇功能研究

Ⅵ型分泌系统(typeⅥsecretion system,T6SS)是革兰氏阴性细菌中新近发现的分泌系统,控制细菌的毒性和蛋白泌出。本试验构建了植物青枯菌Po82菌株的T6SS基因簇完全缺失菌株,从全局水平初步分析了T6SS的功能。与野生型菌株相比,T6SS基因簇的缺失导致了突变菌株运动能力显著增强,在接种前期突变株病情指数明显下降;通过qRT-PCR分析Ⅲ型分泌系统效应子基因,其中popA、popB和popP基因表达量上调,而popC表达水平下调。T6SS基因簇的缺失影响了Po82菌株的运动能力和Ⅲ型效应子基因的表达,使得Po82病程延长。这些结果说明,T6SS参与青枯菌的致病过程,且T6SS与T3SS之间有复杂的未知调控关系。     

广西烟草青枯菌菌系及其主要生理特性研究

６５个烟草青枯菌菌株均分离自广西的２１个产烟县（市）。全部菌株鉴定属于茄科假单胞。对它们的生化变种、生理小种类型及其他一系列生理特性进行了比较测定。研究结果表明,广西烟草青枯菌的菌系类型较为单一,除３个菌株不能利用甘露醇,暂定为生化变种Ⅲ－１外,其余均属典型的生化变种Ⅲ。根据几种鉴别植物寄主和烟叶组织注射渗透的测定结果,所有菌株也均属生理小种１号。其他１５种生理特性测定结果,除菌株的耐盐能力有一定     

Behavior of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 During Latent and Active Infection of Geranium

ABSTRACT Southern wilt of geraniums (Pelargonium hortorum), caused by the soilborne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (R3bv2), has inflicted significant economic losses when geranium cuttings latently infected with this quarantine pest were imported into the United States. Little is known about the interaction between R. solanacearum and this ornamental host. Using UW551, a virulent R3bv2 geranium isolate from a Kenyan geranium, we characterized development of Southern wilt disease and R3bv2 latent infection on geranium plants. Following soil inoculation, between 12 and 26% of plants became latently infected, carrying average bacterial populations of 4.8 x 10(8) CFU/g of crown tissue in the absence of visible symptoms. Such latently infected plants shed an average of 1.3 x 105 CFU/ml in soil run-off water, suggesting a non-destructive means of testing pools of asymptomatic plants. Similarly, symptomatic plants shed 2 x 10(6) CFU/ml of run-off water. A few hundred R. solanacearum cells introduced directly into geranium stems resulted in death of almost all inoculated plants. However, no disease transmission was detected after contact between wounded leaves. Increasing temperatures to 28 degrees C for 2 weeks did not convert all latently infected plants to active disease, although disease development was temperature dependent. Holding plants at 4 degrees C for 48 h, a routine practice during geranium cutting shipment, did not increase frequency of latent infections. R. solanacearum cells were distributed unevenly in the stems and leaves of both symptomatic and latently infected plants, meaning that random leaf sampling is an unreliable testing method. UW551 also caused potato brown rot and bacterial wilt of tomato, surpassing race 1 strain K60 in virulence on tomato at the relatively cool temperature of 24 degrees C.     

Diversity among Ralstonia solanacearum strains isolated from the southeastern United States

This is the first comprehensive study of a collection of Ralstonia solanacearum strains from the southeastern United States to be characterized based on biovar, pathogenicity, hypersensitive reaction on tobacco, and phylogenetic analyses of the egl sequence. Rigorous phylogenetic analysis of the commonly used egl gene produced robust phylogenies that differed significantly from a neighbor-joining tree differed from and previously published phylogenies for R. solanacearum strains. These robust trees placed phylotype IV within the phylotype I clade, which may suggest that phylogenies based solely on egl may be misleading. As a result of phylogenetic analyses in this study, we determined that U.S. strains from Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and older Florida strains isolated from solanaceous crops all belong to phylotype II sequevar 7. However, many strains recently isolated in Florida from tomato and other crops were more diverse than the southeastern United States population. These unique Florida strains grouped with strains mostly originating from the Caribbean and Central America. One of the exotic strains, which in a previous study was determined to be established in northern Florida, was characterized more extensively. Upon using Musa-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction, this strain produced a unique banding pattern, which has not previously been reported. Inoculation of this strain into Musa spp. did not result in wilt symptoms; however, the plants were stunted and root masses were significantly reduced. Furthermore, following root inoculation, the bacterium, unlike a typical Florida race 1 biovar 1 strain, was recovered from the roots and stems, indicating systemic movement. This is the first report of an R. solanacearum strain isolated in the United States that is deleterious to the growth of Musa plants.