草甘膦胁迫对茶树叶片中莽草酸含量的影响

为探明草甘膦胁迫对茶树生长及莽草酸代谢的影响，通过水培试验考察草甘膦对茶苗的表观药害，采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对叶片中的非挥发性代谢物进行非靶向分析，并对叶片中的莽草酸和草甘膦进行定量测定。结果表明，高剂量草甘膦(200 mg·L^-1)处理组茶苗出现药害特征，而低剂量草甘膦(50 mg·L^-1)处理组和对照组茶苗未出现表观药害。质谱检测和统计学分析表明，发生药害的茶树叶片中莽草酸途径代谢物的含量发生显著变化，其中莽草酸是主要的差异代谢物之一。在试验期内(0～21 d)，茶树叶片中莽草酸的积累量与草甘膦的吸收量和作用时间高度正相关，当草甘膦吸收量达到28 mg·kg^-1以上时，茶树的莽草酸代谢受到明显抑制，导致叶片中莽草酸大量积累，与对照组相比，发生药害的茶树叶片中莽草酸的含量约高16倍。本研究表明莽草酸是茶树响应草甘膦胁迫的主要代谢物之一。     

转基因耐除草剂玉米ZZM030对草铵膦、草甘膦及非靶标除草剂的耐受性评价

采用田间试验,鉴定小区随机区组排列,对转基因玉米ZZM030和对应的非转基因对照祥249进行不同用量的草甘膦、草铵膦及非靶标除草剂的喷施处理,分别在用药后7、14、28 d调查和记录成苗率、植株高度、药害症状,评价该转基因玉米品系的目标性状有效性和对非靶标除草剂耐受性。结果表明,转基因玉米ZZM030对草铵膦和草甘膦具有良好的耐受性,对玉米田其他常用除草剂阿特拉津和烟嘧磺隆也具有良好的耐受性,不耐受玉米敏感型除草剂精喹禾灵和稀禾啶。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉靶标害虫与非靶标害虫消长动态研究进展

对转Bt基因抗虫棉田中靶标害虫、非靶标害虫的消长动态的研究状况及对害虫天敌的影响进行了论述.指出了转Bt基因抗虫棉田中靶标及非靶标害虫消长动态的影响因素,提出了放宽靶标害虫的防治、注重非靶标害虫的防治及加强生物防治等措施.     

茶叶中草甘膦残留现状与对策

近年来,草甘膦作为茶园常用除草剂,茶叶中的残留问题备受关注。文章介绍了茶叶中草甘膦的残留现状、检测方法及草甘膦在茶树中的吸收转运代谢行为;分析了草甘膦代谢产物氨甲基膦酸的毒性和风险状况;针对现阶段茶叶中草甘膦存在的问题及隐患提出了相应的建议,为茶叶农药残留安全提供预警信息。     

植物源农药的研究

植物源农药就其低毒、低残留、与环境和谐、对非靶标生物相对安全等优点,符合现代环保和人们健康的要求而越来越引起人们的高度重视。本文综述植物源农药的资源、植物源农药杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂等的研究进展。     

抗草甘膦转基因大豆对土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

利用生物学试验方法,对种植抗草甘膦转基因大豆呼交06-698及其非转基因亲本蒙豆12后的土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量进行了测定,考察抗草甘膦转基因大豆对土壤生态环境的影响。结果表明:抗草甘膦转基因大豆呼交06-698与其亲本非转基因大豆蒙豆12在土壤酶活性和微生物数量两方面的变化趋势相似,不同时期土壤酶活性与微生物数量存在差异,同一时期抗草甘膦转基因大豆土壤脱氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性无显著性差异,土壤细菌数量差异不显著,仅在播种前和苗期抗草甘膦转基因大豆土壤真菌和放线菌数量显著高于非转基因大豆,其它时期土壤真菌和放线菌数量差异不显著。     

粉红粘帚菌代谢物对南方根结线虫卵孵化及二龄幼虫的影响

粉红粘帚菌(Gliocladium spp.)是一类对植物病原菌具有潜在生物控制作用的真菌,为了探讨粘帚菌对南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的抑制作用,实验室条件下研究了粉红粘帚菌挥发性代谢产物和非挥发性代谢产物不同稀释度对南方根结线虫卵孵化及二龄幼虫活性的影响.结果显示非挥发性代谢产物在原液...     

路易斯安那州甘蔗栽培品种对每年收获前喷施促熟剂草甘膦的生长与？…

草甘膦被用作植物生长调节剂，因用于新植蔗可能造成损害而只在路易斯安那州、佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州的宿根上使用，以增加甘蔗糖份（促熟）。本研究测定了每年用草甘膦处理（０．３４ｋｇ／ｈａ的等值酸，并在处理３０天后收获）８个栽培品种（甘蔗属种间杂种）在路易斯安那州的一个甘蔗生长周期中，即在第一年到第二年或第三年宿根甘蔗上的生长与产量的影响。草甘膦处理一般对大多数品种的第一年甘蔗都增加了千克蔗的理论可回收糖     

转基因抗虫水稻的生态风险和治理对策

本文综述了转基因抗虫水稻外源抗虫基因的种类和作用机制,探讨了种植转基因抗虫水稻潜在的生态风险,主要包括基因漂移和杂草化、对靶标害虫抗性的影响、对非靶标生物的影响以及对土壤微生态系统的影响,并提出一些相关的治理对策。     

转基因抗虫棉安全性初步调查

棉铃虫是世界性重要农业害虫,它危害范围广大,繁殖潜力大,对环境适应力强,棉铃虫的危害严重制约了棉花生产的发展.苏云全芽孢杆菌（Bt）产生的杀虫晶体蛋白具有对昆虫专一高效毒杀和对人畜安全等优点.目前,转基因抗虫植物技术日趋成熟,并已商品化、实用化.我国转基因抗虫棉的研究获得了巨大的成功,并在我国棉区大面积推广应用,它不仅使棉铃虫对化学农药的抗性发展得到遏制,并取得了很好的社会和经济效益.转基因植物进入商业化之前,必须考虑所引入的外源基因产物对人及环境的影响,转基因对棉田靶标生物及非靶标生物的影响以及转基因扩散的可能性已成为迫切需要研究的课题.2004年,作者通过对转基因棉花的田间种群动态变化研究,为评估转基因植物安全性提供依据.     

草甘膦及其代谢物氨甲基膦酸在茶树体中的分布研究

为了研究草甘膦在茶树中的转运和代谢,通过向幼龄茶树和成年茶树定量喷施不同剂量的草甘膦（幼龄：0.9 g·m^-2;成年：1.5、4.5 g·m^-2和15 g·m^-2）,并在喷施后的1、4、7、15 d和40 d取样,测定茶树各部位草甘膦及其主要代谢物氨甲基膦酸的含量,以探究草甘膦及其主要代谢物在茶树中的分布规律。结果表明,茶树根部喷施草甘膦后,茶树中的草甘膦含量由高至低依次为根、叶和茎;而氨甲基膦酸主要积累于茶树根部,幼龄茶树茎和叶中也可检测到氨甲基膦酸（0~0.33 mg·kg^-1）,成年茶树茎和叶未检测到氨甲基膦酸。施药40 d后,幼龄茶树在0.9 g·m^-2施药剂量下,根、茎和叶中未检测到草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸;成年茶树在1.5~15 g·m^-2施药剂量下,根中仍检测到草甘膦和氨甲基膦酸残留,分别为2.26~26.73 mg·kg^-1和0.21~2.59 mg·kg^-1,茎和叶中草甘膦残留量较低,为0~0.29 mg·kg^-1。通过田间模拟试验,初步探明了草甘膦被茶树内吸后在不同部位的转运、代谢和富集规律,可为茶园草甘膦的科学管控及风险评价提供参考。     

The influence of temperature on the phytotoxic effect of glyphosate on Norway spruce (Picea abies L.)

The influence of temperature on the phytotoxicity of glyphosate to Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) was investigated. The tolerance of Norway spruce to glyphosate appeared to be highly dependent on the temperature, not only at the time of application, but also the temperature level for the 3–4-day period after application. High temperature at the time of application, or within the 3–4 days after application, increased the phytotoxic effect of glyphosphate to the spruce plants. The phytotoxicity was particularly severe when the plants were elongating at the time of treatment. A drop in temperature from a high level at application to a low level following application improved the tolerance of the spruce plants to glyphosate.     

Tolerance of Amaranthus palmeri populations from California to postemergence herbicides at various growth stages

In recent years, poor control of Amarathus palmeri S. Wats. plants with glyphosate in many agricultural and non-crop has been observed in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, USA. Studies were conducted to assess if these were glyphosate-resistant (GR) populations. Populations from 23 different locations of the SJV were exposed to glyphosate application of 840 g ae ha⁻¹ at the 5 to 8 leaf stage of the plant and compared against a known GR and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population from New Mexico, USA. None of the plants from the SJV survived the glyphosate application suggesting that they were GS. Plant mortality following application of glyphosate (840 g ae ha⁻¹), glufosinate (490 g ai ha⁻¹), paraquat dichloride (660 g ai ha⁻¹), saflufenacil (50 g ai ha⁻¹), rimsulfuron (70 g ai ha⁻¹⁾, and a tank-mix of glyphosate (840 g ae ha⁻¹) + saflufenacil (50 g ai ha⁻¹) applied at the 4 to 6, 8 to 10, and 12 to 16 leaf stages of A. palmeri was determined on potted plants grown outdoors. Complete control was obtained with all the treatments applied at the 4 to 6 leaf stage but control was reduced to less than 70% and 20% with glyphosate and glufosinate, respectively at the later stages. The other treatments provided 100% control at all growth stages. Combinations of saflufenacil + glyphosate, saflufenacil + glufosinate, saflufenacil + dicamba, rimsulfuron + glyphosate, tembotrione + glyphosate, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + glyphosate, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + glyphosate, dicamba + paraquat dichloride, and glyphosate + glufosinate were also tested on 8 to 10 leaf stage A. palmeri plants and all the combinations provided 100% control.     

Flaxleaf fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) populations have developed glyphosate resistance in north-east Australian cropping fields

In recent years flaxleaf fleabane has become a widespread and difficult-to-control weed in no-tilled fallowed fields, where weeds are controlled by applications of glyphosate, in annual cropping systems of north-east Australia. Fifty-two populations, collected in a national survey from agricultural and non-agricultural areas, were tested in two glyphosate dose-response pot experiments. In two subsequent pot experiments, a sub-set of these populations was tested with a field rate of glyphosate when weeds of two ages were grown at different soil moistures. In the first and second experiments, most populations collected from chemical fallowed or cropped fields in north-east Australia had GR₅₀ (estimated dose for 50% biomass reduction) values three to six times greater than the susceptible populations, indicating low levels of glyphosate resistance. Several populations from roadsides adjacent to chemical fallowed or cropped fields also had higher GR₅₀ values, indicating movement of seeds from resistant plants. In the third experiment, weed biomass of all populations from chemical fallowed or cropped fields was 70-98% of unsprayed compared to 2-3% for the susceptible populations, irrespective of weed age or soil moisture. In the fourth experiment which treated older weeds, the response of several resistant populations to glyphosate was unaffected by differences in weed age and soil moisture, whereas the biomass of the other resistant populations was greater following spraying of older and/or moisture stressed plants compared with smaller non-stressed plants. Thus, exclusive reliance on glyphosate for fallow weed control in this region has resulted in the evolution of resistance in flaxleaf fleabane populations in a cropping system with annual non-transgenic crops. Prolific production of windborne seeds, combined with poor control associated with spraying large moisture-stressed weeds, is likely to have contributed also to flaxleaf fleabane becoming such a problem weed.     

甘蓝型油菜抗草甘膦基因遗传转化及抗性鉴定

为自主研发抗除草剂的甘蓝型油菜,从细菌（Isotericola variabilis）中克隆I.variabilis-EPSPS*基因,使油菜产生草甘膦抗性。通过农杆菌介导法将I.variabilis-EPSPS*转入甘蓝型油菜自交系育127,获得转I.variabilis-EPSPS*基因单株E₁。草甘膦耐受性结果表明,转I.variabilis-EPSPS*基因T₁代在不同浓度草甘膦的培养基中能够正常生长,而非转基因对照生长严重受阻。I.variabilis-EPSPS*成功整合于油菜基因组并可稳定遗传,草甘膦处理后表达量增加,而且在草甘膦浓度改变时仍保持稳定表达。在温室用41%草甘膦异丙胺盐商品制剂（农达）600倍稀释液（1/3田间生产推荐中剂量）处理转I.variabilis-EPSPS*基因E₁的T₁植株,体内莽草酸累计量远低于非转基因对照。通过对角果长、每角果粒数和千粒重等农艺性状考察发现,转基因植株和对照相比无显著性差异。田间喷施农达400倍液（1/2田间生产推荐中剂量）,发现转基因E₁T₁植株正常生长而对照全部死亡。鉴于I.variabilis-EPSPS*基因在转基因油菜中能够稳定遗传并赋予了油菜草甘膦除草剂抗性,认为该抗草甘膦转基因油菜是一份新种质。     

Maximizing oilseed rape's yield by glyphosate under Mediterranean conditions

Adverse hot and dry environmental conditions prevailing during the period of oilseed rape ripening can be blamed for considerable yield losses during the crop's mechanized harvesting in the Mediterranean area. In this paper, the effect of chemical dessication of oilseed rape with glyphosate applied 35 days after anthesis for reducing seed yield loss was studied. The experiment was conducted in four fields at two locations in central Greece and for two growth periods following a completely randomized plot design with 8 treatments in three replications. Treatments include all possible combinations of two crop varieties and four levels of glyphosate (as dessicant) application. A significant positive effect of dessicant application level on crop yield for both studied varieties was found. The application dose of 200 g a.i. of glyphosate per hectare had the best results. The highest dry weight was found among the plants sprayed with 200 g. a.i. of glyphosate per hectare. The highest seed yield and oil yield were found among the plants sprayed with 200 g a.i. per hectare, which makes clear the positive effect of this spraying minimizing pod shattering and yield losses. The greatest 1000-seed weight was found among the plants sprayed with 200 g a.i. ha⁻¹, due to the greater size of seeds that remained on the plants until harvesting.     

Glyphosate Carryover in Seed Potato: Effects on Mother Crop and Daughter Tubers

Field studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Aberdeen, ID, Ontario, OR, and Paterson, WA to determine the effect of simulated glyphosate drift on ‘Ranger Russet’ potato during the application year and the crop growing the next year from the daughter tubers. Glyphosate was applied at 8.5, 54, 107, 215, and 423 g ae ha^?1 which corresponds to 1/00, 1/16, 1/8, ¼, and 1/2 of the lowest recommended single-application rate for glyphosate-resistant corn and sugar beet of 846 g ha^–1. Glyphosate was applied when potato plants were at 10 to 15 cm tall (Early), or at stolon hooking (H), tuber initiation (TI), or during mid-bulking (MB). In general, the MB applications caused less visual foliar injury to the mother crop than earlier applications at ID or OR, and H applications at WA. Mother crop injury increased as glyphosate rate increased regardless of location, application timing, and rating date. U.S. No.1 and total tuber yields were usually related to the injury level resulting from glyphosate application timings and rates. Although injury to the mother crop from glyphosate applied at MB usually was the lowest compared to injury from other application timings, when daughter tubers from that timing were planted the following year, emergence, plant vigor, and yield was most detrimentally impacted compared with that of daughter tubers from other timing treatments. MB daughter tuber emergence was less than 30 % of the nontreated control tuber emergence while emergence of daughter tubers from the other treatments was 60 to 95 %. As rate of glyphosate applied to the mother crop increased, daughter tuber emergence decreased. When MB daughter tubers did emerge, plants were chlorotic and stunted as if the plants had been directly sprayed with glyphosate. Regardless of whether the daughter tubers had defects or not, results the following year were the same. Implications are that if a mother seed crop encounters glyphosate during bulking, injury may not even be noticeable on the foliage or the tubers, however, emergence, vigor, and yield of the crop growing the following year from the daughter tubers could be greatly impacted.     

Growth stage,temperature, and time of year affects the control of glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-paraquat resistant Conyza bonariensis with saflufenacil

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. is a problematic weed in crop and non-crop areas of California. This problem has been further aggravated by the discovery of herbicide-resistant biotypes. Experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in fall and spring, respectively, to determine the efficacy of glyphosate, saflufenacil, and a tank-mixture of saflufenacil + glyphosate on glyphosate-susceptible (GS), glyphosate-resistant (GR), and glyphosate-paraquat-resistant (GPR) biotypes of C. bonariensis. Efficacy of the herbicides were evaluated at three growth stages (5- to 8-leaf seedling, rosette, and bolting); and three day/night temperature regimes (15/10 °C, 25/20 °C, 35/30 °C). Results differed between experiments conducted in the fall and spring. Saflufenacil-alone was more effective in the fall than in spring. All the GS, GR and GPR plants were controlled by saflufenacil-alone at the 5-to 8-leaf stage and rosette stage, but level of control declined at the bolting stage. Better control with saflufenacil-alone and glyphosate-alone was obtained at the 15/10 °C and 25/20 °C than at the 35/30 °C temperature regime. However, a tank-mixture of saflufenacil + glyphosate provided good control of the plants at 35/30 °C. Efficacy of saflufenacil-alone was inconsistent in spring and varied between the biotypes, but the control with saflufenacil + glyphosate was excellent and consistent between seasons. Glyphosate-alone provided good control of all three biotypes at the 5- to 8-leaf stage in the fall, but the control was poor in spring. Therefore, saflufenacil-alone can provide excellent control of C. bonariensis plants prior to the bolting stage in the fall; but in spring, it will be more effective when applied with glyphosate.