Vaccination of chickens with a recombinant fowlpox virus containing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle disease virus under the control of the fowlpox virus thymidine kinase promoter.

When chickens were vaccinated with a recombinant fowlpox virus (FPV) containing the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) cDNA under the control of the thymidine kinase (TK) promoter and inserted into the FPV TK gene, the FPV antibody response to the recombinant virus was similar to the response to vaccination with standard FPV, and the recombinant virus protected chickens against challenge with virulent FPV. While the presence of the NDV HN cDNA was demonstrated in the recombinant virus, which was stable on serial passage, expression of HN was not detected by hemagglutination, Western blot analysis or immunoprecipitation of infected cell lysate. Chickens vaccinated with the recombinant virus failed to mount an NDV hemagglutination-inhibition antibody response, and they did not resist challenge with velogenic NDV. It was concluded that the TK promoter was too weak to drive the HN gene, but that the insertion into the FPV TK gene did not reduce the immunogenicity of the virus.     

重组鸡痘病毒vFV282活疫苗最小免疫剂量及攻毒保护试验

将重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗用生理盐水作10^-1，10^-2，10^-3，10^-4系列稀释，分别免疫7天龄鸡，于免疫后21d，分别用NDV、IBDV和FPV攻毒，观察其保护率，结果除NDV攻毒在10^-4组保护率为40％（4／10），其余各组均为100％（10／10）保护。表明该疫苗的最小免疫剂量≤10^-3TCID50/0.02mL。     

Characterisation of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from NDV vaccinated chickens,and the efficacy of LaSota and recombinant genotype VII vaccines against challenge with velogenic NDV

A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate designated IBS002 was isolated from a commercial broiler farm in Malaysia. The virus was characterised as a virulent strain based on the multiple basic amino acid motif of the fusion (F) cleavage site ¹¹²RRRKGF¹¹⁷ and length of the C-terminus extension of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene. Furthermore, IBS002 was classified as a velogenic NDV with mean death time (MDT) of 51.2 h and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) of 1.76. A genetic distance analysis based on the full-length F and HN genes showed that both velogenic viruses used in this study, genotype VII NDV isolate IBS002 and genotype VIII NDV isolate AF2240-I, had high genetic variations with genotype II LaSota vaccine. In this study, the protection efficacy of the recombinant genotype VII NDV inactivated vaccine was also evaluated when added to an existing commercial vaccination program against challenge with velogenic NDV IBS002 and NDV AF2240-I in commercial broilers. The results indicated that both LaSota and recombinant genotype VII vaccines offered full protection against challenge with AF2240-I. However, the LaSota vaccine only conferred partial protection against IBS002. In addition, significantly reduced viral shedding was observed in the recombinant genotype VII-vaccinated chickens compared to LaSota-vaccinated chickens.     

Co-administration of toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and 4 ligands augments immune response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in chicken

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that mediate first line of host defence to pathogens. TLR agonists are potent immunostimulatory agents that help to prime a robust adaptive immune response. In the present study, adjuvant potential of Poly I:C and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated with live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Cornish chickens were immunized with live Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine (R2B-mesogenic strain) adjuvanted either with Poly I:C (TLR3 agonist) or LPS-TLR4 agonist and both. Humoral Immune response to ND vaccine was evaluated through haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and ELISA, while the cellular immune response (CMI) was quantified by lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). IL-1β cytokine mRNA levels in spleen tissue were also quantified by real time PCR. The results suggest that TLR3 and TLR4 agonists are an efficient immune-stimulators separately, as LPS co-administered group has shown significantly higher serum titre on second week post-immunization and Poly I:C group on third week post-immunization both by HI and ELISA (P?<?0.01), however, the combined administration of both LPS and Poly I:C did not give any complementary effect on serum titre. There were no significant differences in stimulation indices (SI) and IL-1β cytokine levels between groups at different intervals post-immunization. Hence, TLR agonists LPS followed by Poly I:C could be used as adjuvant to enhance the immune response to NDV vaccine in chicken.

     

Advancement in vaccination against Newcastle disease: recombinant HVT NDV provides high clinical protection and reduces challenge virus shedding with the absence of vaccine reactions

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease of chickens causing significant economic losses worldwide. Due to the limitation in their efficacy, current vaccination strategies against ND need improvements. This study aimed to evaluate a new-generation ND vaccine for its efficacy in providing clinical protection and reducing virus shedding after challenge. Broiler chickens were vaccinated in ovo or subcutaneously at hatch with a turkey herpesvirus-based recombinant vaccine (rHVT) expressing a key protective antigen (F glycoprotein) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Groups of birds were challenged at 20, 27, and 40 days of age with a genotype V viscerotropic velogenic NDV strain. Protection was 57% and 81%, 100% and 95%, and 100% and 100% after the subsequent challenges in the in ovo and subcutaneously vaccinated chickens, respectively. Humoral immune response to vaccination could be detected from 3-4 wk of age. Challenge virus shedding was lower and gradually decreased over time in the vaccinated birds compared to the unvaccinated control chickens. In spite of the phylogenetic distance between the NDV F gene inserted into the vector vaccine and the challenge virus (genotype I and V, respectively), the rHVT NDV vaccine provided good clinical protection and significantly reduced challenge virus shedding.     

新城疫病毒F基因的真核表达及其免疫原性检测

为了探讨F基因在DNA免疫防制新城疫(ND)中的免疫原性,将NDV Z株F基因插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/V5-H is-TOPO中,构建了真核表达质粒pcDNA NDV ZF。在脂质体作用下将pcDNA NDV ZF转染CEF细胞,用间接免疫荧光试验检测,在CEF细胞中可见有大量F蛋白表达。将重组质粒以100μg/只的剂量肌注免疫SPF雏鸡,经间接ELISA试验检测二免前后的血清,结果证明,pcDNA NDV ZF基因可在SPF鸡体内诱导相应抗体的产生,具有特定的免疫原性。     

Reduced serologic response to Newcastle disease virus in broiler chickens exposed to a Chinese field strain of subgroup J avian leukosis virus

In this study, a Chinese field strain of subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J), NX0101, was studied for its immunosuppressive effects in both commercial broilers and SPF white Leghorn chickens infected at 1 day of age. Our data demonstrated that NX0101 induced much more significant body and immune organ weight loss in the infected commercial broiler chickens in an earlier age than that in the SPF white Leghorn chickens. At the same time antibody responses to vaccinations of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) in the NX0101-infected chickens were also evaluated and compared between the commercial broiler chickens and the SPF white Leghorn chickens. Compared with the control group of chickens, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody response to NDV vaccines was significantly reduced in the NX0101-infected commercial broiler chickens from as early as 20 days after vaccination. However, no significant difference in HI antibody response was seen when HI titers reached their peaks in the NX0101-inoculated and control SPF white Leghorn chickens, except it declined significantly faster in infected birds. Neither of these two types of chickens showed significant decrease of antibody response to IBDV vaccination. Herein, we conclude that this NX0101 strain of ALV-J could selectively suppress humoral immune reactions to NDV, especially in broilers. But challenge experiments were not conducted and, therefore, it cannot be known if decreased antibody levels correlated with decreased protection against NDV in this case.     

Immune dysfunction following infection with chicken anemia agent and infectious bursal disease virus. II. Alterations of in vitro lymphoproliferation and in vivo immune responses.

To determine the functional impact of alterations in lymphocyte concentrations and ratios following infection with chicken anemia agent (CAA) alone or in combination with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) on the immune system of young chickens, in vitro lymphoproliferation assays and in vivo responses to vaccination with several common viral agents were assessed at various time intervals post-inoculation (PI). Concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation of splenic lymphocytes (SPL) collected from control birds could not be detected until 10-14 days PI. Infection with CAA was characterized by significantly higher PWM stimulation of SPL at 17 days PI and significantly lower PWM stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) at 14 days PI, compared with uninfected controls. Concanavalin A and PWM stimulation of SPL was significantly increased in birds inoculated with IBDV alone. Lymphocytes harvested from birds inoculated simultaneously with CAA and IBDV had significantly lower responses. Effects on humoral and cell-mediated immunity following CAA and/or IBDV were determined by evaluating vaccination responses to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), fowl pox virus (FPV) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) during the acute phase of CAA infection (2 weeks PI). Vaccination of birds 2 weeks following CAA infection at 1 day of age resulted in decreased protection against NDV (85.7%) and ILTV (7.1%) challenge compared with protection rates in control birds (100% and 53.3% respectively). Infectious bursal disease virus infection was associated with decreased protection against NDV (60%) only. Concomitant infection at 1 day of age resulted in a greater reduction in NDV challenge protection (33.3%), slightly decreased FPV protection (87.5%), increased numbers of persistent FPV vaccination lesions and increased protection against ILTV challenge (71.4%). Vaccination of birds 2 weeks following CAA infection at 2 weeks of age resulted in slightly decreased NDV humoral antibody, development of persistent FPV vaccination lesions (17%) and increased immunity to ILTV challenge compared with control birds (83.3% vs. 66.7%). Chickens inoculated with IBDV alone displayed a more severe depression in NDV antibody titers and only a slight decrease in ILTV protection. Vaccination following concomitant infection at 2 weeks of age resulted in a higher percentage of FPV persistent vaccination lesions (39%) and greatly enhanced immunity to ILTV challenge (100%).     

传染性喉气管炎新城疫鸡痘重组病毒免疫效力的研究

在表达鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)糖蛋白gB基因和新城疫病毒(NDV)F基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rF-PV-gB-F)安全性检验合格后,以5.0×101~5.0×104PFU不同含量按0.1mL/鸡的剂量免疫100只30日龄SPF鸡,30d后分组分别用ILTVWG株和NDVF48E9株强毒进行攻击。免疫鸡抗鸡痘病毒抗体都转为阳性,痘反应和接种剂量有关,重组疫苗的最小反应剂量为50PFU。重组疫苗可以诱发对新城疫和传染性喉气管炎的保护,0.1mL/鸡的接种量在500~5000PFU浓度范围内的免疫效果最好,对于ILTV攻击的发病保护率在70%以上,对NDV强毒攻击的抗死亡保护率可以达到80%,这为进一步考察疫苗的免疫效力试验以及进行田间试验奠定了基础。     

Expression of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin by recombinant fowlpox virus

A vaccine strain of fowlpox virus (FPV) was genetically engineered to produce avian influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). This was accomplished by inserting a cDNA copy of the avian influenza virus HA gene, which was regulated by a vaccinia virus promoter, into the FPV thymidine kinase (TK) gene. Two types of recombinant viruses, differing only in the orientation of the HA gene relative to an adjacent foreign gene (lacZ), were created. Following preliminary identification of FPV recombinants based on the generation of beta-galactosidase (lacZ gene product), correct insertion of the HA gene into the genomes of these viruses was verified by hybridization studies. Susceptible chickens vaccinated with these FPV recombinants produced specific hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against the HA antigen. In view of this immune response, these viruses may serve as vaccines against avian influenza virus. In this regard, they appeared to be less virulent than the parental virus.     

Field trial in commercial broilers with a multivalent in ovo vaccine comprising a mixture of live viral vaccines against Marek's disease,infectious bursal disease,Newcastle disease,and fowl pox

A multivalent in ovo vaccine (MIV) was tested for safety and efficacy in a commercial broiler complex. The MIV comprised five replicating live viruses including serotypes 1, 2, and 3 of Marek's disease virus (MDV), an intermediate infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and a recombinant fowl poxvirus (FPV) vector vaccine containing HN and F genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The performance of MIV-vaccinated broilers was compared with that of hatchmates that received turkey herpesvirus (HVT) alone (routinely used in ovo vaccine in the broiler complex). The chickens that hatched from the MIV-injected and HVT-injected eggs were raised under commercial conditions in six barns. Barn 1 housed 17,853 MIV-vaccinated chickens and each of the barns 2-6 housed 18,472-22,798 HVT-vaccinated chickens. The HVT-vaccinated chickens were given infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and NDV vaccines at hatch and at 2 wk of age. The MIV-vaccinated chickens received IBV vaccine at hatch and IBV + NDV at 2 wk of age. The relative values of hatchability of eggs, livability and weight gain of chickens, and condemnation rates at processing were comparable between the MIV and the HVT groups (P > 0.05). Chickens from the MIV- and the HVT-vaccinated groups were challenged with virulent viruses under laboratory conditions. The resistance of vaccinated chickens against Marek's disease could not be assessed because of high natural resistance of unvaccinated commercial broilers to virulent MDV. The relative resistances of the MIV- and the HVT-vaccinated groups, respectively, against other virulent viruses were as follows: IBDV, 100% for both groups; NDV, 81% vs. 19%; FPV, 86% vs. 0%. The successful use of MIV under field conditions expands the usefulness of the in ovo technology for poultry.     

Characterization of an avianpox virus isolated from an Andean condor (Vultur gryphus)

A novel pox virus, condorpox virus (CPV) isolated from the spleen of an Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) by inoculation of chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryos was compared biologically, antigenically and genetically with fowlpox virus (FPV), the type species of the genus Avipoxvirus. Susceptible chickens inoculated with CPV developed only mild localized lesions but were not protected against subsequent challenge with FPV. Based on Western blotting, in addition to the presence of cross-reacting antigens, distinct differences in antigenic profiles of CPV and FPV were observed. Sequence analysis of a 4.5 kb HindIII fragment of CPV genomic DNA revealed the presence of eight co-linear genes corresponding to FPV open reading frame (ORF)193-198, 201 and 203. Interestingly, reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) sequences present in the genome of all FPV were absent in CPV. Although, the results of a phylogenic analysis suggested that CPV is a member of the genus Avipoxvirus, its unique antigenic, biologic and genetic characteristics distinguish it from FPV to be considered as a new member of this genus.     

Virus isolation from tracheal explant cultures and oropharyngeal swabs in attempts to detect persistent Newcastle disease virus infections in chickens

Three-to-seven-week-old broiler-type chickens were inoculated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) by eye-drop (ED) or intratracheally (IT), and virus isolation was attempted from oropharyngeal (oral) swabs and medium harvested from tracheal explant cultures (TEC). The TEC were maintained in screw-capped tissue-culture flasks for at least 1 month, and medium harvested at regular feeding times was assayed for NDV and NDV antibody. The earliest and latest sample times were 3 and 21 days after NDV inoculation. The three experiments done were: Expt. 1, infection of nonvaccinates with NDV strain La Sota; Expt. 2, infection of NDV vaccinates and nonvaccinates with NDV strain Largo; and Expt. 3, infection of NDV vaccinates and nonvaccinates with NDV wild-type strain Kansas-Manhattan (KM) and two temperature-sensitive (ts) clones derived by J. S. Youngner from the KM strain. All experiments yielded similar results. On day 3 postinoculation (PI), most chickens were shedding virus recoverable by oral swabs and detectable in harvests from TEC prepared on that day. On day 7 PI, there was a sharp reduction in the frequency of virus-positive oral swabs, but there was no decline in the frequency of virus-positive TEC. On day 14 PI or later, all oral swabs and TEC were virus-negative, except for one chicken in Expt. 3 that was oral-swab-positive. There was no evidence of NDV persistence in the TEC of oral-swab-negative chickens on or after day 14 PI. The results of these experiments are in contrast with previous reports of the detection of latent NDV by virus isolation from harvests of TEC prepared 18 or more days PI. The ts clones of strain KM used in Expt. 3 induced a markedly poorer antibody response and were shed for a shorter time than the KM parental virus.     

The efficacy of an avian metapneumovirus vaccine applied simultaneously with infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease virus vaccines to specific-pathogen-free chickens

Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are important respiratory pathogens of chickens. To achieve early posthatch protection against all three diseases it would be helpful to deliver live aMPV, IBV, and NDV vaccines simultaneously at 1 day of age. However, previous work has indicated that the efficacy of aMPV vaccines may be affected when codelivered with IBV or NDV vaccines. The efficacy of an aMPV vaccine when codelivered to chickens in a trivalent combination with an NDV and an IBV vaccine was examined. The serological antibody response to the aMPV vaccine given with the IBV and NDV vaccine was significantly lower than when the aMPV vaccine was given alone. However, the aMPV vaccine did not affect the serological response to the IBV and NDV vaccines. Irrespective, the efficacy of the aMPV vaccine was not affected based on clinical signs postchallenge. This is the first report showing aMPV, IBV, and NDV vaccines can be codelivered without affecting the efficacy of the aMPV vaccine.     

抗鸡新城疫和传染性法氏囊病病毒联合高免卵黄抗体的保护率测定

应用抗鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)和传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)联合高免卵黄抗体(NDV-HI效价1:640以上,IBDV琼扩效价1:80以上)肌注免疫,可抵抗ND或IBD强毒对1～2月龄雏鸡的攻击;饮水免疫效果不确实.体内抗体完全消失的鸡发生ND后,用卵黄抗体难以治愈,体内抗体未完全消失的鸡发生ND后,卵黄抗体的治愈率很高.临床应用总有效率在90%以上.     

表达NDV HN基因的重组鸡痘病毒的部分生物学特性研究

为了评价转基因对鸡痘病毒(FPV)生物学特性的影响,通过电镜观察表达新城疫病毒(NDV)血凝素-神经氨酸酶蛋白(HN)基因重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-12LSHN)感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF).结果表明:在FPV中插入NDV HN基因后,不改变rFPV的形态、病毒成熟过程;rFPV-12LSHN与FPV在CEF上的产量无...     

Protection of chickens from Newcastle disease and infectious laryngotracheitis with a recombinant fowlpox virus co-expressing the F, HN genes of Newcastle disease virus and gB gene of infectious laryngotracheitis virus

A recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) coexpressing the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes and infectious laryngothracheitis virus (ILTV) glycoprotein B gene was constructed. This virus was then evaluated for its ability to protect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens against clinical symptoms and death after challenge by virulent NDV and ILTV. SPF chickens were grouped and vaccinated with the rFPV and commercial NDV (La Sota) and ILTV attenuated live vaccine (Nobilis ILT), respectively. After challenge with NDV 10 days postvaccination, 70% of chickens vaccinated with rFPV were protected from death, whereas 100% of the commercial NDV-vaccinated chickens were protected from death. In contrast, 100% of the unvaccinated chickens died after challenge. After challenge with ILTV, both the rFPV and commercial ILTV-vaccinated chickens were completely protected from death and 70% of chickens were protected from respiratory signs. In comparison, 100% of the unvaccinated chickens developed severe respiratory disease and 10% of chickens died. The protective efficacy was also measured by the antibody responses and isolation of challenge viruses. Results showed that this rFPV could be a potential vaccine for preventing NDV and ILTV by a single immunization.     

Construction and immunogenicity studies of recombinant fowl poxvirus containing the S1 gene of Massachusetts 41 strain of infectious bronchitis virus

The spike 1 (S1) surface glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the major inducer of the generation of virus neutralizing antibodies, and the administration of purified S1 has been shown to elicit a protective immune response against virulent virus challenge. On the basis of these observations, recombinant fowl poxvirus (rFPV) containing a cDNA copy of the S1 gene of IBV Mass 41 (rFPV-S1) was constructed and its immunogenicity and vaccine potential were evaluated. Initially, rFPV-S1 was shown to express the S1 in vito by indirect immunofluorescence staining and western blot analyses. Later, in vivo expression was demonstrated by the detection of IBV-specific serum immunoglobulin G and neutralization antibodies in the sera of chickens immunized with rFPV-S1. That the recombinant virus elicited anti-IBV protective immunity was indicated by the manifested, relatively mild clinical signs of disease, decreased titers of recovered challenge virus, and less severe histologic changes of the tracheas in virulent IBV Mass 41-challenged chickens previously receiving rFPV-S1 as compared with parental fowl poxvirus (FPV)-vaccinated control birds. In contrast, chickens immunized with either recombinant or parental FPV were resistant to a subsequent virulent FPV challenge. As to a preferred method of immunization, wing web administration appeared to be superior to the subcutaneous route because a greater percentage of birds vaccinated by the former protocol exhibited an anti-IBV humoral immune response. Thus, rFPV-S1 has potential as a poultry vaccine against both fowl pox and infectious bronchitis.     

Virus interference between H7N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in experimental co-infections in chickens and turkeys

Low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (lNDV) are commonly reported causes of respiratory disease in poultry worldwide with similar clinical and pathobiological presentation. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. In this study chickens and turkeys were infected with a lNDV vaccine strain (LaSota) and a H7N2 LPAIV (A/turkey/VA/SEP-67/2002) simultaneously or sequentially three days apart. No clinical signs were observed in chickens co-infected with the lNDV and LPAIV or in chickens infected with the viruses individually. However, the pattern of virus shed was different with co-infected chickens, which excreted lower titers of lNDV and LPAIV at 2 and 3 days post inoculation (dpi) and higher titers at subsequent time points. All turkeys inoculated with the LPAIV, whether or not they were exposed to lNDV, presented mild clinical signs. Co-infection effects were more pronounced in turkeys than in chickens with reduction in the number of birds shedding virus and in virus titers, especially when LPAIV was followed by lNDV. In conclusion, co-infection of chickens or turkeys with lNDV and LPAIV affected the replication dynamics of these viruses but did not affect clinical signs. The effect on virus replication was different depending on the species and on the time of infection. These results suggest that infection with a heterologous virus may result in temporary competition for cell receptors or competent cells for replication, most likely interferon-mediated, which decreases with time.     

Vaccination of cyclophosphamide-treated chickens against Newcastle disease virus infection

Newly-hatched chickens were treated with 3 mg of cyclophosphamide (CY) per day for 4 consecutive days. At 2 weeks of age, these chickens, together with a group of untreated controls, were vaccinated intranasally or subcutaneously with the La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). All chickens were challenged intranasally with the GB strain of NDV 2 weeks later. CY-treated, intranasally vaccinated chickens were highly resistant to NDV challenge, yet none of the chickens produced any detectable humoral antibodies to NDV; antibodies to NDV were detectable in the tracheal washings, however.