野生软枣猕猴桃组织培养及褐变处理

以野生软枣猕猴桃嫩芽、幼嫩叶片以及茎段作为外植体,研究野生软枣猕猴桃组织培养整个过程,以建立快速高效的野生软枣猕猴桃再生体系。结果表明：最适宜的诱导叶片、茎段愈伤组织的培养基分别为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L NAA和MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA;诱导出愈伤组织在MS+0.6 mg/L 6-BA+0.05 mg/L NAA培养基上能很好地分化不定芽苗;诱导幼芽产生丛生芽的培养基为MS+1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA;较适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS。愈伤组织继代中发现细胞生长素NAA可以防止愈伤褐化。在愈伤组织分化中,发现将分化出的芽苗再次愈伤化,可以提高分化率。     

‘黑珍珠’番茄植株再生体系的研究

为了研究‘黑珍珠’番茄植株再生,以‘黑珍珠’番茄幼嫩叶片为外植体诱导愈伤组织,通过愈伤组织诱导培养、愈伤组织分化培养、不定芽增殖培养、生根培养和试管苗移栽,建立高效快速的‘黑珍珠’番茄再生体系。结果表明：最适宜的诱导叶片愈伤组织的培养基为MS+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA,叶片外植体愈伤组织诱导率最高可达98.2%;诱导出的愈伤组织在MS+ 1.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.2 mg/L IBA培养基上能很好的分化出不定芽;MS+4.0 mg/L KT+ 0.01 mg/L IBA 培养基可实现不定芽芽增殖;最适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+ (0.05~0.08) mg/L NAA,试管苗移栽成活率达92%。     

白术叶片再生植株和丛生芽快繁的研究

白术是菊科的一种重要药用植物。为满足白术的药用需求，扩大其资源供应，避免传统开荒育苗种植模式对生态环境的破坏，为白术的大规模工厂化育苗及获取药用次生代谢产物提供有效的途径和方法，笔者以白术叶片为外植体经愈伤组织再生植株和丛生芽增殖两种方式建立了白术无菌苗的快速繁殖技术，分析了不同植物激素种类和浓度对白术叶片再生植株及丛生芽增殖的影响，研究了温度和光照条件对白术叶片愈伤组织褐变的影响。研究结果显示在培养基MS+ 6-BA1 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L上白术丛生芽增殖倍数最高，可达4.45倍；以白术的叶片愈伤组织诱导及再生植株的最佳培养基为MS +KT 1mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L，愈伤组织诱导率可达96.7%；芽分化率为90%。不同的细胞分裂素种类与浓度处理差异显著，在白术叶片的愈伤组织诱导中，KT的效果要优于6-BA，但在丛生芽增殖中则表现出高浓度的6-BA要优于KT。白术叶片愈伤组织继代培养中褐变程度与温度、光照条件有关，1000 lx光照强度，20±0.5℃的温度条件下继代培养能有效控制褐变。     

迎春花试管培养技术的研究

旨在研究不同培养条件对迎春花不定芽再生和生根状况的影响,并筛选出最适培养条件。以迎春花带芽茎段为材料,通过诱导愈伤组织、愈伤组织分化新芽、芽生根等步骤建立迎春花离体快速繁殖体系。研究结果表明,适合迎春花愈伤组织诱导的培养基为WPM+3.0 mg/L6-BA+0.5 mg/LNAA,诱导率高达100%;适合迎春花芽伸长诱导的培养基为WPM+2.0 mg/L6-BA+0.5 mg/LNAA,诱导率达56.8%;适合迎春花生根诱导的培养基为1/2 WPM+0.5 mg/L NAA,生根率高达85%,根系发达,试管苗生长健壮。培养条件为光照强度1500 lx,光照时间12 h/d,温度25℃。植物生长调节剂种类及质量浓度对迎春花不定芽的出芽时间和再生率以及生根率有明显影响。     

北川花魔芋愈伤组织与试管微球茎离体诱导研究

为解决我国地理标志性农产品北川花魔芋良种繁育体系的缺乏、种芋带病等难题,促进产业的发展,研究了不同外植体、不同激素及浓度配比对花魔芋愈伤组织诱导、试管微球茎形成的影响.结果表明:诱导愈伤组织的最佳外植体为幼嫩叶柄,在MS+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L NAA培养基上,愈伤组织诱导率可达48.3％;经继代培养可获得3种不同愈伤组织类型,其中Ⅲ型愈伤组织具有最佳增殖频率,增殖频率为90.8％;以Ⅲ型愈伤组织诱导产生试管微球茎时,最适培养基为MS+2mg/L 6-BA+-0.5 mg/L NAA+-5％蔗糖,培养4周后,可获得大量生长良好且带芽点的试管微球茎.     

马铃薯品种Favorita再生体系的优化

以马铃薯品种Favorita脱毒试管苗的叶片与茎段为外植体,在愈伤诱导培养基上培养不同时间,然后转入到添加了不同浓度6-BA与ZTR组合的芽诱导培养基上,观察其对马铃薯愈伤组织诱导及芽分化的影响。结果表明:茎段与叶片在愈伤培养基(MS+1 mg/L IAA+0.2 mg/L GA3+0.5 mg/L 6-BA)上分别培养2 d、4 d、6 d后,再转入添加不同浓度6-BA和ZTR的芽诱培养基上,均可以100%产生愈伤组织;50 d后调查,诱导2 d的叶片组织转入添加1 mg/L IAA、0.2 mg/L GA3、2 mg/L 6-BA和1 mg/L ZTR的MS诱导培养基,再生率100%,诱导6 d的叶片组织转入添加1 mg/L IAA、0.2 mg/L GA3、0.5 mg/L 6-BA和2 mg/L ZTR,分化率100%;诱导2 d的茎段组织转入添加1 mg/L IAA、0.2 mg/L GA3、3 mg/L 6-BA和1 mg/L ZTR,分化率50%。     

紫花苜蓿愈伤组织诱导和分化研究

以紫花苜蓿SANDITI无菌苗下胚轴、茎、叶3种不同外植体,在附加不同激素浓度的MS培养基上诱导愈伤组织。结果表明,SANDIT最佳外植体为下胚轴,最佳下胚轴愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.5mg/L。15 d继代1次,或适当降低2,4-D浓度,提高6-BA或KT浓度,可以降低愈伤组织褐化率。愈伤组织在6-BA0.5 mg/L,NAA 0.1 mg/L,GA31.0 mg/L,YE 250 mg/L,CH 250 mg/L的MS培养基上,可获得较高的分化率。     

桃叶卫矛茎段愈伤组织诱导及不定芽再生体系的建立

为完善及优化桃叶卫矛组培繁殖再生体系,解决以腋芽萌发为再生途径进行组培增殖时增殖系数小的问题,以桃叶卫矛幼嫩茎段为材料,分别用20%的次氯酸钠和0.10%的升汞进行消毒处理,处理时间分别为8、10、12 min获取其消毒最佳方案;以桃叶卫矛茎段为材料,通过调节6-BA和NAA浓度,诱导桃叶卫矛茎段产生愈伤组织;以桃叶卫矛愈伤组织为材料,采用6-BA和NAA正交试验诱导产生不定芽;以桃叶卫矛不定芽为材料,调节6-BA和NAA浓度,提高继代增殖系数;以桃叶卫矛继代增殖苗为材料,调节IBA和NAA浓度,获取桃叶卫矛生根苗。研究结果表明：（1）桃叶卫矛幼嫩茎段消毒最佳方案为20%的次氯酸钠处理12 min,污染率2%;（2）茎段愈伤组织诱导最佳培养基为1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.10 mg/L NAA,诱导率80.00%;（3）不定芽诱导最佳培养基为0.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.10 mg/L NAA,诱导率91.11%;（4）继代增殖最佳培养基为MS+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.10 mg/L NAA,增殖系数6;（5）生根培养最佳培养基为1/2MS+ IBA 0.3 mg/L,生根条数平均为5条。本研究利用桃叶卫矛无芽茎段诱导出愈伤组织,并将继代增殖系数提高至6,且完成了桃叶卫矛组培再生体系的优化。     

甜瓜松散型胚性愈伤组织诱导

为建立甜瓜松散胚性愈伤组织再生体系，给分子标记辅助育种、转基因育种、诱变育种等新型的育种技术提供优质材料，以甜瓜成熟叶片为外植体，调节培养基中激素、蔗糖浓度以及愈伤组织继代次数诱导甜瓜松散型胚性愈伤组织。结果表明，在2,4-D的作用下叶片能诱导出愈伤组织，在MS+0.1 mg/L 6-BA+2.0 mg/L 2,4-D+20 g/L蔗糖的培养基上，可以获得结构松散、质地较软呈黄绿色的愈伤组织；诱导松散型愈伤组织最佳培养基为MS+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+30 g/L蔗糖，经过3次继代后可以获得生长速度较快，结构松散、质地较硬呈黄绿色的松散型愈伤组织；在MS+0.25 mg/L 6-BA+0.25 mg/L 2,4-D+40 g/L蔗糖的培养基上愈伤组织胚性化最好，继代5次，可获得结构松散、质地较硬，生长速度较快的松散型胚性愈伤组织。     

膜荚黄芪愈伤组织诱导及植株再生体系的建立

为了建立膜荚黄芪组培快繁技术体系,本研究以膜荚黄芪无菌试管苗的下胚轴为外植体,探讨不同激素种类及其浓度配比对愈伤组织诱导率、丛生芽诱导率、再生苗生根率的影响,筛选适宜的培养基配方。结果表明:膜荚黄芪愈伤组织最佳诱导培养基是MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L,愈伤组织诱导率达86.4%,丛生芽分化的最佳培养基是MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L,丛生芽分化率最高达91.6%,再生苗最佳生根培养基1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L+IAA 1.0 mg/L,生根率最高达62.6%。本研究建立了膜荚黄芪组培快繁技术体系,为其种质资源保存及开发利用提供了有力的技术支撑。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.