水肥管理对东北不同密度春玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响

采用大田试验,研究自然降雨+氮肥底施、表施氮肥+大水漫灌、滴灌水氮一体化不同水肥管理对东北地区低、中、高不同密度下春玉米产量、干物质及水氮利用的影响。结果表明,滴灌水氮一体化处理在各密度下均较自然降雨+氮肥底施显著提高玉米产量,在高密度时滴灌水氮一体化处理产量最高为14 268.9 kg/hm2,显著高于表施氮肥+大水漫灌处理。在高密度时,与表施氮肥+大水漫处理相比,滴灌水氮一体化处理可获得较高的总干物质积累量,显著提高花后氮素积累量,总氮量增加78.2%,进而提高氮肥偏生产力和水分利用效率。滴灌水氮一体化处理能够在高密度下提高东北玉米产量的同时提高水氮利用效率。     

不同水氮管理模式对杂交籼稻F优498产量及水氮利用效率的影响

以F优498为材料,设置淹灌和控制性间歇灌溉方式以及5种施氮水平共10个处理,研究其对水稻产量及水、氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,合理的水氮管理模式能够提高水稻产量及水、氮利用效率。控制性间歇灌溉模式较淹灌模式产量平均提高3.22%,其增产原因是每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重均有一定程度的提高;淹灌模式能够获得较多的有效穗数,从而保证产量不显著降低。与淹灌模式相比,控制性间歇灌溉模式能增加水稻生育后期的氮素积累,促进茎鞘氮素转运,提高氮素利用效率,提高水分生产效率和灌溉水生产力。综合产量与水、氮利用效率,淹灌模式下施氮量180 kg/hm~2表现较好,控制性间歇灌溉模式下施氮量135 kg/hm~2节水节肥效果较明显。     

氮肥后移对玉米冠层内物质分配及氮素利用的影响

研究不同施氮量、不同施肥时期对玉米产量与氮素利用的影响,对玉米干物质生产、氮素积累与分配进行分析。结果表明,施氮量为180 kg/hm2时,产量表现为基施处理最高,较拔节期、大喇叭口期施肥处理分别提高1.17%、7.69%;施氮量为75 kg/hm2时,拔节期施肥处理产量最高,较基施、大喇叭口期施肥处理分别提高10.31%、4.61%。大喇叭口期施肥处理的干物质积累与氮素积累量少,氮肥利用效率低,说明氮肥后移需考虑植株前期对氮素的需要。拔节期施肥处理产量与基施处理产量和氮素积累量相当或提高,植株干物质积累增加,冠层内茎叶干物质比例协调,生育后期穗下层茎叶干物重下降缓慢,氮素利用效率高。施氮量为75 kg/hm2,氮肥适当后移可提高氮肥利用率。     

秸秆还田与施氮量对杂交籼稻氮素利用效率及产量的影响

以杂交籼稻内5优5399为材料,研究了秸秆还田与施氮量对杂交籼稻氮素利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明,水稻前中期秸秆离田处理的各器官的氮素积累显著高于秸秆还田处理,后期叶的氮素积累、氮素农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率、氮素籽粒生产效率和每穗总粒数秸秆还田处理显著高于秸秆离田处理。随着施氮量的增加,水稻各个时期的器官的氮素积累均有增加的趋势,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥生理利用率、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮素干物质生产效率有降低趋势,氮素农学利用率、氮收获指数及产量有先增加后降低的趋势。在秸秆还田和施氮量150kg/hm2条件下,杂交籼稻产量最高,达9758.02kg/hm2,较秸秆离田和不施氮组合增产18.9%,可为该地区水稻的增产提供技术支撑。     

追氮对膜下滴灌马铃薯氮素吸收积累规律及利用效率的影响

以紫花白为试验材料,研究了不同追氮处理对膜下滴灌马铃薯氮素吸收积累规律及其利用效率。结果表明:随施氮量的增加,马铃薯对氮素的吸收和积累都呈增加趋势,而氮肥利用率及生产效率都呈递减趋势;施氮量为270.0 kg/hm2时,马铃薯氮素含量、累积吸收量最大;施氮量为67.5 kg/hm2时,氮素利用效率最高;而施氮量为202.5 kg/hm2时,产量最高。马铃薯块茎产量与氮素吸收量、氮素利用率存在显著正相关,而与施氮量相关不显著,氮素吸收量与施氮量呈极显著正相关。     

膜下滴灌春玉米氮素吸收规律与增产效应

研究春玉米膜下滴灌条件下氮肥对玉米氮素吸收、干物质积累以及氮肥的增产作用,提出试验条件下的最佳施氮量.结果表明,增加施氮量能够增加膜下滴灌春玉米地上部干物质积累及氮素吸收能力,过量施氮导致干物质及氮素累积降低;玉米产量随着施氮量增加而增加,300 kg/hm²时达到最高产量,此时氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率以及生理利用率均达到最大.采用二次曲线拟合,计算最佳施氮量为291.80 kg/hm²,此时最高产量为14 964.54 kg/hm².     

太湖地区定位施氮与耗竭后施氮对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过在太湖地区持续施氮和土壤氮耗竭1年后再施氮的对比试验,研究了施氮量对水稻产量、干物质积累、植株吸氮量、氮肥利用效率和土壤氮素的影响。经过3季(稻-麦-稻)不施氮处理,第3季作物水稻的产量显著下降,仅6673.42kg/hm2;持续施氮和氮耗竭1年后施氮处理的产量均随着施氮量的增加而提高,但增产幅度逐渐减小,当施氮量为300kg/hm2时,水稻产量最高,分别为10514.95kg/hm2和10472.36kg/hm2,施氮量继续增加时水稻都出现倒伏而减产;各施氮处理植株的干物质积累、总吸氮量和土壤全氮含量都随施氮量的增加而提高,而氮肥利用效率都随施氮量的增加而降低;氮耗竭1年后施氮处理与持续施氮处理之间的各项指标变化不明显,说明这些指标与氮耗竭1年后的土壤背景氮关系不密切,而与当季施氮量有关。     

氮肥施用量对C两优华占产量及生长性状的影响

通过设置6个氮肥用量并测定相关生长性状及产量,研究了C两优华占的适宜施氮量。结果表明,施氮量增加可以显著提高水稻分蘖数和株高,显著提高水稻SPAD值,在拔节—齐穗期和灌浆—成熟期两个干物质积累盛期显著促进水稻的干物质积累,增加叶面积,从而提高光合能力,增加产量,但过高的氮肥施用量在成熟期会导致水稻贪青严重,抑制水稻干物质积累;氮肥施用量增加可以显著增加有效穗数,从而显著提高产量及氮肥农学利用效率;施氮量为270 kg/hm2时,能够获得最高的产量和氮肥农学利用效率。     

氮肥调控对冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为了探讨河南省安阳地区冬小麦合理高效的氮肥调控模式,2008-2010年通过田间试验,比较分析了不同基追比(10∶0和6∶4)和施氮水平(100、200和300kg·hm-2)下冬小麦干物质量、产量和氮肥利用效率的差异。结果表明,增施氮肥显著促进了冬小麦的干物质积累和籽粒产量的形成,在基追比10∶0下,氮肥农学效率(NE)随着施氮量的增加呈降低趋势。在相同追施比例下,干物质量、籽粒产量、氮素生理利用效率(PNUE)和氮素利用效率(NUE)以施氮200kg·hm-2时最高。在施氮100kg·hm-2时,提高氮肥基施比例更有利于增加干物质量、产量和氮肥利用效率;伴随施氮量的增加,提高追肥比例能有效增加干物质量、籽粒产量、NE、PNUE和NUE。本试验中,在施氮200kg·hm-2、基追比为6∶4条件下,冬小麦的干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率表现最佳。     

不同施氮水平对春玉米氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响

采用田间试验研究吉林省中部玉米主产区不同氮水平对玉米产量、氮素吸收、转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可以提高干物质最大积累速率和氮素最大吸收速率,并能提前干物质最大积累速率和氮素最大吸收速率出现的天数。在施N 60~180 kg/hm2之间,玉米产量、干物质最大积累速率、氮素最大吸收速率、转运量、转运率及子粒中养分比例等指标均有显著提高;超过N180 kg/hm2,干物质最大积累速率、氮素最大吸收速率、转运量、转运率及子粒中养分比例等指标开始下降。根据玉米产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合得出,最高产量氮肥用量为184.2 kg/hm2,最佳经济产量氮肥用量为172.9 kg/hm2。氮素农学利用率、氮肥当季回收率及偏生产力随着氮肥用量的提高而显著降低。综合考虑提高玉米产量、效益和氮肥利用效率等方面的要求,在吉林省中部玉米主产区,适宜施氮量为172.9 kg/hm2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。