桃果实和叶片中糖分的季节变化及其与碳代谢酶活性的关系研究

以晚熟的艳丰一号桃为试材,研究了果实和叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,在果实生长发育早期,果实和叶片中的可溶性糖主要是还原糖,中后期,还原糖维持在相对较低的水平上,非还原糖大量积累;在整个果实生长发育期间,果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量显著地高于叶片,而叶片中山梨醇和淀粉含量则显著地高于果实;叶片中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量和果实中山梨醇含量较稳定,在整个生长季节中差异较小;在整个生长发育期间蔗糖在果实中持续积累,尤其是在成熟前急剧增加,果实内葡萄糖和果糖含量在生长发育前期总体呈下降趋势,中后期维持在一个相对较低的水平上;叶片中山梨醇含量在生长前期下降,之后维持在相对稳定状态。在整个果实生长发育期间果实中果糖含量与NI、SS和SDH活性及葡萄糖含量与SS和SDH活性呈显著正相关;叶片中葡萄糖含量与SDH活性呈显著正相关且果糖含量与SS和ADPGPPase活性呈显著负相关,此外叶片中蔗糖含量与SPS活性呈显著正相关,但果实中蔗糖含量与SPS不存在任何相关性。因此认为各主要糖的合成与转化在叶片和果实中可能存在着不同的酶调控机制。     

基于主成分分析法的 不同品种黄瓜综合品质分析与评价

摘要：为探究综合评价黄瓜品质的方法,以10个不同外形、营养、风味的黄瓜品种为研究对象,测定其 风味和营养品质,并对各品质指标进行差异性和相关性分析,对风味品质指标进行主成分分析。结果表明： 除柠檬酸之外,品种间各品质指标均存在一定差异。可溶性固形物、单宁和维生素C含量最高的品种是维纳 斯,最低的分别是德瑞特975、金童和传奇778;可溶性糖、葡萄糖、果糖、苹果酸、氨基酸含量最高的均为绿 宝,可溶性糖含量最低的是德瑞特975,其余4个指标最低的均为甘脆1号;蔗糖含量最高的是玉女,最低的是金 童;总酸含量最高的是金童,最低的是德瑞特975;蛋白质含量最高的是优美,最低的是甘脆1号。相关性分析 显示,可溶性固形物含量与果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、可溶性糖含量均呈显著正相关,可溶性糖含量与果糖、葡萄 糖含量均呈极显著正相关,与蔗糖含量呈显著正相关;苹果酸含量与果糖、葡萄糖、可溶性糖含量均呈极显著 正相关,与蔗糖含量显著正相关;维生素C含量与可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、蔗糖含量均呈显著正相关;氨基酸 含量与可溶性糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量均呈极显著正相关,与苹果酸含量呈显著正相关。黄瓜风味品质指标主成 分分析综合排名前3的是维纳斯、绿宝和托尼102。结合黄瓜品质评价差异性分析结果,认为主成分分析综合排 名能在一定程度上反映黄瓜的综合品质。     

苹果可溶性糖组分及其含量特性的研究

以132个苹果品种为试材,采用离子色谱法对其成熟果实的可溶性糖组分进行测定,并测定其可溶性固形物含量(TSS)、可溶性糖含量(SS),利用频次分析、相关性分析、回归分析等统计分析方法,明确苹果果实可溶性糖组分含量水平及其分布和定量关系。结果表明,苹果中的可溶性糖以果糖为主,其次是蔗糖和葡萄糖,山梨醇含量最低,约4/5的品种蔗糖含量高于葡萄糖含量;含量离散度山梨醇葡萄糖蔗糖果糖;果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度值、TSS和SS均服从正态分布,去掉个别拖尾品种后葡萄糖含量和山梨醇含量也呈正态分布;果糖含量与甜度值之间、TSS与SS之间均存在极显著一元线性关系,相关系数达0.9450和0.8797;TSS、SS均存在关于其他指标的多元线性模型,且拟合精度和预测精度很高。     

西花蓟马主要寄主植物可溶性糖和蛋白质含量测定

测定了8种植物不同器官中可溶性糖（以棉子糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖为代表）和可溶性蛋白质的含量及比例。总体上,测定的18个样品中可溶性蛋白质的含量均高于可溶性糖,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖比例最大为1627．00,最小为2．71,成熟叶中的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量大多高于幼叶。     

不同萝卜肉质根中可溶性糖组分及含量分析

可溶性糖含量是决定萝卜品质和商品价值的重要因子。现以23种不同萝卜品种为试材,利用高效液相色谱法,对不同萝卜材料肉质根韧皮部和木质部的糖组分及含量进行了测定,分析了木质部、韧皮部糖分含量的相关性以及糖含量与甜度值的关系。结果表明:萝卜肉质根韧皮部和木质部的可溶性糖都是由果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖组成,其中葡萄糖含量最高,均值分别达到15.40mg·g~(-1) FW(韧皮部)和19.37mg·g~(-1) FW(木质部),其次是果糖,蔗糖含量最低;木质部可溶性糖含量均值高于韧皮部,二者密切相关,r值达到0.802 0(**);韧皮部和木质部甜度值分别与各自的总糖含量呈现极相关关系,r值分别为0.993 9(**)和0.971 8(**),在各种糖组分中,果糖含量与甜度值相关性最大;该研究为萝卜品质育种提供了一定的理论参考和可利用的品种资源。     

草莓果实发育过程中糖、pH值及ABA水平变化趋势

为了揭示草莓果实发育和成熟的生理机制,本研究以杜克拉草莓7个时期的果实为试材,分析果实发育过程中pH值、可溶性糖和ABA变化趋势.结果表明,果实发育前期可溶性糖积累以葡萄糖和果糖为主,蔗糖很低;果实进入始熟和成熟,蔗糖分别有一次快速积累的过程,全红时蔗糖含量是果糖和葡萄糖的1.25倍.以纯白期pH值最低点为界,pH值先...     

西花蓟马主要寄主植物可溶性糖和蛋白质含量测定

测定了8种植物不同器官中可溶性糖(以棉子糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖为代表)和可溶性蛋白质的含量及比例。总体上,测定的18个样品中可溶性蛋白质的含量均高于可溶性糖,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖比例最大为1627.00,最小为2.71,成熟叶中的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量大多高于幼叶。辣椒中西花蓟马主要取食的花器中可溶性蛋白质含量高于叶片。     

水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除后苹果树源叶碳同化物代谢规律的研究

在苹果果实生长早期进行水分胁迫处理，研究水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除之后源叶中的不同种类碳同化物含量及相关酶活性的变化，结果表明，水分胁迫条件下源叶中总可溶性糖和还原糖积累，山梨醇含量升高；前两个干旱胁迫周期源叶中淀粉含量显著降低；水分胁迫对还原糖的影响主要是增加葡萄糖和果糖的含量，葡萄糖含量在中度胁迫时开始增加，严重胁迫时急剧升高，但果糖含量仅在轻度胁迫时显著高于对照，对蔗糖含量的影响较小。水分胁迫解除后，水分胁迫株叶片中除葡萄糖能保持一个显著高于对照的水平外，其余的糖和山梨醇均迅速地回落到正常灌溉的对照水平。同时，树体承受水分胁迫期间，源叶中的6－磷酸醛糖还原酶（A6PR）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、ADPG焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）和淀粉酶等均有可能得到显著增加，并且水分胁迫解除后各种酶在短期内仍维持一个较高的活性。     

外源山梨醇影响桃叶片和果实糖代谢的分子机制研究

为研究桃树（Prunus persica）外源喷施山梨醇（1 mmol·L-1）对其糖代谢的影响，整合代谢组与转录组数据，分析叶片和果肉中蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇的含量和特定糖代谢、糖转运基因表达的变化，以期明确受影响的代谢通路。测定结果表明，山梨醇处理叶片葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖含量提升，山梨醇含量变化不明显；处理果肉山梨醇含量下降，其他糖含量变化不明显；处理叶片和果肉蔗糖/果糖、蔗糖/葡萄糖、山梨醇/果糖、山梨醇/葡萄糖和山梨醇/蔗糖比值均显著下降。山梨醇处理后，叶片和果肉糖代谢、糖转运基因表达谱变化不相同，糖代谢酶（Pp SDHb、Pp PFKa/b/e、Pp HXKa、Pp SUSb/c、Pp INVe）和糖转运子（Pp SOTa/i、Pp SWEET10/13）基因参与调控叶片和果肉中的蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和山梨醇积累。转录组分析证实山梨醇处理造成的差异表达基因富集于糖代谢相关途径（叶片蔗糖、淀粉代谢途径和果肉碳代谢途径）及其他次级代谢途径。这些结果说明外源山梨醇对桃叶片和果实果肉可溶性糖含量和糖组分平衡的影响不同。山梨醇处理造成桃叶片、果实糖代谢酶和糖转运子基因表达变化，影响了糖...     

水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除后苹果树源叶碳同化物代谢规律的研究

在苹果果实生长早期进行水分胁迫处理，研究水分胁迫期间及胁迫解除之后源叶中的不同种类碳同化物含量及相关酶活性的变化，结果表明，水分胁迫条件下源叶中总可溶性糖和还原糖积累，山梨醇含量升高；前两个干旱胁迫周期源叶中淀粉含量显著降低；水分胁迫对还原糖的影响主要是增加葡萄糖和果糖的含量，葡萄糖含量在中度胁迫时开始增加，严重胁迫时急剧升高，但果糖含量仅在轻度胁迫时显著高于对照，对蔗糖含量的影响较小。水分胁迫解除后，水分胁迫株叶片中除葡萄糖能保持一个显著高于对照的水平外，其余的糖和山梨醇均迅速地回落到正常灌溉的对照水平。同时，树体承受水分胁迫期间，源叶中的6－磷酸醛糖还原酶（A6PR）、山梨醇脱氢酶（SDH）、磷酸蔗糖合成酶（SPS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、ADPG焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase)和淀粉酶等均有可能得到显著增加，并且水分胁迫解除后各种酶在短期内仍维持一个较高的活性。     

Changes in carbohydrate levels and their metabolic enzymes in leaves,phloem sap and mesocarp during cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit development

Levels of carbohydrates and activities of metabolic enzymes were examined in leaves (source), phloem sap (flow) and mesocarp tissues (sink) in the course of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit development, from 2 days before anthesis to 20 days after anthesis. While total sugar levels increased in all the three sampling organs, starch levels declined in leaves and mesocarp tissues as fruit development progressed. Glucose and fructose were the primary contributors to the soluble sugar pools in mature leaves. Stachyose was found as the most important component of the phloem sap extracts, followed by sucrose and raffinose. However, the primary sugars accumulated in mesocarp tissues were glucose and fructose, not stachyose or sucrose. Activities of sucrose synthesizing enzymes (sucrose phosphate synthase plus sucrose synthase in the synthesizing direction) exceeded that of sucrose degrading enzymes (acid invertase, neutral invertase plus sucrose synthase in the degrading direction) in leaves, which might cause a sucrose pool utilized in raffinose and stachyose biosynthesis. While alkaline a-galactosidase form I activity declined, stachyose synthase activity showed a rapid increase until 12 days after anthesis and only subsequently decreased in leaves. Activities of sucrose degrading enzymes were always much higher than that of sucrose synthesizing enzymes in mesocarp tissues. Thus, sucrose accumulation could not occur in mesocarp tissues. While stachyose synthase activity steadily decreased, alkaline a-galactosidase form I activity showed a moderate increase before decrease in mesocarp tissues. The relationship between levels of soluble sugars and activities of relative enzymes was also discussed.     

枇杷种质资源果实糖组分及含量特征

以66份枇杷种质资源成熟果实为试材,用高效液相色谱法分析测定可溶性糖组分含量。结果表明：枇杷种质成熟果实中均含有果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和山梨醇,果糖含量最高,平均39.49 mg ? g-1 FW,山梨醇含量最低,平均为3.03 mg ? g-1 FW。4种糖组分的变异系数为29.50% ~ 71.95%,并且山梨醇 > 蔗糖 > 葡萄糖 > 果糖;果糖含量11.01 ~ 63.98 mg ? g-1 FW,占总糖的19.01% ~ 67.83%;葡萄糖含量5.29 ~ 37.53 mg ? g-1 FW,占总糖的7.18% ~ 41.63%;蔗糖含量1.10 ~ 55.92 mg ? g-1 FW,占总糖的1.44% ~ 69.72%;山梨醇含量0.64 ~ 11.90 mg ? g-1 FW,占总糖的0.88% ~ 12.21%。不同种质资源成熟果实的糖分构成存在差异,果糖/葡萄糖为1.12 ~ 3.62,果糖/蔗糖为0.27 ~ 43.85,蔗糖/葡萄糖为0.05 ~ 8.75;聚类分析结果将枇杷种质资源分为果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量差异显著的2大类5个组群,综合分析认为枇杷种质资源糖积累类型可分为果糖积累型、己糖（果糖 + 葡萄糖）积累型和蔗糖积累型。     

西瓜果实发育过程中不同糖含量的变化

对不同西瓜品种果实发育过程中果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量的动态变化进行了分析,以探讨西瓜不同糖的变化规律,旨在为西瓜品质改良提供依据。结果表明:西瓜果实总糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量变化趋势基本一致,幼果期较低,随后缓慢积累,果实膨大期有所下降,成熟过程迅速积累,完熟期到达峰值,过熟期含量开始下降;西瓜果实蔗糖含量基本呈"S"型曲线变化,幼果期含量较低,随后缓慢积累,果实膨大期迅速积累,完熟期达到峰值,过熟期含量开始下降。西瓜果实中总糖、果糖、葡萄糖在授粉后33d左右达到峰值,蔗糖含量在授粉后30d左右达到峰值。     

Salicylic acid regulates sugar metabolism that confers tolerance to salinity stress in cucumber seedlings

Salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in plant development and defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Sugars can act as osmotic adjustors or nutrient and metabolic signals in the activation of plant defense responses. To uncover the effects of SA on sugar metabolism, we assayed the altered components and levels of sugars in cucumber seedlings treated with SA. After SA treatment, the levels of glucose, fructose, raffinose and stachyose were increased in both leaves and roots. In contrast, sucrose and starch responded differently in leaves and root, decreasing in leaves but accumulating in roots. These changes could be due to the effects of SA on the activities of metabolism-related enzymes. In leaves, SA promoted the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS) and amylases, while the SA-treated root showed a reduced amylase activity and an unchanged activity in SPS. The changes in various sugar contents resulted in the accumulation of soluble sugars in SA-treated cucumber seedlings, especially non-reducing sugars in roots. These increased sugars could function as osmotic regulators and facilitate water uptake and retention in plant cells, thereby conferring seedlings an enhanced tolerance to salinity stresses caused by NaCl treatment. Taken together, our findings provide an important insight into the effects of SA on sugar metabolism, and a protective mechanism for SA against water deficiency is discussed.     

根域限制对‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实可溶性糖含量及相关代谢酶活性的影响

 以‘巨玫瑰’葡萄（Vitis vinifera L. × V. labrusca L.）为试材,从始熟期开始研究了根域限制栽培对果实可溶性糖积累及相关代谢酶活性的影响。结果表明：‘巨玫瑰’葡萄果实中主要以葡萄糖和果糖积累为主。从始熟期开始果实中的葡萄糖和果糖含量持续增加,与此同时,酸性转化酶（AI）的活性也随果实发育进程而逐步增强。AI活性与果实中含量最多的葡萄糖和果糖含量显著相关。中性转化酶（NI）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）的分解方向的活性只是在始熟期3周后开始增加,且活性低于AI。蔗糖合成酶（SS）的合成方向和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）的活性在始熟期开始后稍有增加,此后保持平稳,且活性远远低于蔗糖分解相关酶AI、NI和SS的分解方向活性。根域限制栽培可以显著提高‘巨玫瑰’果实中可溶性糖的含量、糖积累期间的AI活性和成熟时的NI活性,但对其他酶活性影响不显著。由此推断AI是葡萄果实糖积累的最重要的调节因子,也是根域限制提高果实糖含量的关键代谢酶。     

Different mechanisms to obtain higher fruit growth rate in two cold-tolerant cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) lines under low night temperature

One cold-sensitive cultivar (Jinyan 4) and two cold-tolerant inbred lines (NY-1 and XC-1) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were subjected to temperatures of 28 °C/22 °C (day/night, control) or 28 °C/12 °C (day/night, cold treatment) in a 10 h photoperiod (7:00–17:00). Under control conditions, cucumber fruits grew fast during afternoon and early night, and slow during late night and morning. Under 28 °C/12 °C conditions, the two cold-tolerant inbred lines maintained relatively higher fruit growth rates than the cold-sensitive cultivar by different mechanisms. Compared to Jinyan 4, NY-1 fruits had higher growth rates during cold nights while XC-1 fruits grew faster during the next day. Under the 28 °C/12 °C temperature regime, the assimilate accumulation in the fruits of all tested genotypes followed a similar trend with the corresponding fruit growth rates. After a cold night treatment, the net CO₂ assimilation rates of one- and two-fruit plants, which had increased sink demand, were higher than that of plants without fruits in all tested genotypes. This response indicates that feedback inhibition might be an important reason for the reduction of photosynthesis on the next day. In addition, after a cold night treatment, the levels of exportable sugars (sucrose and stachyose) in mature leaves of XC-1 were higher than those measured in Jinyan 4 and NY-1, which might explain why XC-1 fruits had faster assimilate accumulation rates in the next morning. Higher activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase, a key enzyme of sucrose and stachyose biosynthesis, constituted an additional evidence that faster sucrose and stachyose biosynthesis in mature leaves may occur in XC-1 than in Jinyan 4 and NY-1 at that time. In conclusion, our results showed that cucumber genotypes may use different mechanisms to enhance their cold tolerance.     

外源生长素PCPA对番茄果实蔗糖代谢的影响

以自然坐果的普通栽培型番茄为对照,PCPA蘸花处理后,取不同发育期的番茄果实内各部位,测定糖的组成和浓度、蔗糖代谢相关酶的活性.结果表明:在番茄果实各发育期,PCPA蘸花处理的果实内各部位糖分含量的总体变化趋势与对照基本相同,果实成熟期中果皮和心室隔壁、胶质胎座中葡萄糖和果糖含量较高,但PCPA蘸花处理的果实中葡萄糖和果糖含量增幅高于对照.果实成熟期PCPA处理的番茄果实内维管束酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性都明显高于对照,中果皮和心室隔壁、胶质胎座中也有较高的酸性转化酶和中性转化酶活性.     

核桃果肉发育过程中糖含量及相关酶活性的变化

 以普通核桃为试材，研究了核桃果肉发育过程中糖含量及其相关酶活性的变化。结果表明:总糖含量呈现逐渐增长趋势，在果实油脂转化期(约花后90 d)达到极大值；淀粉含量呈波动状态。各种可溶性糖含量变化各异，果糖在果实发育前期含量最高，后期有所降低；葡萄糖含量变化不大; 蔗糖含量前期极低，后期逐渐增加。酸性转化酶和淀粉酶前期活性很强，后期降低；蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性变化趋势相似，前期弱后期强。     

鲜黄梨果实糖积累及山梨醇转化相关酶活性的变化

对鲜黄梨果实发育中糖积累及山梨醇转化相关酶活性的变化进行了研究。结果表明:果实发育前期以积累山梨醇和淀粉为主,后期以积累果糖为主。果实整个发育过程中,葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、可溶性总糖含量逐渐增加,山梨醇和淀粉含量先增加后降低。山梨醇脱氢酶和山梨醇氧化酶在果实发育早中期活性逐渐增高,后期活性降低,但较前期高,两者共同对山梨醇的转化起调控作用。