断乳后母牦牛注射氯前列烯醇钠的发情效果观察

对断乳后母牦牛注射氯前列烯醇钠促发情处理。第1次药物处理后,两组母牛发情头数均为0头,第2次药物处理后,试验组母牦牛发情15头,发情率为75%;对照组发情8头,发情率为40%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）。     

莱芜黑山羊发情周期中FSH、LH、E2和P的分泌规律

莱芜黑山羊在发情期和间情期，血浆内的卵泡刺激素（FSH）和黄体生成素（LH）均呈脉冲式分泌，雌激素（E2）和孕嗣（P）为波动式分泌。发情期FSH的脉冲周期较间情期长，两者之间显著差异（P〈0．05）。发情期LH的脉冲周期短于间情期，两者之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。在整个发情周期中，FSH和LH均先后出现4个分泌峰，FSH和LH的第1个分泌峰分别出现在第7天和第5天，其余3个分泌峰均同时出现（分别为第10、15和20天）。E2和FSH、LH均在发情周期的第20天迭最高峰。P在间情期一直维持在一个较高水平。     

西藏多玛绵羊同期发情处理及外周血液激素含量变化研究

本研究采用孕酮阴道栓（CIDR,CIDR组）和氯前列烯醇（PGF2α,PG组）2种方法，分别对40头2～3岁、体重（65.12±6.41）kg的西藏多玛绵羊进行同期发情处理，对同期发情效果进行比较，并在处理后第1、4、7、10、13、16天和第19天（08:00）、（20:00）连续收集血清进行促卵泡素（FSH）、促黄体素（LH）、雌二醇（E2）和孕酮（P）浓度测定。结果表明：CIDR组和PG组的同期发情率达到100%，但CIDR组的受胎率和分娩率高于PG组（P<0.05）,2组分娩母羊产双羔的比率没有显著差异。处理过程中激素变化结果表明：CIDR组和PG组中FSH和LH激素变化趋势基本一致，CIDR组中第7天E2水平高于PG组（P<0.05）,CIDR组第1、4和第19天的P浓度高于PG组（P<0.05）。在CIDR组中，FSH与E2、LH与P的变化显著相关（P<0.05）。总体上，CIDR组的同期发情处理的效果优于PG组，激素变化和相关性分析均显示CIDR组处理方式优于PG组。     

应用FSH 等药物对后备及乏情母猪的疗效试验

摘要：本文应用FSH (促卵泡生成素)等药物对后备母猪和乏情母猪进行疗效试验。结果发现,后备母猪的FSH组和PMSG (孕马血清)组发情率分别为65.39%和66.67%,两组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);配种受胎率分别为82.35%和78.57%,两组相比差异显著(P<0.05);窝均产仔数分别为10.94头和9.14头,两组相比差异显著(P<0.05);对照组母猪的发情率、配种受胎率和窝均产仔数均不理想。对断奶30 d不发情的乏情母猪,FSH组和PMSG组发情率分别为85.71%和86.96%,两组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);配种率受胎分别为86.67%和80%,两组相比差异显著(P<0.05);窝均产仔数分别为11.46头和10.06头,两组相比差异显著(P<0.05);对照组母猪的发情率、配种受胎率和窝均产仔数均不理想。表明FSH组和PMSG组对后备母猪、乏情母猪疗效显著,且FSH组优于PMSG组。     

猪宝灵的开发和应用研究

将５１头经产母猪随机分成两组，试验组３７头，于断奶后１２小时内注射猪宝灵６００ＩＵ，对照组不作处理，以观察同期发情率，情期受胎率和产仔质量。用猪宝灵分别处理４８头乏情母猪和１２头初情青年母猪，以观察其调节体内激素代谢水平，治疗某些繁殖疾病。研究结果表明：同期发情试验，受试组与对照组之间的同期发情率差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。处理乏情母猪发情率８７．５％（４２／４８）情期受胎率８３．３％（３５／４２），初期青年母猪诱导发情率８３．３％（１０／１２），情期受胎率８０％（８／１０）。确立了猪宝灵处理不同类型母猪，对初情青年母猪有诱导性早熟作用，提高了经产母猪同期发情水平，同时又能有效地治疗乏情母猪，以达到最佳排卵率和较理想受胎率。因此猪宝灵的应用对提高母猪繁殖力，实现工厂化、集约化批次生产商品猪起了积极作用，产生了良好的经济效益，促进了养猪业的发展     

褪黑素对荷斯坦奶牛妊娠率及生殖激素的影响

试验旨在探明皮下注射褪黑素（MT）对荷斯坦奶牛配种妊娠率及血清生殖激素的影响。用计步器法确定自然发情的首次配种荷斯坦奶牛150头，对其中70头进行颈部皮下肌内注射褪黑素30 mg，12 h后进行人工输精；选择170头产后首次配种的荷斯坦奶牛进行同期排卵-定时输精处理，其中90头荷斯坦奶牛最后一次注射促性腺激素释放激素（gonadotropin-releasing hormone，GnRH）的同时进行颈部皮下肌内注射褪黑素30 mg，16 h后进行人工输精。在进行二次配种的荷斯坦奶牛中选择153只进行皮下注射褪黑素。荷斯坦奶牛输精后20~35 d进行妊娠检查，详细记录首次配种妊娠母牛头数、二次配种妊娠母牛头数、产犊数。选取同期排卵-定时输精的荷斯坦奶牛25头，皮下注射褪黑素8 h后用放射免疫法检测其血清中褪黑素、促卵泡素（FSH）、促黄体素（LH）、雌二醇（E₂）的含量及35 d妊检时妊娠母牛血清中孕酮（P₄）含量。结果显示，与自然发情和同期排卵对照组相比，其对应的皮下注射褪黑素组荷斯坦奶牛的妊娠率及产犊率均显著提高（P<0.05）；皮下注射褪黑素组的双犊率显著提高（P<0.05），首次配种妊娠率和产犊率均显著提高（P<0.05），二次配种妊娠率和产犊率均差异不显著（P>0.05）。血清激素检测结果表明，与对照组相比，皮下注射褪黑素组血清中褪黑素、LH、E₂含量均显著增加（P<0.05）；35 d妊检时，皮下注射褪黑素的妊娠母牛P₄含量显著增加（P<0.05）。本试验结果表明，皮下注射褪黑素能够提高荷斯坦奶牛的妊娠率、产犊率及血清中LH、E₂和P₄含量，说明皮下注射褪黑素能够促进卵母细胞成熟和排卵，并提高配种妊娠率。     

不同剂量HCG对奶牛情期受胎率的影响

在80头临床健康的黑白花奶牛中探讨了不同剂量HCG对奶牛情期受胎率的影响。试验1、2、3组母牛（各20头）在人工授精前分别肌注500IU、1000IU和1500IUHCG，对照组母牛（20头）不作处理。试验结果：试验1、2、3组母牛一次输精的受胎率分别为45％、65％、70％，对照组为35％。试验3组与对照组间有显著差异（P＜0.05），提示HCG的最佳剂量为1500IU。     

泌乳早期发情和乏情奶牛机体代谢和生殖机能的变化

在某一集约化牛场,随机选取奶牛30头,在奶牛产后发情期(50～90 d)内根据奶牛是否发情将奶牛分为发情组和乏情组。通过对试验奶牛血液生化指标(Glu、BHBA、NEFA)、内分泌指标(FSH、LH、LP、E2、P4)等进行调查和检测。结果显示:当奶牛发情时,机体血浆Glu、FSH、LH、E2和LP浓度高,血浆NEFA、P4浓度低,但乏情时正好相反。当奶牛发情时,血浆leptin与LH、E2呈显著正相关,与P4呈显著负相关,但乏情奶牛未呈现相关性。这些结果提示奶牛乏情与机体能量代谢状况和Ins、Gn、E2、P4、Lp分泌少有关。能量平衡能促进奶牛产后发情,与机体高水平血糖、Lp、FSH、LH、E2和低水平P4、NEFA有关。LP是奶牛泌乳早期发情的一个重要调控因子,在奶牛产后能量平衡、生产性能和繁殖性能之间起到一个平衡纽带的作用。     

乏情母牛的诱发发情技术研究

饲喂PEP（含矿物质和维生素的添加剂）结合激素处理154头产后乏情母牛，以期诱导发情。结果表明：饲喂PEP 30d组结合激素处理比未处理对照组极显著（P＜0．01）提高发情率（100％比65．6％）和繁殖率（84％比46．9％），比单独的激素处理组极显著地（P＜0．01），提高发情率（100％比75％）；单独饲喂PEP（P）组比对照组可显著（P＜0．05）提高发情率（87．3％比65．5％）和繁殖率（76．4％和46．9％），激素处理结合饲喂PEP（P－H）组可极显著（P＜0．01）高于对照组的发情率（93．6％比65．5％）和繁殖率（78．7％比46．9％），但P组和P－H组间的发情率，受胎率和繁殖率均差异不显著（P＞0．05）。     

秋季断犊母牦牛促发情试验

在青海省大通种牛场育种一队对27头秋季断犊母牦牛进行了促发情试验。母牦牛断犊并经21-23d恢复饲养后,采用两次PG注射法和GnRH+PG注射法对母牦牛进行同期发情处理,结果显示:试验I组母牦牛发情6头,发情率66.67%,试验II组母牦牛发情2头,发情率22.22%。经统计分析,试验I组与试验II组母牦牛之间发情率差异不显著(P﹥0.05),但显著高于对照组(P﹤0.05),试验II组母牦牛发情率与对照组间差异不显著(P﹥0.05)。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.