松嫩平原西部湖泊与水库/坑塘动态变化及驱动因素分析

松嫩平原西部湖泊与水库/坑塘是保障区域农牧业经济发展和生态安全的重要条件。为掌握松嫩平原西部湖泊与水库/坑塘在1990-2013年间的变化信息,为区域生态环境建设及防洪减灾提供数据库支撑,该文基于Landsat TM(Thematic Mapper)、ETM+(Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus)、OLI(Operational Land Imager)和中国环境资源卫星(HJ,Huanjing)多时相遥感影像,利用e Cognition软件采用面向对象分类方法提取1990年、2000年和2013年湖泊和水库/坑塘分布信息,探讨1990-2013年间松嫩平原西部湖泊和水库/坑塘蓄水面积和数量的变化及驱动因素。结果显示:研究区范围内实际蓄水面积大于20 km2的湖泊有20个,黑龙江和吉林两省分别有17和3个;面积大于20 km2的水库有9个,其中7个位于黑龙江。松嫩平原西部湖泊与水库/坑塘主要分布于沿嫩江和松花江两侧,最大湖泊为查干湖、最大水库为月亮泡水库。研究区内1990年、2000年和2013年的湖泊面积分别为3 633.2、3 016.3和2 534.0 km2,水库/坑塘的面积分别为885.9、797.1、1 433.2 km2。气候变化叠加人类活动影响的背景下,1990-2013年间湖泊数量呈现明显减少而水库/坑塘呈现明显增加的趋势。湖泊蓄水总面积呈现明显下降趋势,共减少1 099.2 km2,2013年总面积为2 534.0 km2;而水库/坑塘蓄水总面积呈现先降低后增加的趋势,1990-2000年减少88.8 km2,2013年又增至1 433.2 km2,23 a共增加547.3 km2。气候因素是变化的重要原因,尤其对于水库/坑塘,气温和降水在不同时间段的变化趋势与之变化非常吻合。而对于湖泊的变化,明显增加的耕地和运河/沟渠、避免洪灾采取的相关措施等人为因素的影响更明显。由此可见,气候因子变化和农业活动及相关的水利工程与调控措施是影响松嫩平原西部湖泊和水库/坑塘蓄水面积与数量的重要因素。该文对湖泊与水库/坑塘水资源的长时间序列统计和分析结果,可为松嫩平原西部生态保护与修复提供数据支撑,为区域可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Lakeshore diversity and rarity relationships along interacting disturbance gradients: catchment area, wave action and depth

Diversity patterns of riparian plant communities have been associated with disturbance. Populations of a diversity of Atlantic Coastal Plain plants occur as disjuncts on shores of large catchment area lakes in Nova Scotia. These lakeshore communities contain rare plants with local, national and global rankings. The populations of rare plants are dynamic and their management requires an understanding of the relationship between disturbance and the survival of rare plants. This present study measured (overwinter wooden dowel removal) and observed disturbance along gradients of catchment area (CA), exposure and depth. In three separate experiments ranging from the landscape to the lake, to the single shoreline level, disturbance was linked to lake CA, exposure and depth, respectively. At all scales, disturbance was positively associated with the presence of rare species. The pattern of rare species richness over the river system was complex; at the within-lake level, the frequency of rare species per site was greatest in the intermediate CA lake while the pool of rare species was greatest in the largest CA lake. The findings focus field efforts on wide, exposed shorelines of large CA lakes where new rare plants continue to be discovered. In addition, the discrepancy between highest frequency of rare plants on intermediate CA lakes and highest species pools of rarities on large CA lakes, reinforces the need for larger protected area systems for the most naturally disturbed ecosystems which often support populations having a high turnover rate but a low site to site frequency.     

Analysis of Land use and Land Cover Changes in the Coastal Area of Bangladesh using Landsat Imagery

Coastal land use across the globe has experienced remarkable rapid change over the recent decades because of extraordinary anthropogenic pressure and climate variability and change. Therefore, quantitative information about coastal land use change is imperative for effective management and planning resources for sustainable development. We analysed the quantitative land use and land cover changes during 1989–2000–2010 periods in three important agroecological zones of the most vulnerable coastal region of Bangladesh using Landsat images (Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus). In the Ganges Tidal Floodplain, the area under shrimp cultivation greatly increased at the rate of 2·05% per annum. The majority of the shrimp area gained from conversion of single cropland. In the Meghna Estuarine Floodplain, decreased mudflat and water bodies were observed, which was predominantly converted into cropland. In Chittagong Coastal Plain, salt pan–shrimp area increased with the expense of single and/or double cropland. In all the study areas, settlement area considerably increased over time. The dynamics of land use change have been attributed to low and unstable food production in the coastal region. The approach adopted in study and the results obtained from the study would likely be useful for policy making and identifying direction for future studies on the coastal land use in Bangladesh. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于多时相遥感数据的吉林西部土地覆被分类提取

为深化计算机自动提取土地覆被类型在遥感分类研究中的应用,以吉林西部的镇赉县为试验区,利用Landsat8多时相遥感数据的季节变化信息、地表植被、水体与土壤等特征参量,构建多维分类特征数据集对试验区进行土地覆被分类研究,提取了11种地表覆被类型。结果表明:1)多维变量组合方案的总体分类精度为95.50%,Kappa系数为0.9504。该方案自动提取地类达到了一个比较理想的分类结果,方案有效可行;2)方案中,3个主要特征分类变量的引入能很好改善易混淆地类的可分性,尤其,地表植被季节变化信息和土地信息的引入能明显提高土地覆被的分类精度;3)实际情况表明,引入的分类特征量不是越多越好,只有将多种分类特征有效结合才能够提高土地覆被分类精度。该文为农牧交错带上的土地覆被遥感监测提供了一个可行的方案,该方案有效可行。     

Estimation of soil strength properties for critical rooting conditions

Methods to aid in the large-scale testing and characterization of Coastal Plain soils based on their susceptibility to root-limiting strength problems were developed and analyzed. They were basically regression equations modeled after a Taylor series expansion. The equations relate changes of soil strength, bulk density and soil water content between field and “critical rooting conditions”. Once equations wered eveloped from a data set of 426 laboratory samples, critical rooting bulk density was predicted for a separate set of laboratory and field samples. All laboratory samples and appropriate field samples were equilibrated at — 100 kPa soil-water potential. Soils used were sandy Ultisols, which may limit the scope of equations.

In many cases, changes in the water contents were not a significant factor in the prediction of soil strength. This may be a reflection of the limited capabilities of the equations, the uniform equilibration of soil-water potential of the soils, or the fact that the slope of the strength vs. bulk density curve is independent of water content over the range of samples considered. Nevertheless, it does simplify the equations and may suggest that a series of several equations for different soil types would be better than a single equation that requires soil-water content.     

冰盖下梯形及抛物线形输水明渠正常水深显式迭代算法

随着冬季用水量的增加,越来越多的输水工程在冬季冰盖下输水,冰盖下输水已经成为一种常态化输水方式,但目前对明渠正常水深的显式计算方法的研究主要针对不结冰渠道的,缺少对冰盖下输水时正常水深的显式计算方面的研究。该文推导了梯形断面冰盖下输水时正常水深和流量关系,提出了正常水深的简易显式迭代算法,并经过证明,此迭代算法是收敛的。用同样的方法,推导了抛物线形断面冰盖下输水时正常水深和流量关系,提出了计算正常水深的简易显式迭代算法。算例表明,该文提出的冰盖下梯形断面和抛物线形断面的显式迭代算法具有形式简单、计算量小、精度高,收敛性好的特点,一般需要3~5次迭代就可使误差小于0.01 m,当增大迭代次数时,误差进一步减小。研究为冰盖下输水渠道正常水深计算提供了便捷的计算方法,对冰期输水渠道的设计及运行管理具有理论和实践意义。     

近40年来贵阳市“两湖一库”地区土地利用/覆被变化

在对"两湖一库"(红枫湖、百花湖和阿哈水库)地区1973,1993,2001和2010年的4期卫星遥感影像进行解译的基础上,利用RS和GIS技术,建立区域土地利用/覆被类型空间数据库,定量分析了研究区域近40a来土地利用/覆被时空变化特征及其生态环境效应。结果表明:(1)该地区土地利用/覆被类型以旱地、水田和林地为主。(2)与1973年相比,2010年荒草地急剧减少,只占区域面积的1.02%;建设用面积急剧增加,比1973年增加了207.93%;林地面积增加了13.51%;耕地面积(旱地、水田)减少了18.41%;水域面积增加42.06%。(3)耕地主要向林地和建设用地转移,荒草地主要向林地和水域转移,林地则主要向建设用地转移。     

苔藓覆盖对喀斯特林地碳酸盐岩红土剥蚀过程的影响

为探究苔藓覆盖对喀斯特山地土壤剥蚀过程影响的机理,通过野外采集原状土样,结合上方来水冲刷剥蚀试验,分析了不同坡度(5°,20°)与不同土壤含水率(饱和含水率、田间含水率)条件下苔藓盖度与土壤分离能力间的定量关系,解析了坡面流水力特征参数对苔藓覆盖的响应规律.结果表明:在5°和20°坡度下,苔藓覆盖下饱和土壤的土壤剥蚀率...     

渭-库绿洲多尺度景观格局与盐度关系

中国盐渍化土壤面积大,分布广,对区域农业发展构成了严重的威胁。探索土壤景观格局与盐度的关系将有助于盐渍化监测和评估。该研究选择渭-库绿洲GF-1影像为数据源,结合研究区同期38个样点不同剖面土壤盐度数据,对样点缓冲区景观格局与土壤盐度做Pearson相关分析和逐步回归分析,揭示土壤盐度空间分布格局,探讨景观格局与盐度的定量关系。结果表明:1)水平方向上,土壤盐分高值区主要集中分布在绿洲东部荒漠地带和绿洲西部农牧交错区;垂直方向上,渭-库绿洲表层土壤盐渍化现象最为严重,其他各层土壤盐渍化情况相对较轻,盐渍化程度随着深度下降呈降低趋势;2)绿洲区域易受人类活动影响,景观破碎化程度高,而同一区域不同梯度下,随着缓冲距离的增加,区域景观类型增多、均质性降低、多样性增强;3)耕地利用数量指标能较好指示土壤盐度状况,而水体面积、盐渍地面积、其他用地面积、最大斑块指数(largest patch index,LPI)、蔓延度(contagion index,CONTAG)和分维数(perimeter-area fractal dimension,PAFRAC)对盐度影响相对较弱;4)除0~10 cm层外,自10~20 cm至80~100 cm层逐步回归方程的自变量中,耕地面积、水体面积和最大斑块指数LPI为负效应,而盐渍地面积、其他用地面积、CONTAG和PAFRAC为正效应,最优回归方程决定系数为0.537。该研究确定了渭-库绿洲土壤盐度的分异规律,以及不同盐度对绿洲景观格局的影响程度。研究结果可为西北干旱区绿洲土壤盐度预警提供理论依据,同时为干旱区景观格局研究提供一定的参考价值。     

松嫩平原西部地区土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力分析

利用1986年和2000年两期TM影像资料,在空间图形库系统支持下全面分析了松嫩平原西部地区土地利用/覆被数量变化和土地利用空间格局变化,揭示了近15年来研究区土地利用时空变化特征.表现为耕地、盐碱地从整体上呈现集中化,林地、草地不断破碎化.耕地与草地、草地与盐碱地空间相邻度增大,草地开垦和土地盐碱化日益严重.对不同经济类型区即农区、半农半牧区和牧区土地利用变化的社会经济因素的区域相似性和差异性分析表明,人口的压力、落后的畜牧业和经济利益驱动是近15年该区土地利用变化的主导因素.     

Effects of residue management and controlled traffic on carbon dioxide and water loss

Management of crop residues and soil organic matter is of primary importance in maintaining soil fertility and productivity and in minimizing agricultural impact on the environment. Our objective was to determine the effects of traffic and tillage on short-term carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) fluxes from a representative soil in the southeastern Coastal Plain (USA). The study was conducted on a Norfolk loamy sand (FAO classification, Luxic Ferralsols; USDA classification, fine-loamy siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults) cropped to a corn (Zea mays L.) — soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) rotation with a crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) winter cover crop for eight years. Experimental variables were with and without traffic under conventional tillage (CT) (disk harrow twice, chisel plow, field cultivator) and no tillage (NT) arranged in a split-plot design with four replicates. A wide-frame tractive vehicle enabled tillage without wheel traffic. Short-term CO₂ and H₂O fluxes were measured with a large portable chamber. Gas exchange measurements were made on both CT and NT at various times associated with tillage and irrigation events. Tillage-induced CO₂ and H₂O fluxes were larger than corresponding fluxes from untilled soil. Irrigation caused the CO₂ fluxes to increase rapidly from both tillage systems, suggesting that soil gas fluxes were initially limited by lack of water. Tillage-induced CO₂ and H₂O fluxes were consistently higher than under NT. Cumulative CO₂ flux from CT at the end of 80 h was nearly three times larger than from NT while the corresponding H₂O loss was 1.6 times larger. Traffic had no significant effects on the magnitude of CO₂ fluxes, possibly reflecting this soil’s natural tendency to reconsolidate. The immediate impact of intensive surface tillage of sandy soils on gaseous carbon loss was larger than traffic effects and suggests a need to develop new management practices for enhanced soil carbon and water management for these sensitive soils.     

三江平原寒地稻田CH_4、N_2O排放特征及排放量估算

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,于2003-2006年对三江平原寒地稻田CH4、N2O通量进行了为期4年的田间原位观测研究.结果表明:三江平原寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放具有明显的季节变化,水稻生长季淹水期是CH4排放的强源,稻田排水后CH4排放显著下降,休闲期CH4排放微弱或呈弱吸收汇,整个生长季CH4排放呈现单峰型态,并随水稻植株生长和叶面积指数而变化;水稻生长季和休闲期N2O排放通量都很小,冬季休闲期有时还出现微弱的吸收现象.生长季一般在施肥和表土落干时都会出现不同强度的排放峰,除了几次比较显著的排放峰值外,其它淹水状态下N2O排放很弱;温度和土壤水分状况是影响稻田CH4和N2O排放的重要因子,稻田积水深度和气体排放无明显的相关性;水稻植株对稻田土壤CH4排放起促进作用而对稻田土壤N2O排放起抑制作用;稻田氮肥用量增加可以降低土壤CH4排放,但却增加了N2O的排放.根据试验数据对三江平原地区寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放总量估算值分别为0.1035 Tg/a和0.0021 Tg/a.     

青海省共和县土地沙化与土地覆盖变化遥感监测研究

以Landsat-TM、ETM＋遥感数据为信息源，对青海省共和县1987年至2002年的土地沙化和土地覆盖变化进行了监测．研究结果表明．应用TM、ETM＋等中分辨率遥感影像，对以县为单位的区域性土地沙化和土地覆盖变化进行监测是适宜的．监测精度可达90％以上；监测期内．研究区的沙化土地面积不断增加，沙化程度也迅速加深，说明沙化土地治理的效果不明显；由于草地围封面积的扩大，一、二类草地的面积显著增加，草场质量显著改善，但由于未封育草地的过牧仍很普遍，三类草地沙化仍很严重；国营农场的撤离和国家退耕还草工程的实施是农田和居民地面积减少的主要原因。     

中国区域多源土地覆被遥感产品类别精度探索性分析

分析了GLOBCOVER,MODIS COLLECTION5,GLCNMO和GLC2000四种数据在中国区域的类别精度、空间一致性及类别均质性空间分布特征,结果表明:四种全球土地覆被遥感数据与参考数据存在一定的混淆现象,混淆主要发生于林地、草地、灌木和耕地之间,其中灌木与其他地类的混淆程度最为严重;四种数据完全空间一致性区域主要位于以林地、耕地、草地为主的光谱特征较为显著区域,其总面积约占研究区域总面积的39.03%;较为一致区域主要分布于完全一致区域周围,该区域的面积约占研究区总面积的40.67%,该区域主要地表类型为草地和裸地以及耕地为主;不一致区域的面积约占研究区总面积的18.56%,该区域地表类型较为复杂,地表景观呈现明显的破碎现象,耕地、林地、灌木、草地交错分布;完全不一致区域约占研究区总面积的1.74%,并且集中分布于胡焕庸地理分界线两侧,成典型的带状分布特征;四种土地覆被遥感数据的空间均质性谱图整体上趋于一致,主要分布于中国的华北平原、西北沙漠地区和东南地区。图谱表明,各地表土地覆被类别在中国西南地区的均质性区域几乎消失,这主要是因为该区域地表景观过于复杂,表现出强烈的景观异质性。本文为用户合理利用这些数据提供科学合理的依据,为多源土地覆被数据融合提供了必要的先验知识。     

Soil strength, cotton root growth and lint yield in a southeastern USA coastal loamy sand

Inverse linear relationships between soil strength and yield in Coastal Plain soils that have subsurface genetic hard layers have previously been developed for corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under management systems that include annual or biannual non-inversion deep tillage. In a field study in the southeastern Coastal Plains of the USA, we tested this relationship for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in wide (0.96 m) rows, hypothesizing that root growth and lint yield of cotton would increase with a decrease in soil strength associated with annual deep tillage or cover crop. Root growth and yield were evaluated for treatment combinations of surface tillage or none, deep tillage or none, and rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop or none. Root growth increased (r²=0.66–0.68) as mean or maximum soil strength decreased. Cotton lint yield was not significantly affected by the treatments. Lack of yield response to tillage treatment may have been the result of management practices that employed a small (3 m wide) disk in surface-tilled plots and maintained traffic lanes, both of which help prevent re-compaction. These results indicate that less than annual frequency of subsoiling might be a viable production practice for cotton grown in traditionally wide (0.96 m) rows on a Coastal Plain soil (fine loamy Acrisol–Typic Kandiudult). Thus, annual subsoiling, a practice commonly recommended and used, need not be a blanket recommendation for cotton grown on Coastal Plain soils.     

A Knowledge‐Based Approach for Mapping Land Degradation in the Arid Rangelands of North Africa

Rangelands cover about 82% of the arid area of Morocco. It is generally acknowledged that these areas are threatened by desertification. Monitoring desertification requires accurate knowledge about the current status of rangeland degradation. Remote sensing is widely used to assess changes in land cover, but its use in arid rangelands has limitations because of spectral confusion among various types of land cover. The objective of this study was to assess the severity and spatial extent of rangeland degradation in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco, using a knowledge‐based approach combining remote sensing and ancillary data. This approach relies on analyzing datasets derived from Landsat TM satellite imagery, lithology, bioclimatic data and field measurements. The level of rangeland degradation was assessed using indicators such as vegetation parameters, grazing levels and cultivation intensity, which provided a high level of accuracy for mapping and monitoring the degradation of the arid rangelands. The results showed that the total area of degraded rangeland in the high plateaus of eastern Morocco is about 17,417 km², accounting for 48% in the studied area. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genesis of the silty sands and loams within the periglacial zone in the center of the Russian Plain and the properties of soils developed from them

The genesis and spatial differentiation of the silty sands and loams deposited during the Late Valdai glaciation have been studied in the central part of the Russian Plain within the Mologa-Sheksna Lowland and on terraced slopes of the Ovinishchensk Upland (Yaroslavl oblast). The stratigraphy of these sediments on different elements of the local topography and data on their particle-size distribution suggest that they belong to the same paragenetic group. Some differences in the particle-size distribution can be explained by the specificity of sedimentation in periglacial lakes found at different geomorphic levels (from 102 to 180 m a.s.l.) during the Ostashkov phase of the Valdai glaciation. For the first time, statistically significant differences in the properties of Holocene soils developed at different hypsometric levels have been revealed. The degree of textural differentiation of the soils developed from silty loams increases with an increase in the absolute height of the surface. The analysis of factual materials makes it possible to suggest that a system of impounded lakes existed in this area during the Ostashkov (maximum) phase of the Valdai cryochron; the water level in these lakes reached a maximum height of 180 m a.s.l.     

冰盖输水衬砌渠道冰冻破坏统一力学模型

随着城市供水与生态需水要求的提高,寒冷地区输水渠道冬季运行成为常态,目前冬季运行渠道抗冰冻破坏尚无评价准则与结构设计方法。针对此,基于冬季不输水渠道衬砌结构冻胀破坏的弹性地基梁模型,考虑冰推力、冰约束及渠基土冻胀力对结构的共同作用,在结构破坏的极限平衡状态下,推导得到冬季输水渠道冰盖运行工况下衬砌结构内力计算、应力计算及抗裂准则的解析表达式。通过静冰荷载影响系数、静水压力影响系数和冰冻荷载耦合系数的变化,可统一冬季有无冰盖输水及停水3种典型工况下衬砌结构内力、应力分布计算,进一步提出寒区衬砌渠道冰-冻破坏统一力学模型。以新疆某梯形渠道为研究原型,通过对衬砌坡板内力、应力及冰拔力计算分析,得到冰-冻破坏截面位置和各截面受力的分布规律。对无冰盖输水、带冰盖输水和无冰盖不输水3种典型梯形渠道力学模型进行内力计算对比分析表明,截面最大拉应力极大值分别为4.186、2.447和2.208 MPa,冬季无冰盖输水渠道冰冻破坏最严重(控制工况),无冰盖不输水冰冻破坏最轻,而冰盖运行介于两者中间,三者冰冻破坏规律差异较大。因此,在冬季输水衬砌渠道抗冰-冻设计中建议综合考虑3种典型工况,并按其破坏规律和力学模型进行安全性评价。     

Parent material influence on soil distribution and genesis in a Paleudult and Kandiudult complex,southeastern USA

Parent materials greatly influence soil development and the distribution of soils on the southeastern US Coastal Plain. We examined the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of 11 pedons in a 1-ha plot on the Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA. Uniformity of parent materials was assessed by sand grain size characteristics. The soils have sandy epipedons of variable thickness and argillic horizons of variable texture. Six of the pedons also have kandic horizons. They are classified (US Soil Taxonomy) in Psammentic, Grossarenic, Arenic, and Typic subgroups of Paleudults and Kandiudults. Loamy pedons possess argillic horizons with two distinct increases in clay and greater differences between eluvial and illuvial horizons than sandy pedons. The upper boundary of the argillic horizon is approximately parallel to the present geomorphic surface, suggesting that it is associated with the contemporary surface. Discontinuities, identified by changes in sand grain size ratios and plots of the third (skewness) and fourth (kurtosis) moments of sand grain distribution, roughly correspond to the bottom of the solum. Our data suggest that there are both eolian and fluvial components in the solum, whereas subjacent horizons are completely derived from fluvial deposits. Sandier pedons have greater gibbsite/kaolinite ratios, possibly because greater permeability has enhanced leaching and Si loss. Our data suggest parent materials largely control soil distribution over this plot.