土壤因素对茶叶Pb含量的影响

本试验对土壤因素（包括土壤全Pb量、土壤有机质含量、土壤pH值）与茶叶铅含量的关系进行了分析研究,结果说明茶鲜叶中的Pb含量与土壤全Pb量呈正相关,与土壤有机质含量和土壤pH值呈负相关;茶鲜叶中的Pb含量随土壤全Pb量的增加而增加,但增加的量很微小,即土壤中的全Pb量对茶叶的Pb污染影响很小,未达到显著水平.     

杉木人工复层林土壤理化性质变化的初步研究

研究在杉木人工林中套种阔叶树形成复层林后林地土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明：杉木人工林套种阔叶树形成复层林后,土壤的容重降低,在0-20 cm土层中下降了1.8%-3.3%,而土壤最大持水量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量和最小持水量均增加,其中毛管持水量增加了1.4%-7.6%;土壤有机质含量提高了2.9%-9.4%,全N、全P、水解N和速效K等营养成分含量也均有提高。可见,杉木人工林套种阔叶树后有效地改善了林地土壤的理化性质,维持了林地肥力。     

缓释肥料棒氮钾缓释特性研究

采用室内间歇式土柱淋溶试验,研究了缓释肥料棒氮钾在土壤中的淋出率,以期明确缓释肥料棒对氮钾的缓释效果。结果表明,缓释肥料棒可明显减缓氮钾淋出,减少氮、钾淋出量,对氮、钾具有缓释作用,且随着聚丙烯酰胺用量增加,缓释肥料棒氮、钾累积淋出率逐渐减小。当42 d淋溶时,聚丙酰胺用量为2%、4%、6%的缓释肥料棒氮素累积淋出率分别较普通肥料减少了10.91%、16.85%、21.93%,且处理间差异显著;钾素累积淋出率较普通肥料分别减少了26.28%、29.16%、32.61%。而且一级动力学方程对缓释肥料棒的氮、钾累积淋出率曲线拟合效果最佳,可用于表征氮、钾素累积淋出率与时间的关系。     

种植年限对胶园土壤剖面有机碳分布特征的影响

通过剖面直接实测法,研究幼树期(4 a)、旺产期(12 a和19 a)3种不同树龄橡胶林土壤有机碳变化特征及其与土壤pH、全氮、C/N比的相关关系。结果表明:(1)4、12、19 a橡胶林土壤有机碳含量均随着土层深度的增加而降低;3个树龄橡胶林土壤有机碳总体大小顺序为12 a>4 a>19 a。(2)橡胶林土壤呈酸性反应,且土壤剖面有机碳含量均随深度呈下降趋势,而土壤pH随深度呈上升趋势。土壤不同层次有机碳含量与pH呈显著负相关(R2≥0.708 8)。(3)不同树龄橡胶林土壤有机碳与全氮之间均呈显著的线性正相关,土壤C/N比为8.19~16.49,有利于有机质矿化过程中养分的释放。橡胶林土壤C/N比随树龄的增长不断下降,说明树龄大小对土壤碳氮含量在土壤剖面垂直分布上有一定的影响。     

不同含水量条件下稻田土壤中杀虫剂的生态影响

 在控制条件下，研究了不同含水量（风干土、50%和100%田间持水量、淹水状态），加与不加杀虫剂（三唑磷田间施用量），对稻田土壤部分性质的影响。含水量对土壤电子运输系统活度（ETS）/脱氢酶、总酚、蛋白质、磷脂含量产生显著影响， 但杀虫剂的加入不产生显著变化。ETS和总酚含量随含水量增加呈线性上升趋势。与不加杀虫剂对照相比，在所有含水量条件下，ETS略有降低，低含水量时稍明显；总酚的含量略有增加，但不显著。蛋白质不受杀虫剂影响。50%田间持水量时，土壤蛋白质有所降低，表明此时有较强的N矿化作用。50%田间持水量时磷脂含量达最大值，之后随含水量增加直线下降；在淹水条件下，磷脂含量最低。与不加杀虫剂对照相比，在较低含水量时，磷脂含量略有减少。上述研究也说明50%田间持水量时对微生物活性最适宜。     

氮肥施用方式对土壤有机质与氮素含量的影响

在秸秆还田条件下,研究了氮肥施用方式对白浆土有机质与氮素时空动态的影响.结果表明:在秸秆还田条件下,白浆土0～20 cm土壤有机质含量随生育进程呈增加的趋势,至收获期达到最大值,20～30 cm土壤于R4期达到最大值;白浆土全氮含量随生育进程呈单峰曲线,于R2～R4期达到最大值;碱解氮含量随生育进程呈单峰曲线,0～20 cm土壤于R5期、20～30 cm土壤于R2期达最大值.种肥施氮增加了0～20 cm土壤有机质含量,追施氮肥使10～30 cm土壤有机质含量增加;种肥施氮增加了R2期以前土壤全氮含量,追施氮肥对土壤全氮含量影响不明显;种肥施氮使20～30 cm土壤碱解氮含量降低,对0～20 cm土壤影响不大,追施氮肥使土壤碱解氮含量增加.白浆土有机质含量与全氮含量、有机质含量与碱解氮含量、碱解氮含量与全氮含量均呈极显著正相关.     

TDZ对尾细桉叶片离体再生的影响

为合理利用生物质炭改良热带地区土壤提供理论依据,通过培养试验,研究不同水分培养条件下添加生物质炭对砖红壤pH及养分含量的影响。结果表明,生物质炭能显著提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机碳及全N、全P和全K的含量;淹水显著提高添加了生物质炭的土壤碱解N含量,但极大地降低了其速效P和速效K含量。说明利用生物质炭改良热带土壤时,要根据改良目的合理进行水分管理。     

水分胁迫对巴西香蕉幼苗生长量及营养元素含量的影响

采用设置7个土壤相对含水量水平和8次重复大棚盆栽试验方法.研究不同土壤水分条件下水分胁迫对巴西香蕉(Musa AAA Cavendish subgroup cv.Brazil)幼苗的生长及营养吸收的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤水分胁迫明显影响香蕉幼苗的生长及对营养的吸收.其中土壤相对含水量为田间持水量的71%～80%处理明显优于其它处理.(2)随着土壤水分含量的减少,香蕉幼苗根、茎中的全N、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn量,根中的全P、Cu、Mn量和叶中的全N、P、Fe、Zn量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,其它矿质元素总的均呈下降的趋势.(3)各种土壤水分处理下,全Fe、Cu等元素量分配比例在根中最多,叶中次之,茎中最少;全Zn量分配比例在根中最多,茎中次之,叶中最少;全P、K、Mg等元素量分配比例在茎中最多,叶中次之,根中最少;全N、Ca、Mn等元素量在叶中最多,茎中次之,根中最少.(4)综合各项指标,香蕉幼苗生长最适宜的土壤相对含水量为田间持水量的71%～80%.     

海南岛橡胶林某些土壤和植物的地球化学特征

海南岛地处热带季雨林砖红壤地带,适于热带经济作物生长。因其地理环境不一,各地的经济作物和土壤的地球化学特征均有差异。胶林土壤中的有机质含量约为1～2％,铜、锌、锰、镍、砷、镁、钙、钾含量与土壤母质和热带地区的强烈风化、淋溶有关,土壤剖面的微量元素往往因强烈的淋溶作用而淋失。我们发现铜元素明显累积于土壤剖面的底层。不过,橡胶树一般并不缺乏这些养分,胶树中钙、镁、钾的含量分别为0.05～1.44％,0.22～0.46％、0.46～1.02％。这三种元素累积在橡胶树根部。胶树在抽新叶的初期需要钙、镁、钾。我们用计算方法估算出橡胶林区的水、风化石,土壤和水中钙的含量。因风化而释放出来的钙每公顷每年为20～25公斤,而雨水给土壤带来的钙每公顷每年为22～30公斤。胶树归还给土壤的钙每公顷每年为240公斤。土壤中的钙含量每公顷为400～500公斤。用数字方法估算的结果表明,每公顷胶林每年钙循环流动量约为20～200公斤。     

不同氮肥品种对砖红壤中铵态氮淋溶特征的影响

通过室内盆栽试验研究不同氮肥品种对砖红壤中铵态氮淋溶特征的影响.结果表明,渗漏液中NH4+-N累计淋溶量大小依次为:尿素>复混肥>碳铵>复合肥;不同氮肥品种处理的渗漏液中,NH4+-N浓度大小依次为:尿素>碳铵≈复混肥>复合肥;对各处理渗漏液中NH4+-N淋溶量Yt随时间t的变化,对照可以用对数方程lnY1=a+blnt来描述,施肥处理以抛物线方程Yt1/2=a+bt拟合效果最好;土壤剖面中NH4+-N含量表现为:各处理NH4+-N含量在20cm土层内无明显变化,而后随土层的增加呈近直线增加.种植玉米能显著减少NH4+-N累计淋溶量,降低各土层土壤的NH4+-N含量.     

Factors determining the leaching of nitrogen from soil,including some aspects of maintenance of water quality

N leaching from the topsoil, which occurs both by vertical percolation and runoff, is becoming increasingly important, not only from the point of view of crop production but also in the maintenance of water quality. N runoff from sloping fields has not yet been investigated extensively, but lysimeter studies have provided us with comprehensive data on vertical percolation of this nutrient. Numerous investigations throughout Europe have determined the most important factors concerned with N leaching from the topsoil and their relationship to water quality. The results may be summarized as follows: The amount and distribution of rainfall have a considerable effect on translocation of N from the topsoil. To exactly what extent is determined by the amount of water leached, which in turn depends to a large degree on the growth of the plant. Therefore the vegetative cover, as a result of its water utilization (mainly by transpiration) and its nutrient uptake, is often the most important factor in N leaching. This is borne out by the fact that by far the greatest leaching occurs in uncropped land (fallow) and during the part of the year where little growth occurs. Under crops with a limited root system and low transpiration, such as vines, leaching will also be higher than under a profuse plant cover (e.g. grassland). The main effect of the soil itself depends on its own N reserves and their mineralization rate. The amount of naturally occurring N in a mineral soil can vary between 600 and 12,000 kg/ha. Of this, approximately 10 – 250 kg/ha is given off anually under European climatic conditions. Thus as well as the factors already mentioned, the soil's N reserves also play an important part in the extent of N leaching. The vast majority of lysimeter studies carried out in Europe prove that the addition of N in mineral fertilizers has comparatively little influence on the amount of N leached out. An important point about N fertilizers is that they are applied when needed by the plant, which of course cannot occur in nature with the N from mineralization of the soil reserves. According to the data on hand, less than 5% of the N added in the form of mineral fertilizers will be leached out. Although excessive rates of N in lysimeter trials led to increased translocation into the subsoil, it was also proved that as a result of increased plant growth, N leaching losses were lower in a plot fertilized with N than in the PK control. Since N is leached out almost exclusively in the form of nitrate, and since the ammonium added as fertilizer is converted relatively quickly to nitrate, there is little difference in the leaching losses following application of the various types of N used today. The time of application, however, can be a determining factor. Gaseous N losses, in particular as a result of denitrification, can also affect N leaching indirectly. Discussion of N leaching leads inevitably to the question of water quality maintenance and what part N leached from soil plays in the eutrophication of surface waters and the nitrate content of ground water. The effect of agricultural land on the nitrate content of ground water depends on the cropping system: Vines, for instance, do not have a very extensive root system, and there are high leaching losses from the soil of vineyards. Under permanent grassland, on the other hand, the lowest losses have been recorded. In crops with a limited root system it is theoretically impossible to avoid an increase in the nitrate level of the ground water following high N application rates. This is however only a theory, and has not yet been fully investigated. In relation to agriculture as a whole these cases are to be regarded as exceptions, and they could possibly be improved by new agricultural techniques. As far as eutrophication is concerned, N leaching and the factors that affect it are of minor importance, since nitrogen, in contrast to phosphate, is already present in surface water at a concentration high enough to cause eutrophication. To sum up, it may be said that high rates of N are applied in intensive agriculture, but they do not usually lead to an increased N content in ground water and surface water. The reason for this is that the additional N promotes plant growth, which results in a greater nutrient uptake, and rationalization of agricultural methods on economic grounds ensures an adequate utilization of nutrients by applying rates commensurate with and timed according to the crop's need.     

西双版纳橡胶林土壤颗粒体积分形维数特征

土壤粒径分布影响土壤质地均匀程度和土壤肥力等,是重要的土壤物理特征之一。运用土壤颗粒体积分形维数模型计算了西双版纳不同林龄橡胶林土壤剖面各层(共计105个土壤样品)的分形维数D值。结果表明,分形维数D值介于2.636 2~2.885 0之间,分形维数与0.002 mm的黏粒体积百分含量呈极显著正相关关系,与0.002~0.05 mm的粉砂和0.05~2.00 mm的砂砾呈极显著负相关关系;不同林型的土壤颗粒体积分形维数随土层深度增加变化不同,10龄和22龄橡胶林土壤粒径分布曲线的波动性较32龄橡胶林的小,各层颗粒之间的差异性较32龄的大;分形维数和土壤黏粒体积百分含量与全钾含量和自然含水率都在p0.05水平呈显著正相关关系,粉砂体积百分含量除与上述土壤基本性质呈显著负相关关系外,还与土壤有机质、全磷呈显著负相关,而分形维数和土壤黏粒体积百分含量与土壤有机质、全磷、全氮、土壤容重、总孔隙度的相关性未达到显著水平。     

氮营养对甜菜K^＋含量及K^＋选择吸收的影响

试验结果表明,在亩秋施Ｐ２Ｏ５７．５ｋｇ,Ｋ２Ｏ５．０ｋｇ基础上,随施Ｎ水平提高,各生育时期块根中的Ｎ含量和Ｋ＋含量均呈正相关,而叶片中呈负相关;幼苗期特别是糖分积累期,随施Ｎ水平提高,Ｎ对Ｋ＋选择性向地上部运输比率ＳＲＫ．Ｎ值有提高趋势,而在叶丛快速生长期和块根糖分增长期,则呈降低趋势;随生育进程,块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期较苗期和叶丛快速生长期,ＳＲＫ．Ｎ值高出１倍以上;从苗期至块根糖分增长期,ＳＲＫ．Ｎ值与叶片中Ｋ＋含量呈正相关,与块根中Ｋ＋含量呈负相关;在块根糖分增长期,ＳＲＫ．Ｎ值与块根和叶片中Ｎ含量,与叶丛快速生长期叶片中Ｎ含量均呈负相关。各生育时期,块根和叶片的生长量与其中的Ｋ＋含量均呈负相关。     

Assessment of the nitrogen status of grassland

Two types of diagnostics are used for N management in grasslands: diagnostics based on N concentration of shoots and diagnostics based on soil mineral N. The Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) is an example of the first type. However, its evaluation requires the determination of shoot dry weight per unit area and, thus, constitutes a practical limit to its utilization in the context of farm studies. In order to simplify its evaluation, a method based on the N concentration of the upper sward layer (N_up) has been proposed. The objectives of this study were to test the relationship between NNI and N_up in the context of permanent grassland and to examine the relationship between N_up and soil mineral status. The study was conducted as two experiments, one on small cut‐plots receiving contrasting rates of mineral N fertilization, and a second on plots of an existing field‐scale lysimeter experiment. In each plot and at several dates, shoot biomass within quadrats was measured, N concentration was determined on the upper leaves and on the entire shoots, and mineral nitrogen of the soil below the vegetation sampled was determined. N concentration of the upper lamina layer of the canopy was linearly related to the NNI determined on the entire shoots. Therefore, determining N concentration in leaves at the top of canopy appears to be an alternative means to evaluate NNI without having to measure shoot biomass. The absence of an overall significant correlation between soil mineral N content and sward N index, observed over the two studies, indicates that each of these two indicators has to be considered specifically in relation to the objective of the diagnostic procedure. As sward N index may vary independently of soil mineral N content, the sward N indicator does not appear to be a suitable indicator for diagnosis of environmental risks related to nitrate leaching. However, soil mineral N content does not allow the prediction of sward N status and thus is not a suitable indicator of sward growth rate. Although soil mineral N content is an important environmental indicator for nitrate‐leaching risks during potential drainage periods, it has a limited diagnosis value with respect to the herbage production function of grasslands.     

土壤条件与苎麻农艺性状形成关系的初步研究

土壤有机质、氮、磷及铁、硼含量与茎粗、皮厚和出麻率呈负相关,虽略利于优质却降低产量;水解氮对优质高产均不利。钾、锰、锌与株高呈正相关、与有效株呈负相关,不利高产优质和原麻含胶率的降低。土壤容重和ｐ Ｈ 与株高之外其它经济性状呈正相关,有益高产优质,而总孔度的作用相反。土壤毛孔度和比重都有利优质,但前者与株高呈负相关、与有效株呈正相关,后者则反之。     

两种土壤质地麦田贮水量与表层土壤水分的关系

为探明不同土壤质地麦田一定深度土层土壤贮水量与表层土壤含水量的数量关系,2013-2016年度分别于粉壤土和砂壤土地块,在冬小麦生育期间通过设置不同的补灌时期和拟湿润层深度实施补充灌溉,创造不同生育时期0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量及其纵向分布的差异,分析一定深度土层土壤贮水量与表层土壤含水量的关系,建立相关方程,并对关系方程的预测精确度进行检验。结果表明,冬前期、拔节期和开花期补灌前或补灌后,粉壤土地块0~20和0~40 cm土层土壤含水量与0~100和0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量均呈极显著正相关;砂壤土地块0~20和0~40 cm土层土壤含水量与0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量呈极显著正相关,与0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量无显著线性相关关系。在粉壤土地块利用0~20和0~40 cm土层土壤含水量预测0~100和0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量,模拟效果均较好。在砂壤土地块,利用0~20和0~40 cm土层土壤含水量预测0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量,模拟效果一般或差,较难以准确预测0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量。冬小麦生长季内灌水对0~20和0~40 cm土层土壤含水量与0~100和0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量的相关性没有显著影响,但改变了数量关系方程和决定系数的大小。土壤质地对表层土壤含水量与一定深度土层土壤贮水量的相关关系影响较大,在土壤墒情预测中应区别对待。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对麦田氮素平衡和籽粒产量的影响

为明确秸秆还田配施不同水平氮肥下麦田的氮素平衡状况,在夏玉米秸秆全部还田的基础上设置了不同的氮肥处理,测定了小麦植株全N含量、土壤硝态氮含量、氮肥氨挥发量和籽粒产量,分析了麦田不同土层硝态氮含量和积累量的变化趋势以及施氮量对氮素利用效率和麦田氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,小麦植株氮含量、植株氮素总积累量、籽粒产量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加;施加氮肥使氮素养分利用率、氮肥偏生产力显著降低。与播种时期土壤硝态氮含量相比,成熟期硝态氮含量降低,且施氮处理下土壤硝态氮含量、硝态氮积累量高于不施氮处理;硝态氮积累量主要分布在麦田土壤表层,与施氮量成正相关关系。施氮量为0、160、220、280kg·hm~(-2)时,硝态氮淋失量分别为5.04、13.10、17.10、37.26kg·hm~(-2)。氮肥的氨挥发速率在施肥后第一天达到最高,随后逐渐降低,遇到降雨或灌溉迅速降低至不施氮处理的氨挥发水平,氮肥氨挥发量与施氮量及时间存在正相关关系。160、220、280kg·hm~(-2)施氮量处理下,氮肥氨挥发量分别为0.65、0.77、1.01kg·hm~(-2)。从麦田氮素平衡来看,不施氮肥处理耗竭土壤氮素资源;施氮量为160kg·hm~(-2)时,有消耗土壤氮的风险;施氮量为220kg·hm~(-2)时,氮素投入与氮素输出保持平衡;施氮量为280kg·hm~(-2)时,有大量氮素损失到环境中的风险。为有效控制氮素淋溶和氨挥发损失,兼顾产量和节约生产成本,该区推荐施氮量为220kg·hm~(-2)。     

长期施肥对氮素利用以及土壤剖面氮素分布、积累的影响

依托28年长期定位试验，采集不同施肥处理土壤剖面样品，测定土壤硝态氮含量，结合产量计算氮素利用效率。结果表明，长期施肥显著增加玉米子粒产量、地上部总吸氮量及氮收获指数。化肥+有机肥(NPKM)处理产量最高，较单施化肥(NPK)处理提高8.7%。各处理硝态氮含量随着土层的加深均呈先降低后升高的趋势，硝态氮主要积累在0～100 cm土体，NPK、NPKM处理硝态氮积累量占比高于55%。因此，有机肥替代部分化肥可显著提高子粒产量，增加氮素利用效率，减少氮素淋溶。     

甘蔗间作花生对不同耕层土壤微生态的影响

甘蔗间作花生是我国华南地区特有的高效种植模式。本文研究了甘蔗/花生间作不同耕层土壤养分、酶、微生物的变化特征及其相关性。结果表明，相比单作而言，0～20 cm间作花生土壤有效氮、有机质、微生物量氮含量、真菌、放线菌数量、蛋白酶活性及间作甘蔗土壤细菌、放线菌、总微生物数量、微生物量氮含量及蛋白酶活性均显著增加；20～40 cm间作甘蔗土壤全磷、全钾、蛋白酶活性及间作花生土壤放线菌、蛋白酶活性显著增加；40~ 60 cm间作花生土壤真菌、蔗糖酶、微生物量碳含量显著增加；相反，间作甘蔗土壤蔗糖酶活性均显著低于单作甘蔗处理；间作土壤有效氮磷钾、有机质含量、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性、微生物数量均随着土壤深度的增加而表现出降低的趋势；间作土壤有效养分与脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、微生物量氮及微生物数量呈显著或极显著正相关。表明甘蔗花生间作条件下土壤养分、酶、微生物相互作用，共同维持良好的土壤微生态环境。     

Modeling the water and nitrogen transports in a soil–paddy–atmosphere system using HYDRUS-1D and lysimeter experiment

Efficient water and fertilizer use is of paramount importance both in rain-fed and irrigated rice cultivation systems to tread off between the crop water demand during the dry spell and the fertilizer leaching. This lysimeter study on paddy in a lateritic sandy loam soil of the eastern India, to simulate the water and solute transports using the HYDRUS-1D model, reveals that this model could very well simulate the soil depth-specific variations of water pressure heads and nitrogen (N) concentrations with the efficiency of >86 and 89%, respectively. The change in the level of water ponding depth did not have a significant effect on the time to peak and the temporal variability of N concentration in the bottom soil layer. The lysimeter-scale water balance analysis indicated that the average deep percolation loss and crop water use were 35.01 ± 2.03 and 39.74 ± 1.49% of the total water applied during the crop growth period, respectively. Similarly, the amount of N stored in the plant and lost through soil storage, deep percolation, and other losses (mineralization, denitrification, and gaseous N loss to the atmosphere through plant leaves) were 1.60 ± 0.16, 0.17 ± 0.04, 12.00 ± 0.48, and 86.23 ± 0.41% of the total applied nitrogen, respectively. The simulation results reveal that a constant ponding depth of 3 cm could be maintained in paddy fields to reduce the N leaching loss to 7.5 kgN/ha.