斑点金标免疫渗滤新技术检测家畜血吸虫病的效果试验

斑点金标免疫渗滤新技术(简称金标法)检测家畜血吸虫病抗体,在本省进行了特异性、敏感性、符合率等试验.金标法能检出人工感染犬血吸虫14 d后的血吸虫病抗体,检出率为100%,可用于血吸虫病早期诊断.粪孵100头份血吸虫病阳性的牛血纸,用金标法检测全部为阳性,阳性符合率为100%;在非疫区的2个县分别采牛血纸100份,用金标法进行检测,未查出血吸虫病阳性牛,阴性符合率为100%.在金标法检测4 000份牛血纸,检出阳性牛为129头,再对这129头牛采粪孵化,有血吸虫毛蚴的牛128头,金标法与病原学检查法阳性符合率为99.2%(99%～100%).在本省54个血防疫区县推广应用,取得了显著的社会经济效益.     

牛羊日本血吸虫抗体检测试纸条的研制

为研制一种快速检测牛羊血吸虫抗体的试纸条检测方法,以乳胶微球标记兔抗牛羊IgG为免疫探针,血吸虫虫卵可溶性抗原为检测线,羊抗兔IgG为质控线,建立了快速检测牛羊血吸虫抗体的试纸条检测法。该方法可测出人工感染血吸虫尾蚴28d及以上的牛血纸抗体,检测东毕吸虫、肝片吸虫血样未见交叉反应;用试纸条检测人工接种血吸虫牛血纸20份、非疫区牛血纸30份,与Dot-ELISA法、粪孵法的阳性符合率和阴性符合率均为100%。血吸虫抗体检测试纸条在2℃~8℃保存14个月,室温保存8个月不失效。试验表明,血吸虫病血纸抗体检测试纸条具有很高的敏感性、特异性、可重复性和稳定性,适合于基层单位进行家畜血吸虫抗体的快速诊断、普查和检疫。     

斑点金标免疫渗滤新技术检测家畜血吸虫病的效果试验

采用血吸虫病斑点金标免疫渗滤诊断技术在永胜县做了动物血吸虫病感染符合率、特异性试验,共检测2 800份牛血纸,结果检出阳性78头;检测755份牛血清,检出阳性72头;再对被检查的2 800头牛采用粪便毛蚴孵化法检出阳性74头。免疫学诊断结果与病原检查结果阳性符合率血纸达94.8%,血清达97.3%。同时在县内非疫区乡(镇)做了阴性符合率试验,符合率达100%。血吸虫病斑点金标免疫渗滤诊断技术在永胜县6个血防区试验运用,取得了成功。     

斑点金标免疫渗滤法快速检测牛血吸虫病抗体的效果观察

目的观察斑点金标免疫渗滤法检测牛血吸虫病抗体的效果。方法使用斑点金标免疫渗滤诊断试剂盒检测粪检血吸虫病牛血清(血纸)146头份,疫区耕牛血清(血纸)562头份,并用间接血凝法(indirect haem aggluti-nation assay,IHA)法作对比。结果146头份粪检阳性血清(血纸)检测为阳性者140头份,阳性检出率95.9%,IHA法检测为阳性者141头份,阳性检出率96.6%。结论斑点金标免疫渗滤法检测牛血吸虫病具有快速、简便、灵敏度高、特异性强等优点,但仍有一定漏检,有待于进一步研究提高。     

斑点免疫金渗滤法检测鸡白痢/鸡伤寒沙门氏菌抗体的应用研究

将鸡伤寒沙门氏菌LPS抗原包被于渗滤盒检测区（T区），针对沙门氏菌O9抗原单克隆抗体3-47-0包被在质控区（C区），用胶体金标记鸡伤寒沙门氏菌LPS抗原，建立了一种抗原夹心法快速检测鸡白痢、鸡伤寒沙门氏菌抗体的斑点免疫金渗滤法（DIGFA）。DIGFA比玻板凝集试验（PAT）灵敏度高，人工感染鸡试验表明在感染后第7d即可从32只鸡中的7只检测到抗体，在时间上早于PAT。722份现场血清样品的检疫结果表明，DIGFA的阳性检出率稍高于PAT，阳性样品抗体几何平均滴度DIGFA大于PAT法（P〈0．05）。DIGFA的结果得到细菌分离试验的验证。这些结果表明DIGFA快速、灵敏、准确，为鸡伤寒和鸡白痢的检疫提供了一个新的有效手段。     

斑点免疫金渗滤法检测猪生殖与呼吸综合征抗体的研究

应用提纯的猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)抗原包被硝酸纤维素膜，然后用胶体金标记的金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(SPA)建立了检测PRRS抗体水平的斑点免疫金渗滤法(DIGFA)。该法通过胶体金标记SPA直接显色，阳性者出现红色斑点，整个试验过程仅需5min即可判断结果；与猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病、猪细小病毒病阳性血清不发生交叉反应；纯化PRRSV抗原的最低检测量为0．0553mg／mL，即55．3ng／点。对200份猪血清用该法与ELISA同时进行PRRS抗体检测，两种方法的符合率达98％。     

斑点金免疫渗滤测定法检测耕牛血吸虫病的效果观察

免疫胶体金技术是以胶体作为示踪标志物应用于抗原抗体的一种新型免疫标记技术，没有潜在致癌物质的酶显色底物。斑点金免疫渗滤测定法是将斑点酶标与免疫胶体金结合起来的一种新型免疫标记技术。该测定方法是将被检抗体（血清或血纸浸出液）直接点样在硝酸纤维素膜上，滴加胶体金标记的血吸虫抗原，特异性抗原与抗体很快结合，在反应处发生金颗粒聚集，1min左右形成肉眼可见的红色斑点，判定检测效果。     

斑点金免疫渗滤测定法检测耕牛血吸虫病

免疫胶体金技术是以胶体金作为示踪标志物应用于抗原抗体的一种新型的免疫标记技术，没有潜在致癌物质的酶显色底物。斑点金免疫渗滤测定法是将斑点酶标与免疫胶体金结合起来的一种新型的免疫标记技术。将被检抗体（血清或血纸浸出液）直接点样在硝酸纤维素膜上，滴加胶体金标记的血吸虫抗原，特异性抗原与抗体很快结合，在反应处发生金颗粒聚集，1min左右形成肉眼可见的红色斑点。     

斑点酶联免疫吸附试验检测牛羊捻转血矛线虫病的研究

应用斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测牛羊捻转血矛线虫病抗体，经对３９头剖检羊血纸检测，结果表明该法与剖检法的阳性符合率达１００％（２７／２７），阴性符合率也达１００％（１２／１２）。Ｄｏｔ＝ＥＬＩＳＡ能检出第四胃寄生１＝３３８条捻转血矛线虫羊的血清或血纸抗体；应用Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ对５９９份牛、羊血纸的测定结果，与粪检地的阳性符合率达９５．５８％，阴性符合率达９１．４３％。初步认为Ｄ     

猪乙型脑炎血清抗体DIGFA检测方法的建立与应用

本试验建立了一种以固相滤膜为载体，以红色胶体金颗粒标记的免抗猪IgG作为探针，特异性地检测猪流行性乙型脑炎病毒抗体的斑点金免疫渗滤测定法（DIGFA）。与血凝抑制试验（HI）对比检测了54份猪血清临床样本，两法的阳性符合率为71.4%、阴性符合率为65.5%、总符合率为81.4%。本法中抗原抗体通过渗滤在膜上进行反应，数分钟内即可用肉眼观查结果，具有快速，操作简单，敏感性高，特异性强，重复性好，易于判读等优点，特别适合于猪流行性乙型脑炎快速诊断和大规模血清流行病学调查。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.