羊驼的市场前景

羊驼原产于南美洲的安第斯山脉。羊驼也称驼羊，在动物学分类上属于哺乳纲．偶蹄目，骆驼科，美洲驼属。最早起源地在北美洲．共同祖先为原柔蹄类动物．     

骆驼科动物的比较生物学特性

对骆驼科的3属6种动物,双峰驼、美洲驼、羊驼、原驼和骆马的地理分布、形态特征、饮食习性、行为学、生殖特性及生存环境等进行了系统的阐述,以期为人们在研究骆驼科动物的生物学特性时提供参考。     

骆驼科动物的比较生物学特性

对骆驼科的3属6种动物,双峰驼、美洲驼、羊驼、原驼和骆马的地理分布、形态特征、饮食习性、行为学、生殖特性及生存环境等进行了系统的阐述,以期为人们在研究骆驼科动物的生物学特性时提供参考.     

《通城猪保种与利用信息管理系统》软件成功开发

本刊讯（特约记者 陈发）：山西省农业大学作为国内首家引进羊驼的研究项目，由该校校长、博士生导师董常生教授率领的羊驼研究课题组在各方面不断取得研究新进展，新近课题组率先发布序列号为AY839860的羊驼细胞色素b基因的数据，被美国国立卫生研究院国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）的数据库收录，成为国际核酸序列数据库收录的第一条中国科学研究完成的羊驼基因序列。     

新疆引进羊驼遗传多样性与系统发育研究

为充分了解引进羊驼的遗传多样性和系统发育关系,本试验采集了新疆3个地区（阿勒泰市青河县、塔城市和天山野生动物园）39只羊驼血液样品,对其线粒体D-loop基因进行了扩增和测序,得到长度为733 bp的片段序列,群体单倍型多样度（Hd）为0.954,核苷酸多样性（Pi）为0.0091,基因流（Nm）为1.97。39条序列共定义了25种单倍型,其中单倍型H7是群体共享最多的单倍型。3个地区羊驼群体之间的遗传距离很小,为0.002~0.003;羊驼与美洲驼、原驼、骆马间的遗传距离为0.002、0.004、0.017,与双峰驼的遗传距离最大,为0.050~0.051,聚类分析发现,3个地区羊驼基本聚为一大支,而且与美洲驼、骆马、原驼亲缘关系较近,双峰驼单独聚为一支。综合分析,新疆引进的羊驼遗传多样性丰富,群体间遗传分化程度较小,基因交流水平较高,羊驼与美洲驼、原驼和骆马之间亲缘关系最近,与双峰驼亲缘关系较远。     

羊驼的饲养管理及经济分析

羊驼(Alpaca)亦称驼羊,是哺乳纲、偶蹄目、骆驼科、美洲驼属动物,是适合我国饲养的一种新型特种经济动物。原产于亚马逊河上游海拔3000~6500m的安第斯山脉,曾广泛分布于南美大陆,羊驼具有极强的适应能力和耐粗饲性能,被誉为“耐劳的贵族”。目前,羊驼已经被驯化为家养动物,且在     

一例羊驼顽固性发热病的诊治

羊驼是产于南美的秘鲁和智力高原地带的一种骆驼科动物,外形与绵羊类似,属于偶蹄目、骆驼科动物,体重一般在55~65千克左右。羊驼属于群居动物,一般每十只或数十只聚集成一个群体,生活在海拔高于4 000米的高原地带,每个群体由一只最雄壮的雄驼率领,以高原的荆棘植物为食。     

羊驼毛鳞片超微结构的研究

羊驼(Lama pacos，Alpaca)是我国新引进的动物种，属于毛肉兼用的经济动物。羊驼属偶蹄目、骆驼科、南美洲驼属．其经济价值主要在于毛。我国对羊驼毛的研究基本处于空白阶段．国内有对小羊驼被毛物理性能的研究。我国羊驼经过一年多的饲养和繁育，已具一定的适应性，在我国气候、地理以及其他因素的影响下生产出一批被毛。羊驼90％以     

羊驼细胞色素C氧化酶VIc亚基基因序列的测定与分析

本研究通过克隆分析羊驼细胞色素c氧化酶VIc亚基基因的序列,对羊驼细胞色素c氧化酶的VIc亚基基因的结构和功能进行了初步探索。实验利用免疫印迹技术（Southern blotting）对已有羊驼皮肤cDNA文库进行筛选并测序,结果表明该基因大小为424bp,含一个完整的ORF,位于36～266bp,编码77个氨基酸。对该基因序列分析表明：该基因编码的蛋白质含有疏水性区域、一个跨膜区并具有信号肽。同源性分析表明,核苷酸序列同源性为76％～100％。     

羊驼的消化系统及其对营养物质的吸收

羊驼(Alpaca)是哺乳纲、偶蹄目、骆驼科美洲驼属中的一种家养动物，原产于亚马逊河上游海拔3000m～6500m的安第斯山脉的秘鲁中部，曾广泛分布于南美大陆。恶劣的自然环境和无处藏身的野外条件培育了羊驼极强的适应性能与耐粗饲性能，而成为当地国民经济中的重要产业。     

Comparative anatomic and morphometric examination of the interosseous muscle,sesamoid ligaments and flexor tendons of the fetlock in South American camelids

This study presents a comparative morphological and morphometrical examination of the interosseous muscle (IOM), digital flexor tendons and associated structures of all four species of South American Camelids (SACs): Lama (Lama glama), alpaca (Vicugna pacos), guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and vicuna (Vicugna vicugna). Our findings show that the lamoid interosseous muscle and digital flexor tendons are very similar between species and differences, which have been reported previously, are possibly due to diverging examiner interpretation. Lumbricalis muscles were mostly found as single muscles in this study. The definition of the terminal and dorsal branches of the interosseous muscle is critically revised. The analysis of morphometric data indicates that the size of the individual has a substantial influence on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the examined structures. Metacarpal/metatarsal bone width is a main predictor of CSA, while the factor species only shows significance in specific sample points. For lama and alpaca, no differences in CSA in relation to species as factor were found. The IOM shows the largest CSAs of the three examined structures in all species, which implies an important load-bearing function. Considerable individual variation remains unexplained by the mentioned factors. This lowers the prospect of CSA reaching diagnostic importance in SAC fetlock pathology.     

Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of inflammatory cytokines of Camelidae (llama and camel)

We cloned, sequenced and analyzed the cDNAs encoding Camelidae inflammatory cytokines, including llama (lama glama) interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and camel (Camelus bactrianus) IL-6 and TNF-alpha. The similarity levels of the deduced amino acid sequences of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha from llama (camel) to those from other mammalian species, ranged from 60.7% to 87.7%, 52.8% to 75.3%, 41.4% to 98.6%, and 72.9% to 99.6%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleic acid sequences showed that llama IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were more closely related to those of camel, pig, cattle, sheep and horse than to those of human, dog, cat, mouse and rat.     

Evaluation of assays for determination of passive transfer status in neonatal llamas and alpacas

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate several practice-adapted assays for determination of passive transfer status in crias. ANIMALS: 24 llama and 9 alpaca crias. DESIGN: Prospective study. PROCEDURE: Serum IgG concentration was measured by use of a radial immunodiffusion assay when crias were 45 to 51 hours old. Results were compared with serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and total solids concentrations, and results of commercially available and traditional sodium sulfite turbidity (SST) tests. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) serum IgG concentration was 1,762 +/- 1,153 mg/dl. On the basis of a threshold value of 1,000 mg of IgG/dl at 48 hours of age, 5 of 33 (15.15%) crias had failure of passive transfer. Serum total solids, protein, and globulin concentrations were significantly associated with serum IgG concentration, whereas serum GGT activity and serum albumin concentration were not. Serum IgG concentrations were significantly different among crias with negative, 2+, and 3+ scores on the traditional SST test. Serum IgG concentrations were not significantly different between crias with negative and 100 mg/dl scores or 100 and 300 mg/dl scores on the commercially available SST test. However, all other comparisons between crias with different scores revealed significant differences. Sensitivity and specificity ranged between 0 and 1, depending on the test and endpoint selected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The commercially available SST test and determination of serum total protein and globulin concentrations are suitable methods for assessing passive transfer status in llama and alpaca crias.     

Complete cDNA sequences and phylogenetic analyses of the Th1 and Th2 cytokines of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The complementary DNAs of the Th1 (IL-2, IL-12p35, and IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) cytokine genes of the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) were cloned, sequenced, and analyzed. IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-13, and IFN-gamma were found to have 465, 402, 537, 669, 411, and 501 bp length open reading frames with 154, 133, 178, 222, 136, and 166 amino acid encodings, respectively. The homology ranged from 58.8% to 100% between the nucleotide sequences of the camel cytokine genes and the published sequences of other mammalian genes, including the llama, pig, cow, horse, human, and mouse. The cDNA had highest homology with orders Artiodactyla (pigs and cattle) and Perissodactyla (horses), especially to the recently cloned llama sequences.     

Discovery and molecular characterization of a group A rotavirus strain detected in an Argentinean vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)

The wild vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) is one of the four species of native South American camelids (SACs) in addition to the wild guanaco, and their domesticated counterparts, alpaca and llama, respectively. Serological data have indicated the presence of group A rotaviruses (RVA) specific antibodies in all 4 members of the SAC, and so far, RVA has been detected from alpacas, llamas and guanacos. A total of 59 fecal samples from healthy wild newborn and juvenile vicuñas, raised in captivity in Jujuy, Argentina were collected and analyzed by ELISA to detect RVA antigen. Two samples (3%) were found to contain G8 RVA strains and one strain (RVA/Vicuña-wt/ARG/C75/2010/G8P[14]) was selected for further genome analyses, revealing the G8-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-Ax-N2-T6-E3-Hx genotype constellation. Unfortunately, no sequence data could be obtained for NSP1 and NSP5. Except for the E3 NSP4 genotype, this partial genotype constellation is reminiscent to bovine RVA strains and bovine-like RVA strains isolated from sheep, guanaco, antelope and humans. This relationship was confirmed phylogenetically, providing further evidence of the widespread presence of this genotype constellation in animals belonging to the artiodactyls. In particular, a close phylogenetic relationship was found between C75 and guanaco RVA strain RVA/Guanaco-wt/ARG/Chubut/1999/G8P[14] for at least 5 gene segments, suggesting a partial conservation of the genotype constellation of RVA strains infecting different species of SACs, even though nowadays their natural habitats are not overlapping. The further monitoring of the sanitary health of wild newborn and juvenile vicuñas is essential to improve the management practices applied in their sustainable exploitation.     

Hyperlipemia and Ketonuria in an Alpaca and a Llama

An alpaca and a llama in late stages of gestation were evaluated for lethargy, anorexia, and recumbency. Both camelids had cloudy, white, turbid serum, elevated serum triglyceride (1564, 5658 mg/dL, respectively) and cholesterol (158, 297 mg/dL, respectively) concentrations, and ketonuria. Signs of fetal stress were evident ultrasonographically in the alpaca, and a live cria was delivered by Cesarean section performed under general anesthesia. The alpaca developed severe metabolic acidosis, hepatic lipidosis, and acute renal failure secondary to renal lipidosis and died 36 hours after admission despite medical therapy. Histopathology revealed renal and hepatic lipidosis and neutrophilic pancreatitis. The cria died 72 hours after birth. The llama responded to IV electrolyte, dextrose, and regular crystalline insulin therapy. The pregnancy was maintained, and the llama was discharged from the hospital 20 days after admission. Two months after discharge, the llama gave birth to a live, 5 kg cria. Findings of hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, elevated sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and ketonuria occurred in these two camelids. Based on this report, camelids appear to be similar to both horses and cattle in their response to severe energy imbalances in late gestation.     

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationship of Introduced Alpaca in Xinjiang

In order to understand the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of the alpacas,39 blood samples of alpaca were collected in 3 places of Xinjiang (Qinghe county of Aletai city,Tacheng city and Tianshan wildlife park) and mitochondrial D-loop gene was amplified and sequenced. The results showed that 733 bp fragment was obtained. The population haplotype diversity (Hd),nucleotide diversity (Pi) and gene flow (Nm) was 0.954,0.0091 and 1.97,respectively. 25 haplotypes were defined among the 39 gene sequences,and H7 was the most shared haplotype by groups. The genetic distance of three alpaca groups was small (0.002 to 0.003). The genetic distance between alpaca and Lama glama,Lama guanicoe and Vicugna was 0.002,0.004 and 0.017,respectively. The genetic distance between alpaca and Camelus bactrianus was the highest (0.050 to 0.051).The results of cluster analysis showed that three alpaca groups were gathered first,and then gathered with Lama glama,Lama guanicoe and Vicugna, Camelus bactrianus belonged to another branch along. In conlusion,the genetic diversity and gene flow level of alpacas in Xinjiang was high and the genetic differentiation was relatively small. The genetic relationships between alpaca and Lama glama,Lama guanicoe and Vicugna were close, that with Camelus bactrianus was relatively far.     

江苏地方山羊品种细胞色素b基因全序列的比较研究

对江苏2个地方山羊品种细胞色素b基因全序列进行测定,并引用国外10个山羊品种Cyt b基因序列构建山羊分子系统树。结果表明,长江三角洲白山羊和黄淮山羊Cyt b基因全序列均为1140 bp,而且碱基组成也相似,序列间的差异百分数较小,仅为0.09%;构建的分子系统树提示2个品种的亲缘关系较近,可能在较早的世代具有共同的祖先。     

Treatment of long bone fractures in South American camelids: 5 cases

An adult llama and four alpacas were referred with long bone fractures. The llama presented with a closed, comminuted fracture of the right metatarsal bones. Two of the alpacas presented with comminuted fractures of the proximal radius. One fracture was closed and one was open. One alpaca had a closed, comminuted fracture of the distal radius, and the final alpaca had a closed, oblique fracture of the metatarsus. A diagnosis was made in each animal on the basis of clinical examination and radiographs. All fractures were managed by open reduction and internal fixation using selective placement of lag screws and dynamic compression plates. Four animals made uneventful recoveries and no long-term complications were encountered. One alpaca was re-admitted for plate failure and non-union of the fracture 5 weeks after surgery. The plate and screws were removed and a transfixation cast was applied. The fracture healed, however the alpaca showed signs of radial nerve paralysis after the cast was removed. With confinement in a small yard, full function gradually returned to the leg over the ensuing 4 months. Using techniques recommended in other species, South American camelids are suitable candidates for long bone fracture repair using open reduction and internal fixation.