利用DHI数据分析规模化牧场牛群乳房健康状况

乳房健康是影响奶牛生产性能发挥和乳品质量最主要的因素,为深入了解奶牛乳房健康情况,本文通过DHI数据从长期和当月分析了上海某规模化牧场牛群的乳房健康状况,结果显示,该牧场牛群乳房年平均感染率为31.3%,月感染率与权重体细胞数呈线性相关(r2=0.9401),随着胎次和泌乳天数的增加,体细胞数和感染率升高;该牧场慢性感染牛是风险最大的牛群,牛群存在传染性病原感染。通过2015年12月份的DHI数据分析发现,体细胞数80万个/m L以上的牛占12.4%,但是对大罐奶体细胞数的贡献值却达到60.3%,同时新产牛乳房感染率偏高(28%)。因此从短期看,该牧场应对体细胞数过高的牛采取适当措施,从长期看首先应该减少慢性感染牛比例。     

乳房炎对中国荷斯坦牛测定日泌乳性能及体细胞数变化的影响

旨在研究乳房炎及病原菌组成对中国荷斯坦牛测定日泌乳性能及体细胞数变化的影响.本研究于2009年9月对江苏某奶牛场140头成年中国荷斯坦泌乳牛进行乳房炎检测和DHI测定,同时对隐性乳房炎阳性乳区进行病原菌分离鉴定,并分析了不同乳房炎类型和隐性乳房炎病原菌组成对测定日泌乳性能和乳中SCC变化的影响.结果表明,该牛场临床乳房炎、隐性乳房炎和正常奶牛比例分别为10.00％、51.10％和37.90％,其中隐性乳房炎以大肠杆菌和链球菌混合感染最多(19头,占26.00％),其次为链球菌单独感染(17头,占23.30％).由1种细菌单独感染的比例为26头(占36.11％),2种或2种以上细菌混合感染为44头(占61.11％).乳房炎类型对测定日产奶量、乳糖含量、体细胞数和体细胞评分4个指标影响达到极显著水平(P＜0.01),临床乳房炎和隐性乳房炎奶牛日产奶量和乳糖含量极显著低于正常奶,同时体细胞数和体细胞评分极显著高于正常奶,而临床乳房炎奶和隐性乳房炎奶在所有检测指标上均无显著差异,但临床乳房炎奶比隐性乳房炎奶体细胞数高出约100万·mL-1.不同病原菌组成类型对乳中体细胞数和体细胞评分有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对其它性状无显著影响(P＞0.05).混合感染奶牛测定日产奶量极显著低于单独感染奶牛(P＜0.01),同时乳中体细胞数显著高于单独感染奶牛(P＜0.01).乳房炎类型对乳中SCC的变化趋势有显著影响(P＜0.01),正常奶牛维持较低SCC的能力较强,隐性乳房炎奶牛在下一泌乳月体细胞增加的可能性较大.不同隐性乳房炎病原菌组成类型对乳中SCC的变化无显著影响.奶牛生产中隐性乳房炎发病率高,危害性也最大,不同病原菌混合感染引起的隐性乳房炎对测定日产奶量和乳中体细胞数影响最大.该结果为奶牛场采取合理措施,降低隐性乳房炎发生率提供了参考.     

一种复合乳酸菌液体制剂在奶牛健康养殖中的应用

本试验采用复合乳酸菌微生态液体制剂饲喂奶牛,旨在研究其对奶牛的产奶量和乳房炎患牛的乳体细胞数量的影响。试验选用的微生态液体制剂是由植物乳杆菌SCI-01和SCI-02经过共生耦合发酵技术制成,通过10d的试验发现,该微生态制剂可增加奶牛平均头日产奶量,试验组产奶量由初始的29.5kg/d增加到31.1kg/d,与对照组相比,最大产奶量差异达2kg/d。该微生态制剂可降低乳房炎患牛的乳体细胞数,由原来的883.0万个/m L下降至191.2万个/m L,降幅达78.3%。     

应用DHI对某奶牛场奶牛生产性能的综合分析

[目的]为了解奶牛的生产性能.[方法]应用奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)体系,2006年10～11月对武汉市某牛场所有产奶牛的生产情况进行测定和分析.[结果]表明:该场牛群所产奶中体细胞数高,产奶牛中有12%患有临床乳房炎,产犊间隔长,存在繁殖问题和饲料问题,针对测检和分析中发现的问题,提出了相应的改进措施.[结论]为牛场...     

DHI报告在奶牛场饲养管理中的应用

DHI报告是提高奶牛群管理水平的有效工具之一,可以为奶牛场饲养管理提供决策依据。利用白城地区某奶牛场2018年9月~2019年8月的DHI数据资料,对牛群305 d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数、尿素氮、胎次、泌乳天数等相关指标进行分析,明确奶牛场饲养管理中存在的问题,并提出相对应的解决对策与建议,有利于牛群保持较高的生产潜力。结果表明:该牛场胎次2.3胎,平均泌乳天数203 d,牛群整体繁育工作失衡;牛群305 d产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率低,牛群的遗传和饲养管理存在问题;体细胞数>50万/mL,牛群乳房炎发生率高;MUN水平22 mg/d,日粮能氮失衡。建议牛场管理者应加强奶牛繁育工作,调整日粮结构,改善奶牛应激期的饲养环境以及奶牛乳房炎的检测与防治工作。     

利用博达法测试奶牛隐性乳房炎试验报告

利用美国近年研究并应用于实践的博达R牛奶测试技术对太原某牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎进行监测,试验显示,博达R牛奶测试技术方法简便快捷、测定数据准确,具有较大推广应用价值;牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎头阳性率为55.5%(111/200),乳区阳性率为26.34%(196/744);3胎及以上奶牛阳性率达到70.18%(40/57)并显著高于1-2胎35.42%(17/48)(P<0.01);奶牛个体混合乳样体细胞与个体乳区乳样体细胞平均数呈直线相关,差异极显著(r=0.7418,t>t0.01,P<0.01)。     

中药复方制剂在奶牛乳房炎综合防控中的应用效果研究

乳房炎是一直困扰奶牛养殖业的重要疾病,一直以来以抗生素治疗为主,而抗生素残留又一直在困扰奶牛养殖户。因此中药治疗乳房炎成为目前研究的主要方向。本文通过试验牛群体细胞检测和牛博士—奶牛保健散的使用,达到了降低体细胞数,减少乳房炎发病率,提高产奶量,提升奶质量的效果。试验结果显示：饲料添加中药后,试验牛群的体细胞数下降了24万个/mL左右,下降率达40.35%;隐性乳房炎降低了30%,而临床乳房炎降低了80%以上,发病率比中低产牛群低50%左右。用药1周后,几乎看不到临床乳房炎症状,淘汰牛情况也不再发生。目标牛群的产奶量,与正常泌乳牛比较提升了1kg/头·天,同时生奶品质也得到了保障。乳指标检测结果显示,蛋白质、脂肪、总干物质、非脂类物质、乳糖等都有不同程度的增加。以上结果表明,通过奶缸体细胞数检测牛群整体的健康情况,并采取及时有效的中药防控方案是治疗乳房炎,提升牧场经济效益的有效手段。     

山东某奶牛场DHI报告应用效果及分析

利用山东某奶牛场从2013年2月份~2014年12月份的DHI数据资料,分析该牛场的测定日产奶量、泌乳天数、体细胞数以及乳蛋白率等指标的变化,概述牛场开展DHI后,在提高牛只单产及改善牛群乳房健康等方面取得的成效。结果表明,牛场的测定日最高产奶量从22.4kg提高到31.3kg,上升明显;全年平均泌乳天数为184.4d,平均产犊间隔为376d,牛群整体育种工作稳定;全群牛奶体细胞数由最高时的80万个/m L降低并稳定在20万个/m L以下,牛群乳房健康状况有明显改善;乳脂率和乳蛋白率的变化逐渐趋于平稳,牛群的日粮营养结构逐渐合理。     

复合蛋白酶乳房注入剂对泌乳期奶牛乳房炎(临床型)的疗效试验

本试验通过对患牛体细胞以及其它临床指标的检测和观察,评估了复合蛋白酶注入剂对临床型奶牛乳房炎的治疗效果。按照1支/乳区·次,连续用药3次,每次间隔12 h给药的临床使用方案,推荐剂量组(糜蛋白酶8 mg+胰蛋白酶8 mg组)制剂对临床型奶牛乳房炎的有效率达到88.2%,治愈率高达70.6%;对患病乳区病原菌菌株数清除作用减少50%以上;奶牛乳房炎评分均值从5.70提升到7.90;体细胞均值从138.20万个/m L降低到75.40万个/m L。与传统抗生素药物的治疗比较,虽然治疗效果不及有些种类的抗生素的效果,但作为一种全新概念的复合蛋白酶制剂用做奶牛乳房炎的治疗药物,不仅避免了细菌耐药性和药物残留等问题,而且为复合酶制剂的开发和应用于治疗奶牛乳房炎提供了全新的思路。     

施立安喷撒卧床对奶牛隐性乳房炎及体细胞影响的观察

奶牛乳房炎是影响奶牛奶产量和牛奶质量的最重要疾病之一,可给奶牛养殖业带来巨大经济损失,仅隐性乳房炎所造成的经济损失即占乳房炎全部损失的70%[1]。牛奶中的细胞统称为体细胞,当乳腺发生感染时,大量的嗜中性粒细胞进入乳腺组织,从而引起乳中体细胞计数(SCC)的增加。因此,随时监测乳汁中体细胞的数量,可以动态估测奶牛乳腺的健康状况。而隐性乳房炎监测是判定牛群隐性乳房炎的发病情况。一般来说,体细胞数量的高低与     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.