海岛棉主要纤维品质性状的分离及相关性分析

以海岛棉新海3号×吉扎82的190个F2：3家系为材料,对海岛棉主要纤维品质性状在后代群体中的分离规律及性状间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,海岛棉主要纤维品质性状均是由微效多基因控制,符合正态分布,表现为数量性状遗传方式。相关分析表明,纤维上半部平均长度与断裂比强度、整齐度呈极显著正相关,与短绒指数呈极显著负相关,马克隆值与断裂比强度和整齐度呈显著正相关。     

机采棉杂交后代主要株型性状与产量和品质的关系

【目的】从株型、产量及品质众多复杂因素中找出影响机械化生产较大的因素并进行遗传改良,选育适宜机械化生产的高产优质品种,提高棉花育种的效率。【方法】以陆地棉Z571与中棉所49杂交的F2:3群体为研究对象,应用统计软件SAS V8等分析其农艺性状的变异、方差和相关性。【结果】F2:3群体株系材料间农艺性状发生了显著分离,且后代中出现了许多超亲个体,在田间进行选择时要注意农艺性状之间复杂的关系;株高、单株果枝数与单位面积籽棉产量呈极显著正相关;单株果枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著负相关,与马克隆值呈现正相关;单株营养枝数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈现显著负相关;产量构成因素中的单位面积铃数与纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈极显著正相关,与马克隆值呈极显著负相关,铃重和品质性状的相关性与单位面积铃数相反。【结论】株型性状与产量和品质之间均存在显著或极显著的遗传相关;高产高品质的株型特征为单株营养枝数较多;选育高产优质的棉花新品种时要选择铃数较多、铃重较小的材料。     

陆地棉常规品种(系)与杂交组合性状相关性的比较分析

选择24份常规棉品种(系)和7个杂交组合为试验材料,以单位面积皮棉产量为指标进行聚类分析,发现杂交组合分属于高、中产类型,而低产类型皆为常规品种(系),且高产类型的株铃数、果枝数、单铃重、株高和衣分均显著高于低产类型。采用简单相关、偏相关及通径分析分别对常规棉及杂交组合的12个重要经济性状进行相关性分析,发现对常规棉皮棉产量影响最大的产量因子是株铃数,其次是衣分、单铃重,而对杂交组合影响最大的则是衣分;子指与常规棉和杂交棉的皮棉产量均呈极显著负相关。常规棉的皮棉产量与纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度呈极显著负相关,与马克隆值呈极显著正相关,说明常规棉的产量与纤维品质的矛盾难以协调;但杂交组合的皮棉产量与断裂比强度呈显著正相关,与纤维上半部平均长度和马克隆值的相关性弱且未达到显著水平,表明通过杂种优势利用能够协调皮棉产量与纤维品质的矛盾。     

黄河流域棉区纤维品质区域分布特征与生态区划研究

【目的】旨在研究黄河流域试验环境与参试品种品质性状互作模式。【方法】选用2005―2014年国家棉花品种区域试验黄河流域棉区中熟常规组19个试验点,作为试验环境;运用GGE模型绘制双标图,结合纤维品质性状选择对适宜的生态区划分进行探讨,并基于GGE双标图对纺纱均匀性指数与其他指标的相关性进行研究。【结果】(1)纤维的纺纱均匀性指数与纤维的上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和长度整齐度指数呈极显著正相关,与断裂伸长率、反射率表现为正相关但不显著,与马克隆值显示为负相关但不显著。(2)黄河流域棉区纤维品质性状在19个生态试点的表现可划分为3个特征明显的纤维品质生态区。第Ⅰ生态区包括江苏泗阳、响水,安徽灵璧,河南新乡和商丘,其纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和纺纱均匀性指数都显著高于其余生态区,长度整齐度指数显著高于第Ⅲ生态区,且纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值协调较好,都达到了国家棉花品种审定的Ⅱ型标准,为"优质纤维生态区"。第Ⅱ生态区包括陕西大荔,河南西华,山东宁津,河北石家庄和故城,其马克隆值较高,纤维上半部平均长度和断裂比强度表现一般,纺纱均匀性指数表现最差,为"普通纤维生态区"。第Ⅲ生态区包括陕西杨凌,山西运城,河南安阳,河北邯郸、沧州,天津宁河,山东惠民、金乡和临清,其马克隆值最低,其余性状表现中等,为"低马克隆值生态区"。【结论】本研究明确了黄河流域棉区棉花纤维品质生态区的划分,可为黄河流域广适性棉花品种的选育、生态区划分和理想试验环境选择等提供依据。     

利用SSR标记对海岛棉纤维品质关联分析初探

选取28份海岛棉种质为供试群体,利用均匀分布于26条染色体上的211个SSR标记,对该群体进行扫描。所选标记在28份材料中扩增出241个SSR标记位点,共检测到627个等位基因,平均变异位点数为2.60个。采用Tassel软件中GLM方法将供试海岛棉5个纤维品质性状(纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度、马克隆值、整齐度和伸长率)与标记检测结果进行关联分析。结果表明:与5个纤维品质性状极显著(P0.001)关联的SSR位点共64个,其中21个位点可在3个及以上环境中重复检测到,9个位点同时与不同的纤维品质性状关联。研究结果可为海岛棉材料利用提供参考信息。     

陆海杂种高代回交自交系纤维细度性状相关性分析

 利用陆地棉34B与海岛棉Giza70杂交所得的稳定的高代回交自交系BC₂F_4:6 、BC₂F_4:7家系,开展了三个环境下纤维细度等品质性状的相关分析。结果表明：1)纺纱均匀指数与长度、整齐度、比强度呈极显著正相关,与伸长率呈极显著负相关。纤维长度和比强度间均存在极显著的正相关,与伸长率呈极显著负相关。2) HVI 900测定的麦克隆值与比强度和纺纱均匀指数呈极显著负相关;成熟度比率与麦克隆值呈显著或极显著正相关,与线密度呈极显著负相关,与其它性状间的相关性三个环境下都不一致;线密度与纺纱均匀指数呈极显著正相关,与长度、比强度均达到极显著或显著负相关,与整齐度不相关,与伸长率为负相关。相对而言,线密度与各性状的相关性要比HVI 900测定的麦克隆值和成熟度比率稳定,受环境影响小,有必要进一步加强对线密度的选择及深入研究。     

不同艾氟迪(AFD)处理对棉花产量形成和纤维品质的影响

【目的】以新型植物生长调节剂艾氟迪(AFD)为研究对象,探索其对棉花产量形成以及纤维品质的影响,为科学施用AFD提供依据。【方法】设6个不同AFD处理水平,分析不同处理对棉株株高、铃数、铃重、籽棉产量和纤维品质等的影响。【结果】棉株株高与AFD处理水平呈负相关关系;AFD在抑制棉铃脱落率和提高棉铃吐絮率方面效果明显;AFD在处理水平为1 350~1 800 m L·hm-2时,单株铃数和铃重较对照有显著提高,同时获得的籽棉产量较高;不同水平的AFD处理对棉纤维的断裂比强度、马克隆值、断裂伸长率没有显著影响,但高水平的AFD处理对纤维长度和长度整齐度指数有一定的抑制作用。【结论】适宜的AFD处理水平对棉花增产效果显著,且对纤维品质影响较小。探寻AFD对棉花的影响机制,对生产应用具有一定的指导意义。     

棉花陆海染色体片段代换系BC_7F_2群体纤维产量和品质性状表现及相关分析

为了揭示棉花染色体片段代换系BC_7F_2纤维产量性状和品质性状之间的相关关系,筛选纤维品质优异的新材料。以1套陆海染色体片断代换系为材料,对BC7F2高代回交群体的产量性状与纤维品质性状的表性数据进行评价及偏相关分析。结果表明:群体各性状的平均值接近于轮回亲本‘中棉所36’,群体内存在丰富的遗传变异。纤维上半部平均长度超轮回亲本比例为30.25%,断裂比强度超轮回亲本比例为71.25%,衣分超轮回亲本比例为29.38%。总体上单铃重与马克隆值、整齐度指数呈极显著正相关,衣分与上半部平均长度、断裂比强度呈显著负相关,与单铃重呈极显著负相关。从中筛选出部分纤维品质突出的单株,纤维上半部平均长度高于30.00 mm,断裂比强度高于31.00 cN/tex。     

陆海杂交种纤维品质和产量相关性状的鉴定与分析

【目的】深入研究棉花陆海杂交种纤维品质和产量相关性状杂种优势遗传规律,为培育高产优质陆海杂交种奠定理论基础。【方法】使用12份陆地棉材料和5份海岛棉材料配制陆海杂交种,对海南三亚和浙江临安种植的亲本及F_1进行纤维品质和产量性状测定。【结果】陆海杂交种纤维长度、纤维强度普遍具有显著的中亲优势,部分杂交组合具有较强的超亲优势,纤维长度性状在两地间变异系数较小,可以稳定遗传;在产量方面,部分陆海杂交种籽棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分等性状具有中亲优势,但仍显著低于陆地棉亲本。【结论】获得2个5A级优质长绒棉杂交组合T035和T044,筛选到1个海岛棉骨干亲本塔10-280,可为探讨陆海杂交种棉纤维品质杂种优势遗传规律提供有价值数据。     

肉苁蓉种质主要性状的变异和相关分析

【研究目的】研究栽培和野生肉苁蓉种质的药材形态、产量、品质及田间农艺性状的变异水平,以及各性状间的相关关系。【方法】应用Microsoft Excel和SPSS 11.5软件对61份肉苁蓉种质通过测量、称重或药典指定的HPLC法测定的16项性状指标进行统计分析。【结果】不同肉苁蓉种质间各性状差异极其显著,特别是产量与品质性状的个体差异,其中毛蕊花糖苷含量的变异系数高达91.6%。茎节以下的粗细、长度与肉苁蓉的鲜重和折干率呈极显著相关,但品质性状与形态和产量性状间均不存在正相关性,仅松果菊苷的含量与节上粗呈显著负相关。【结论】肉苁蓉不同种质间的形态与品质性状变异丰富,为优良品种的选育提供了理论和物质基础。相关性分析结果为肉苁蓉药材的育种目标、种植措施及合理采收提供了科学依据。     

利用马克隆值差异显著的BILs鉴定棉纤维品质相关基因

【目的】马克隆值是衡量棉纤维品质的重要指标之一。利用马克隆值存在显著差异的2个陆海回交近交系材料进行高通量基因芯片分析,旨在筛选和鉴定棉纤维发育相关的关键基因。【方法】从SG747(Gossypium hirsutum L.)和Giza75(Gossypium Barbadense L.)高世代回交近交系(Backcross Inbred Lines,BILs)群体中选取NMGA-140(马克隆值6.2)和NMGA-051(马克隆值4.0)为材料,利用Affymetrix公司的棉花寡聚核苷酸基因芯片对其开花后10 DPA(Days after anthesis)的棉纤维进行了表达谱分析。【结果】获得了2655个差异表达基因,包括功能预测基因(15.57%),翻译、核糖体结构与生物合成相关基因(13.54%)和翻译后修饰、蛋白质转换、分子伴侣相关基因(9.31%)等。推测β-tub10正向调控棉纤维发育过程,β-tub1负向调控棉纤维发育过程,Ghi.3578.1.S1_s_at在棉纤维发育早期起到了作用。【结论】为棉花纤维品质的遗传改良提供了丰富的基因资源,为分子标记辅助育种开发更多新的分子标记。     

AFLP标记与棉花重要农艺性状的关联研究

 以陆地棉（Gossypium hirsutum L.）品种中棉所8号和海岛棉（Gossypium barbadense L.）品种Pima 90-53杂交产生的包含91个单株的BC₁F₂群体及其衍生BC₁F_2:3群体为材料,利用逐步多元回归分析确定分子标记与重要农艺性状的相关关系,为分子标记辅助选择提供依据。试验材料分别种植在保定市郊和沧州青县两个点,每个株行考察衣分、子指、铃重、皮棉重、子棉重5个产量性状和2.5%纤维跨距长度、马克隆值、纤维整齐度、纤维伸长率、纤维比强度5个品质性状。以20对AFLP引物组合产生的125个位点对10个重要农艺性状进行多元线性回归分析,发现其中4对引物组合产生的15个位点与10个性状有着显著相关性（P≤0.05,P≤0.01）,而后通过逐步多元回归分析获得6个位点,对9个农艺性状所解释的表型变异为6.2%～30%。结果表明,与9个农艺性状显著相关的6个AFLP位点可以用于未来的分子标记辅助育种计划。     

Effects of Different AFD Treatments on Yield Formation and Fiber Quality of Cotton

[Objective] We examined the effects of spraying AFD (Agent of flower bud differentiation), a new plant growth regulator, on cotton yield formation and fiber quality. This study was designed to provide a scientific basis for chemical regulation. [Method] Six treatments of different AFD concentrations were used for this experiment. Cotton plant height, boll number, boll weight, seed cotton yield, and fiber quality were assessed to clarify the effects of chemical regulation on cotton at different concentrations. [Result] The results showed that cotton plant height was associated with AFD concentration while AFD was effective in inhibiting the cotton boll shedding ratio and significantly increasing the boll opening ratio. Furthermore, the boll number per plant and boll weight were significantly higher in plants sprayed with AFD at concentrations of 1 350^-1 800 mL·hm^－2 than in the control group and higher seed cotton yields were obtained. Different concentrations of AFD had no significant effect on cotton breaking strength, micronaire value, and breaking elongation. However, the highest AFD concentration had certain inhibiting effects on fiber length and uniformity index. [Conclusion] The use of chemical control via a suitable concentration of AFD had a significant effect on increasing cotton yield and little effect on fiber quality. The study of the mechanism by which AFD affects cotton traits is of great significance for cotton production.     

Identification and Analysis of Fiber Quality and Yield Related Traits of Interspecific (Gossypium hirsutum L. × G. barbadense L.) Hybrids

[Objective] The aim of this study is to study the hereditary of heterosis of fiber quality and yield-related traits in the upland-island interspecific hybrids, and breed new interspecific hybrid varieties with high yield and fine fiber quality. [Method] In this study, 12 upland cotton materials and 5 sea-island cotton materials were selected to determine the fiber quality and yield traits of their parents and F₁ in Lin’an, Zhejiang and Sanya, Hainan. [Result] It was found that fiber length and fiber strength of F₁ (Gossypium hirsutum × G. barbadense) generally had significant mid-parent heterosis (MPH), some hybrid combinations showed strong over-parent heterosis (OPH), fiber length had a small coefficient of variation between the two places and could be stably inherited. And in terms of yield, seed cotton weight, lint weight, and lint percentage of some upland-island hybrids had MPH, but they were still significantly lower than those of upland cotton parents. [Conclusion] Two long-staple cotton hybrid combinations T035 and T044 with 5A grade high-quality were obtained, and an excellent material of G. barbadense Ta10-280 was screened. This study provides valuable data for the genetic law of fiber quality heterosis of upland-island hybrid cotton.     

Mining Elite Sea-Island Cotton Germplasm Based on Phenotyping and SSR Markers

[Objective] An elite germplasm resource of sea-island cotton with outstanding traits was mined in order to accelerate the breeding process of new varieties. [Method] The core collections of sea-island cotton germplasm consisted of 178 accessions were used as experimental materials in this study. Analyses of variability and diversity were performed through detecting phenotypic data of six main breeding-targeted traits, including boll weight, boll number per plant, lint percentage, fiber length, fiber strength, and micronaire. The elite germplasm of sea-island cotton was selected according to 10% optimal sampling strategy based on the phenotypic value of each trait. The 120 pairs of polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were used to analyze the polymorphism of 178 accessions of the core collections. Then, we conducted the population structure and clustering analysis based on the genotyping results. According to the results of cluster analysis, the primary elite germplasm was further selected, and the final elite germplasm of sea-island cotton was identified. [Result] The results showed that there was a high variability and abundant genetic diversity in the 6 studied traits. In 178 accessions of sea-island cotton, 262 alleles were detected by 120 pairs of SSR primers, with an average of 2.18 loci. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.067 8-0.630 0, with an average of 0.296 0, showing moderate polymorphism. The cluster analysis showed that the core collection of sea-island cotton was divided into six groups. twenty-three elite germplasm resources of sea-island cotton were identified based on phenotypic value and cluster analysis of SSR markers. [Conclusion] The germplasm of sea-island cotton can be analyzed and evaluated based on the phenotyping and SSR markers, and then the elite germplasm of sea-island cotton can be identified. These results provided the material basis for the genetic breeding of sea-island cotton, as well as the important reference and basis for the mining and identification of crop elite germplasm.     

Analysis of the Main Decision Characters of Cotton Yield in Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin

[Objective] In order to improve the efficiency of variety selection and reduce the cost of experiment, it was necessary to select the multi-objective characters comprehensively and make clear the effect of each objective character on the yield of seed cotton. [Method] Through the statistical analysis of 8 years, 607 breeding materials (339 conventional varieties and 268 hybrids) of Guoxin Rural Technical Service Association in Hejian City, Hebei Province, the effects of plant type, yield, maturity and fiber quality on the yield of seed cotton were comprehensively evaluated. [Result] Correlation analysis, regression analysis and general analysis showed that boll weight, lint percentage, first fruiting branches node, percentage of seed-cotton before frost and growth period had significant effects on seed cotton yield in the Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin. The correlation coefficient between percentage of seed-cotton before frost and seed cotton yield were the highest (r＝0.320 97), and the boll weight decision coefficient was the largest (R²＝0.30), which were the main traits affecting the seed cotton yield. Plant height had the largest direct effect on seed cotton yield, but the total effect was the smallest after indirect effects of other variables (r_2y＝－0.04). Both regression and general analysis showed that neither fiber length (upper half mean length) nor micronaire had significant effects on seed cotton yield. [Conclusion] During the breeding of new cotton lines in the Heilonggang Cotton Region of the Yellow River Basin, boll weight and lint percentage can be used as important agronomic characters for breeders to improve. Shortening the growth period and increasing the percentage of seed-cotton before frost can increase yield. Plant height and first fruiting branches node affect seed cotton yield through interaction with other traits. Neither the fiber length nor the micronaire value have a significant effect on the seed cotton yield, which can be increased simultaneously with the yield during the breeding process.     

光子陆地棉种质资源主要性状的遗传评价

以102份光子陆地棉材料为母本,分别与遗传标准系TM-1杂交,获得102个F₁群体。采用随机区组设计,设置3个重复,对光子陆地棉材料主要性状进行遗传评价。结果表明,调查的11个性状表型差异均较大,材料间产量性状(株高、果枝数、铃数、铃重、衣分和子指)差异大于纤维品质性状(纤维长度、纤维强度、马克隆值、整齐度和伸长率),特别是衣分、铃数等性状差异更明显; 除果枝数、马克隆值、伸长率以外,光子亲本群体其他性状的平均值都小于F₁群体。而亲本群体所有性状的变异系数均大于F₁,不同光子材料的杂种优势有很大差别,中亲优势和超亲优势也有很大的差别,有些种质某些性状的中亲、超亲优势为负值,其后代性状表现劣势; 纤维品质性状的中亲、超亲优势与毛子程度均呈负相关,而产量性状的中亲、超亲优势与毛子程度均呈正相关,说明可利用光子材料杂种优势改良纤维品质,而其后代产量性状的杂种优势利用受到限制; SSR分子标记遗传相似系数与各个性状的中亲、超亲优势的相关都不显著,说明在光子材料的育种中,杂种优势是不能通过亲本之间的遗传背景相似程度来预测的。     

陆地棉种子物理性状QTL定位

定位棉花种子性状的基因对揭示棉花种子性状的遗传规律,以及明确棉花种子、产量、纤维品质等性状间的遗传关系具有重要意义。以(渝棉1号×T586) F_2:7重组近交系群体构建的遗传连锁图谱,在鉴定270个家系3个环境种子物理性状的基础上,利用MQM作图方法,共检测到34个种子物理性状QTL,包括9个种子重(qSW)、5个短绒重(qFW)、3个短绒率(qFP)、8个种仁重(qKW)、6个种子壳重(qHW)和3个种仁率(qKP)QTL,它们可解释4.6%~80.1%的性状表型变异。9个QTL在2个或3个环境中被检测到,其中包括第12染色体显性光子位点的短绒重与短绒率QTL,以及另外7个微效应QTL。34个QTL分布于15条染色体,其中A染色体组20个,D染色体组14个。有12个染色体区段分布有2个或2个以上的QTL,而且同一染色体区域同一亲本所具有的不同性状QTL的方向大多数与性状表型相关系数的正负一致。