Water-facilitated dispersal of inoculant Bradyrhizobium japonicum in soils

Summary Studies were performed to assess the influence of percolating water and an advancing wetting front on the transport of Bradyrhizobium japonicum in sand and silt loam soils, and to assess the influence of clay content on water-facilitated dispersal of these bacteria in a sand amended with various amounts of kaolin. The data obtained showed that movement of B. japonicum in soil was dependent upon water movement and that both percolating water and an advancing wetting front readily transported bacteria in coarse-textured soils. Percolation with the equivalent of 10 cm of rainfall dispersed B. japonicum throughout 40-cm columns containing sand and silt loam soils. Percolation with 5 cm of water was sufficient to disperse B. japonicum throughout 20-cm columns of these soils but did not transport these bacteria below the surface 4 cm of a sand amended with 12% kaolin. Our finding that cells of B. japonicum are readily transported by an advancing wetting front indicates that non-saturated flow of soil water contributes to dispersal of inoculum in soils.     

Sorption-desorption of "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides in soil

Sorption-desorption interactions of pesticides with soil determine the availability of pesticides in soil for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. These interactions are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil, and for some pesticides, their residence time in the soil. The objective of this study was to characterize sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. The chemicals were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 wks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl(2) and aqueous acetonitrile, and sorption coefficients were calculated. Sufficient sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides remained (>40% of that applied) during incubation to allow calculation of sorption coefficients. Aging significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased sorption coefficients. For instance, for sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone remaining after a 12-wk incubation at -33 kPa, K(d) increased by a factor of 4.5 in the clay loam soils and by 6.6 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on sorption K(d) values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides would be over-predicted if freshly treated soil K(d) values were used to predict transport.     

Comparing surface erosion processes in four soils from the Loess Plateau under extreme rainfall events

This research aims to improve erosion control practice in the Loess Plateau, by studying the surface erosion processes, including splash, sheet/interrill and rill erosion in four contrasting soils under high rainfall intensity (120 mm h⁻¹) with three-scale indoor artificial experiments. Four contrasting soils as sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and loamy clay were collected from different parts of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that sediment load was significantly impacted by soil properties in all three sub-processes. Splash rate (4.0–21.6 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in sandy loam from the north part of the Loess Plateau and showed a negative power relation with the mean weight diameter of aggregates after 20 min of rainfall duration. The average sediment load by sheet/interrill erosion (6.94–42.86 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in clay loam from middle part of the Loess Plateau, and the stable sediment load after 20 min showed a positive power relation with the silt content in soil. The average sediment load increased dramatically by rill and interrill erosion (21.03–432.16 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹), which was highest in loamy clay from south part of the Loess Plateau. The average sediment load after the occurrence of rill showed a positive power relation with clay content and a negative power relation with soil organic matter content. The impacts of slope gradient on the runoff rate and sediment load also changed with soil properties. The critical factors varied for different processes, which were the aggregate size for splash erosion, the content of silt particles and slope gradient for sheet/interrill erosion, and the content of clay particles, soil organic matter and slope gradient for rill erosion. Based on the results of the experiments, specific erosion control practices were proposed by targeting certain erosion processes in areas with different soil texture and different distribution of slope gradient. The findings from this study should support the improvement of erosion prediction and cropland management in different regions of the Loess Plateau.     

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of slope borders in reducing splash erosion during sediment transport by rain-induced overland flow

Splash erosion plays a vital role in the loss of eroded materials. Unlike those in slope central areas, laterally ejected splashed materials in slope border areas cannot be replenished easily because slope edges prevent splash erosion particles from entering the slope. Thus, splashed materials in slope border areas are less than those in slope central areas because of the lack of source areas for splash-eroded materials. However, this phenomenon, called the slope border effect, has received minimal attention by researchers. The partially missing splash erosion induced by the slope border effect on sediment transport was investigated to understand the slope erosion mechanism further in this paper. A modified soil pan divided into four areas, namely, central erosion test area (length = 100 cm, width = 35 cm, depth = 45 cm), border erosion test area (length = 100 cm, width = 35 cm, depth = 45 cm), splash compensate border area (length = 110 cm, width = 30 cm, depth = 45 cm) and splash collection area (length = 100 cm, width = 2.5 cm, depth = 45 cm) was used to monitor diffusion and splash erosion under simulated rainfall. Results showed that the splash detachment rate increased with the increase in slope but initially decreased and then increased with the increase in rainfall intensity. The runoff rate and diffuse erosion rates for complete splash erosion (SE) treatments were higher than those without partial splash erosion (SE_L). Under low rainfall erosive power and runoff transport capacity (e.g., 5° slope and 60 mm h⁻¹), the transported clay in SE treatments was approximately 2% more than that in SE_L treatments. This amount changed to more than 2% sand under high rainfall and runoff erosive power. However, the mass fraction accounted for by silt particles in the sediments of the SE_L treatments was more than that in the SE treatments. Thus, the partially missing splash erosion can weaken the selective transport ability of runoff for sediments. The effect of missing partial splash erosion on diffuse erosion was enhanced with an increase in erosive power. The results of our paper will provide insights into the effect of the boundary effect zone of slope on soil erosion and its related mechanisms.     

A study of some tillage practices for sustainable crop production in India

Soil tilth has been defined in terms of a ‘Physical Index’ based on the product of the ratings of eight physical properties — soil depth, bulk density, available water storage capacity, cumulative infiltration or apparent hydraulic conductivity, aggregation or organic matter, non-capillary pore space, water table depth and slope. The Physical Index and a tillage guide were used to identify the tillage requirements of different soils varying in texture from loamy sand to clay in the semi-arid tropics. The physical index was 0.389 for a loamy sand, 0.518 for a black clay loam and 0.540 for a red sandy loam soil and the cumulative rating indices in summer and winter seasons were 45 and 44 for loamy sand, 52 and 51 for red sandy loam and 54 and 52 for black clay loam soils, respectively. The compaction of the loamy sand by eight passes of a 490 kg tractor-driven roller (0.75 m diameter and 1.00 m length) increased the physical index to 0.658 and chiselling of the red sandy loam and black clay loam increased the physical indices to 0.686 and 0.729, respectively. The grain yields of rainfed pearl millet and guar and irrigated pearl millet, wheat and barley increased significantly over the control (no compaction) yields by compaction.

The chiselling of the soils varying in texture from loamy sand to clay at 50 to 120-cm intervals up to 30–40 cm depth, depending upon the row spacing of seedlines and depth of the high mechanical impedance layer, increased the grain yields of rainfed and irrigated maize on alluvial loamy sand, rainfed maize on alluvial sandy loam and red sandy loam, rainfed sorghum on red sandy loam and black clay loam, irrigated sorghum on black clay loam and rainfed black gram on red sandy loam, pod yield of rainfed groundnut, tuber yield of irrigated tapioca and fresh fruit yield of rainfed tomato on red sandy loam and sugarcane yield on black clay soil, significantly over the yields of no-chiselling systems of tillage such as disc harrow and country plough.     

土石混合介质导气率变化特征试验

土壤中碎石的存在改变了土壤结构和孔隙分布,进而影响土壤通气性能。该文通过对碎石单粒径土石混合介质导气率变化特征研究,旨在探讨单粒径土石混合介质导气内在机理,为进一步研究复杂的野外土石混合介质的导气特性提供基础。为了研究土石混合介质中碎石对导气率的影响,该文通过试验研究,分析土壤颗粒小于2mm的样本(砂土、砂壤土、黏壤土)、碎石质量分数(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)和碎石粒径(2～3、>3～5mm)对土石混合介质导气率的影响。结果表明:在土壤颗粒小于2mm的样本条件下,土壤导气率呈砂土>砂壤土>黏壤土;在相同碎石质量分数的土石混合介质中导气率呈砂壤土>砂土>黏壤土;碎石的存在改善黏壤土的导气性能,使黏壤土碎石混合介质的导气率大于黏壤土的导气率;降低了砂壤土和砂土的导气性能,且砂土的降低幅度远大于砂壤土;在砂壤土中碎石粒径2～3mm的导气率大于>3～5mm的导气率;在砂土中碎石质量分数30%之内,碎石粒径>3～5mm的导气率稍大于2～3mm的导气率,在40%则相反,但两种粒径下混合介质导气率差异不是很明显。     

坡度对降雨溅蚀影响的研究

利用可以分别收集不同方向溅蚀土样的土槽装置,选取9个坡度(5°~45°),采用北京的普通褐土,借助人工模拟降雨手段研究了降雨溅蚀的发生过程及溅蚀量与坡度的关系。结果表明,随着坡度的不同,各方向的溅蚀过程呈现三种形式:(1)产流前溅蚀率较小,产流后迅速达到峰值,之后逐渐减小并逐渐达到稳定,峰值与稳定溅蚀率相差2倍以上;(2)产流前溅蚀率最大,产流后迅速减小并趋于稳定;(3)整个降雨过程中没有明显起伏。各个坡度下,次降雨溅蚀量均为上坡最小,下坡最大。上坡和侧坡溅蚀量与坡度成负相关,可分别用直线和指数函数拟合。下坡溅蚀量、溅蚀总分散量和溅蚀净搬运量均随着坡度的增大而先增大后减小,且为线性关系,临界坡度为35°。本研究将有助于深入理解降雨溅蚀侵蚀机理,并可为布设水土保持措施提供理论依据。     

应用Markov链理论定量描述区域冲积土壤质地层次的垂向变化特征

冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变化是一个十分复杂的问题,长期以来都是定性描述而无法定量化,但土壤剖面的质地层次组合特点对土壤水分转化和溶质运移等具有重要影响,对其定量地描述和研究是进一步准确定量区域农田水转化和溶质运移的基础。马尔可夫链理论是用来描述随时间（空间）变化的一个离散状态序列的状态转移特性的,本文就其引入来研究冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变化规律。研究结果表明,区域冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变     

Effect of organic matter on the distribution, extractability and uptake of cadmium in soils

Distribution and plant uptake of soil Cd as influenced by organic matter and soil type were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Three soils (a sand, sandy loam and clay loam) were used. The rates of organic matter in its moist state added were 0,20,40, 80, 160 and 320 g kg^-1 of the air-dried soil on mass basis. Ryegrass (Lolium multörum L.) was used as a test crop. Soil Cd was analysed by a sequential extraction technique and by extraction with 1 M NH₄NO₃ and 0.005 M DTPA. The exchangeable fraction of Cd as determined by 1 M MgCl₂ in the sequential extraction procedure increased, whereas the Fe-Mn oxidebound fraction decreased, with increasing levels of organic matter addition in all three soils. The dry matter yields of ryegrass were not affected by the addition of organic matter, but the Cd concentrations in both cuts of ryegrass decreased with increasing amounts of organic matter added. The plant Cd was highly but negatively correlated to soil CEC. At any level of organic matter addition, the decrease in Cd concentration of ryegrass was in the order: sand > sandy loam > clay loam.     

Straw incorporation and soil organic matter in macro-aggregates and particle size separates

Two field experiments in which straw has been removed or incorporated for 17 yr (loamy sand) and 10 yr (sandy clay loam) were sampled to examine the effect of straw on the C and N contents in whole soil samples, macro-aggregate fractions and primary particle-size separates. The particle size composition of the aggregate fractions was determined. Aggregates were isolated by dry sieving. Straw incorporation increased the number of 1–20 mm aggregates in the loamy sand but no effect was noted in the sandy clay loam. Straw had no effect on the particle size composition of the various aggregate fractions. After correction for loose sand that accumulated in the aggregate fractions during dry sieving, macro-aggregates appeared to be enriched in clay and silt compared with whole soil samples. Because of the possible detachment of sand particles from the exterior surface of aggregates during sieving operations, it was inferred that the particle size composition of macro-aggregates is similar to that of the bulk soil. The organic matter contents of the aggregate fractions were closely correlated with their clay + silt contents. Differences in the organic matter content of clay isolated from whole soil samples and aggregate fractions were generally small. This was also true for the silt-size separates. In both soils, straw incorporation increased the organic matter content of nearly all clay and silt separates; for silt this was generally twice that observed for clay. The amounts of soil C, derived from straw, left in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam at the time of sampling were 4.4 and 4.5 t ha^?1, corresponding to 12 and 21% of the straw C added. The C/N ratios of the straw-derived soil organic matter were 11 and 12 for the loamy sand and sandy clay loam, respectively.     

黄淮海平原三种土壤中优势流现象的试验研究

在黄淮海平原选择三种不同质地类型的土壤（砂壤土、淤土、风沙土）,各设１．５ｍ×１．５ｍ两个小区,其中一个小区在试验开始前两癸灌水约５６ｋｇ,以获得不同的初始含水量。将１００ｍｍ含有染色剂亮蓝的水灌入小区,一天之后,开挖１ｍ×１ｍ的剖面拍照,进行图像分析处理,计算剖面中染色百分比随深度的变异,研究所形成的优势流的状况与土壤类型、土壤初始含水量的关系。结果表明：不同土壤发生优势流的程度不同,结构发育好     

种植大豆地表土壤溅蚀效应及其空间分布特征

为系统研究种植大豆条件下农地溅蚀速率变化特征并建立简单易用的模型,评价大豆种植对土壤溅蚀的影响,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,测定了不同降雨强度(40 mm h-1和80 mm h-1)、不同大豆生长阶段(始花期、盛花期、结荚期和始粒期)下的穿透雨强度和溅蚀速率,分析了大豆冠下溅蚀速率与叶面积指数和穿透雨强度的关系,探讨了冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布特征.结果表明:与裸地相比,在大豆全生育期,大豆冠下平均溅蚀速率在设计雨强40 mm h-1和80 mm h-1下,分别减少了62.85％和60.74％.冠下平均溅蚀速率随叶面积指数增加呈显著的增加趋势,且随降雨强度的增大而显著增加.冠下各点溅蚀速率受相应各点的穿透雨强度影响在80 mm h-1设计雨强下较为显著,随穿透雨强度的增加而增加.大豆冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布与穿透雨的分布具有一定的对应性,即冠下穿透雨较为集中的区域会在一定程度上增加溅蚀的发生,并导致冠下溅蚀速率分布不均,大豆冠下穿透雨是冠下溅蚀产生和分布的主要能量来源.该研究提出的大豆冠下溅蚀速率模型可为坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治和农田灌溉有效利用提供理论支持.     

雨滴机械打击和消散作用对土壤团聚体的破坏特征

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是描述土壤抵抗侵蚀过程中破坏作用的重要指标。但溅蚀过程中,雨滴对团聚体的消散和机械打击两种破坏作用的相对贡献及其破坏机制尚未明晰。利用酒精和超纯水作为雨滴形成材料,模拟机械打击单独作用及消散和机械打击共同作用,分别在五个高度(0.5、1、1.5、2和2.5 m)对塿土和黄绵土进行溅蚀实验。结果表明:当降雨动能相同时,塿土的溅蚀率均小于黄绵土。同时,超纯水雨滴对土壤的机械打击和消散共同作用所导致的溅蚀率均大于酒精雨滴单一机械打击作用的溅蚀率。随着降雨动能增加,两种雨滴对两种土壤的溅蚀率均呈幂函数增加;团聚体因消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的溅蚀率均亦随之增加。但两种土壤的消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的贡献率分别随着降雨动能增加而减小和增加。在相同降雨动能时,塿土消散破坏作用的贡献率均大于黄绵土,而机械打击作用贡献率均小于黄绵土。研究结果对深入理解溅蚀过程中团聚体破坏机理及评价溅蚀过程中团聚体稳定性具有重要意义。     

Effects of intra-storm variations in rainfall intensity on interrill runoff and erosion

Five simulated rainstorms, each with a different rainfall intensity pattern but all delivering the same total kinetic energy to the soil surface, were applied to three different soils in a laboratory flume. The storm patterns were: constant rainfall intensity, increasing intensity, decreasing intensity, increasing then decreasing intensity and decreasing then increasing intensity. The three soils were: a clay loam, a sandy loam and a sandy soil. No differences in total runoff were observed that were consistent across the three soil types. However, consistent differences were observed in the amount and size distribution of the eroded sediment. In particular, the constant-intensity storm yielded an average soil loss of 75% of the varying-intensity storms, and the eroded sediment from the constant-intensity storms had a lower clay content than that from the varying-intensity storms. In contrast to the differences in amount and size distribution of eroded sediment, splashed sediment exhibited much smaller differences. Interrill erosion rates are widely assumed to vary with rainfall intensity to the power 2, but this relationship has been obtained from experiments over a range of rainfall intensities, but in which rainfall intensity has been constant in each experiment. The experiments reported here, undertaken using variable rainfall intensity within each experiment, indicates an exponent of 2.55. The experiments demonstrate that the assumption that a given rainfall intensity falling on a given soil for a given amount of time will result in a given amount of runoff and erosion is unsound. They point to the need for a greater understanding of the processes of interrill sediment detachment and transport in order to model successfully erosion under temporally varying rainfall.     

玉米冠下溅蚀效应及其空间分布特征

为系统测定玉米不同生长阶段冠下的溅蚀速率及其空间分布特征,采用室内人工降雨的方法,系统测定了不同降雨强度、不同生长阶段玉米冠下的穿透雨强度和溅蚀速率,分析了玉米冠下溅蚀速率与叶面积指数和穿透雨强度的关系,探讨了冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布特征。结果表明:玉米在其不同生长阶段冠下平均溅蚀速率较裸地减少了约43%～77%;冠下溅蚀速率随叶面积指数变化规律不显著,但是随降雨强度的增大而显著增加。冠下各点溅蚀速率随相应各点的穿透雨强度的增加而增加。玉米冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布与穿透雨的分布具有较好的对应关系,冠下穿透雨强度较大的区域会导致较高的溅蚀量。该研究揭示的玉米冠下溅蚀速率特征可为坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供理论指导。     

Adsorption of atrazine and metolachlor in three soils from Blue Creek wetlands, Waterville, Ohio

Atrazine and metolachlor are extensively used pesticides in agricultural activities in northwest Ohio. Adsorption coefficients are often used to model pesticide fate and transport. Many physical-chemical parameters, such as organic matter, clay content, pH, and ionic strength, affect pesticide adsorption. Adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms were studied by batch experiment. Effects of humic acid, solution pH, and ionic strength on atrazine and metolachlor adsorption were also approached. After 24 h, both atrazine and metolachlor reached adsorption equilibrium in three local soils. Adsorption isotherms were described by Freundlich equations. The Freundlich coefficient (Kf) ranged from 0.14 to 4.47 (L kg^–1) for atrazine, and 0.04 to 5.30 (L kg^–1) for metolachlor. Adsorption capacity decreased in the order Sloan loam > Del Rey loam > Ottokee fine sand. Koc values varied considerably for both pesticides: metolachlor > in Sloan loam, atrazine metolachlor in Del Rey loam, and atrazine > metolachlor in Ottokee fine sand. In addition to organic matter content, clay played a key role in adsorption in the Del Rey loam and Ottokee fine sand. Higher adsorption was observed at pH 5 for both pesticides. As pH decreased to 3 and increased to 11, adsorption decreased. Adsorption increased as ionic strength increased.     

Organic carbon mineralization responses to temperature increases in subtropical paddy soils

Purpose

Understanding organic carbon mineralization and its temperature response in subtropical paddy soils is important for the regional carbon balance. There is a growing interest in factors controlling soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization because of the potential for climate change. This study aims to test the hypothesis that soil clay content impedes SOC mineralization in subtropical paddy soils.

Materials and methods

A 160-day laboratory incubation at temperatures from 10 to 30 °C and 90% water content was conducted to examine the dynamics of SOC mineralization and its temperature response in three subtropical paddy soils with different clay contents (sandy loam, clay loam, and silty clay soils). A three-pool SOC model (active, slow, and resistant) was used to fit SOC mineralization.

Results and discussion

Total CO₂ evolved during incubation following the order of clay loam > silty clay > sandy loam. The temperature response coefficients (Q ₁₀) were 1.92?±?0.39, 2.36?±?0.22, and 2.10?±?0.70, respectively, for the sandy loam soil, clay loam soil, and silty clay soil. But the soil clay content followed the order of silty clay > clay loam > sandy loam. The sandy loam soil neither released larger amounts of CO₂ nor showed higher temperature sensitivity, as expected, even though it contains lower soil clay content among the three soils. It seems that soil clay content did not have a dominant effect which results in the difference in SOC mineralization and its temperature response in the selected three paddy soils. However, dissolved organic carbon (DOC; representing substrate availability) had a great effect. The size of the active C pool ranged from 0.11 to 3.55% of initial SOC, and it increased with increasing temperature. The silty clay soil had the smallest active C pool (1.40%) and the largest Q ₁₀ value (6.33) in the active C pool as compared with the other two soils. The mineralizable SOC protected in the silty clay soil, therefore, had even greater temperature sensitivity than the other two soils that had less SOC stabilization.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that SOC mineralization and its temperature response in subtropical paddy soils were probably not dominantly controlled by soil clay content, but the substrate availability (represented as DOC) and the specific stabilization mechanisms of SOC may have great effects.     

Effect of soil aggregate size on infiltration and erosion characteristics

Detachment of soil particles by the processes of splash from rainfall and shallow flow from surface runoff is influenced by soil cohesion, soil aggregate properties, and characteristics of this flow. We have evaluated relationships between rates of detachment, aggregate size, and tensile strength of the soil. Soil and water losses were determined in the laboratory from sieved air‐dry samples on three aggregate size ranges of two clay loam soils differing in particle‐size distribution and organic matter. Tensile strength was measured for each aggregate size range. The results showed that as clod size increased, detachment rates increased and interaggregate tensile strength decreased. Wash erosion increased as initial clod size increased despite a decrease in runoff. Final rates of loss by splash were greater from the largest clods than from the smaller clods. Finally, splashed material was larger in size than material washed off. The fact that the size of the splashed material was larger than washed‐off material shows that material in the wash suffered more impact by raindrops and thus was more likely to be fragmented.     

不同土质工程堆积体径流产沙差异

依据野外调查结果概化堆积体下垫面,采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究不同雨强(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm/min)条件下4种砾石质量分数(0、10%、20%、30%)的壤土、黏土及砂土工程堆积体径流产沙特征差异。结果表明:1)砂土堆积体坡面产流开始所需时间较壤土及黏土堆积体长。3种土壤质地工程堆积体含砾石的平均流速较纯土体(砾石质量分数为0)小,大小表现为黏土壤土砂土。砂土堆积体平均径流率较壤土和黏土分别减少20.7%和18.8%;2)砂土堆积体平均侵蚀速率分别是壤土和黏土的3.0和2.3倍。3种土壤质地工程堆积体的平均侵蚀速率随雨强增大递增,但随砾石质量分数递增呈显著线性递减(P0.05);3)砂土堆积体平均侵蚀量分别是壤土和黏土的4.5和3.4倍。3种土壤质地工程堆积体的侵蚀量与径流量和雨强均显著相关。研究成果可为建立生产建设项目工程堆积体水土流失量测算模型提供数据基础和理论依据。