宽幅机械直播对黏土地稻茬小麦出苗质量与产量的影响

苏北黏土地区光温资源不足,为抢稻茬小麦积温、提高播种出苗质量、控本增效,开展了宽幅机械直播对小麦生长发育与产量的影响试验.结果表明:宽幅机械直播处理的浅播(2 cm以内播种深度)比例、出苗率、3叶期单株分蘖和基本苗均远高于常规复式播和履带播,宽幅机械直播处理的稻茬小麦产量(8731.5 kg/hm2)分别较常规复式播和履带播高216.0、892.5 kg/hm2,因此宽幅机械直播更利于提高稻茬小麦播种和出苗质量,并能通过降低播种量获得适宜基本苗,改善群体结构,从而改善产量结构,提高稻茬小麦产量.相对于常规复式播和履带播,宽幅机械直播播幅分别高2.2倍、3.6倍,作业成本分别降低195、270元/hm2.因此,采用宽幅机械直播能提高作业效率,达到稻茬麦抢时早播的目的,并能进一步降低机械作业费,实现控本、增产、提质、增效的目标.     

寒地秸秆还田配套深松对土壤肥力及花生生长和产量的影响

为明确寒地玉米秸秆还田和深松对土壤肥力、花生生长及产量的影响,以农花5号为试材,设置旋耕(T1)、旋耕+深松(T2)、旋耕+秸秆还田(T3)、旋耕+深松+秸秆还田(T4)4个处理,进行长期定位试验,测定土壤水分、容重、孔隙度、土壤养分、根系形态和产量。结果表明,深松和秸秆还田处理下,0～40 cm土层土壤孔隙度显著增加,土壤容重显著降低,0～20 cm土层土壤含水量显著增加;与T1处理相比,T3和T4处理可显著增加土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾的含量,尤以全氮和碱解氮含量增加幅度最大,而T2处理的养分变化不显著;T2和T4处理下花生总根长、根表面积和根体积均高于其他处理,且T4处理下的根系干质量和根系活力始终保持在较高水平;T3和T4处理下的单株饱果数、百果质量、百仁质量和荚果产量均显著增加,且T4处理产量增加幅度较大,而T2处理下各产量指标变化不显著。由此可见,在秸秆还田配套深松措施中,秸秆还田可以增加以氮素为主的土壤养分含量,深松可以改善土壤结构、促进根系生长、维持根系活力,从而实现花生增产,而仅冬前25 cm深松措施并不能显著促进花生产量的增加。     

耕作方式对冬小麦内源激素含量及产量的影响

为探讨耕作方式对冬小麦不同生育时期内源激素含量及产量的影响,在大田条件下,设3种耕作方式(耕翻+镇压,旋耕+镇压和旋耕),在小麦各生育时期定期取样,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分离、测定小麦5种植物内源激素的含量,并测定各处理小麦的产量及其构成因素。结果表明,在小麦越冬至抽穗期,耕翻+镇压处理下小麦叶片及根的IAA、SA、GA3、ZT含量较高;在抽穗灌浆期,耕翻+镇压处理下小麦叶片及根的IAA、GA3、ZT含量最高,进入灌浆期,耕翻+镇压处理下小麦叶片及根的IAA、SA、GA3、ZT含量下降缓慢,且ABA含量较低。耕翻+镇压处理下的小麦产量较旋耕+镇压及旋耕处理分别提高了3.74%和9.41%,且与旋耕处理的差异达到极显著水平。因此,3种耕作方式处理下,耕翻+镇压有利于提高小麦促生长类激素含量,降低小麦促衰老类激素含量,增加小麦有效穗数,促进籽粒灌浆,提高小麦千粒重,有利于实现小麦的高产优质。     

沼液与氮肥配施对小麦产量及品质的影响

为给小麦高产优质生产中沼液利用提供依据,在大田条件下,研究了沼液与氮肥配施对小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,在全生育期总施氮量240 kg·hm-2条件下,在基施化肥氮基础上追施沼液,尤其基施75％化肥氮和追施25％沼液氮配合处理(3/4U+1/4B)显著提高了淀粉糊化特性参数(峰值黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值和反弹值)、粉质参数(形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数)和拉伸参数(拉伸面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比).籽粒蛋白组分(总蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白)含量以基施50％化肥氮和追施50％沼液氮配合处理(1/2U+1/2B)最高,3/4U+1/4B处理次之.籽粒蛋白组分、粉质与拉伸参数均以单施沼液处理(1/2B+1/2B)最低,单施化肥氮的处理(1/2U+1/2U)次之,而淀粉糊化特性参数以1/2U+1/2U处理最差,施用沼液的处理较1/2U+1/2U处理提高2.0％～6.5％.与1/2U十1/2U处理相比,基施沼液与追施化肥氮配合处理产量提高,而基施化肥氮与追施沼液氮处理的产量降低.可见在基施沼液的基础上追施化肥氮可提高小麦产量,其中1/2B+1/2U处理能够高产和优质兼顾,单施沼液效果低下.     

土壤干旱对小麦生理性状和产量的影响

为探讨土壤干旱对小麦产量的影响及其生理基础,以高产小麦品种扬麦16和宁麦13为材料进行盆栽,自分蘖末期至成熟设置正常供水(WW)、土壤轻度干旱(MD)和土壤重度干旱(SD)3种处理,研究其对小麦根系和地上部分生理性状的影响。结果表明,与WW相比,MD处理显著提高了各生育期的根系氧化力、根系及籽粒中玉米素+玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)的含量、花后干物质积累量及茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的运转量;根冠比、叶片光合速率及叶片中Z+ZR的含量在WW和MD处理间无显著差异;SD处理则降低了产量和植株生理活性。MD处理显著提高了穗粒数、粒重和产量,SD处理的结果则相反;穗数随土壤干旱程度的加重而降低。两个品种的结果趋势相同。相关分析表明,根系氧化力、根系和籽粒中Z+ZR含量、花后干物质积累量及NSC运转量与籽粒灌浆速率、千粒重和产量呈极显著正相关。表明土壤轻度干旱可提高小麦根系生理活性并促进光合同化物向籽粒的转运,进而增加产量。     

旱区土壤无机氮素与春玉米根系时空分布对控释尿素输入的响应

以先玉698为供试材料,在等氮量(225 kg/hm²)条件下,以不施氮为对照(CK),设置UR (100%普通尿素,2/3基施,1/3小喇叭口期追施)、CRU1(1/3控释尿素+1/3普通尿素基施,1/3普通尿素小喇叭口期追施),CRU2(2/3控释尿素+1/3普通尿素一次基施)、CRU3(100%控释尿素基施)4种施氮模式,探究控释尿素输入对土壤氮素、玉米根系特性、氮素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明,相对于UR处理,CRU处理显著提升了春玉米生育中后期土壤硝态氮和铵态氮的含量,其中CRU2效果最明显。UR和CRU处理在不同时期对根系参数的影响不同,前期UR处理有利于根系的生长,花后CRU处理对0～80 cm土层根系长度及0～20 cm根重密度影响更大。通径分析进一步表明,玉米根长及根重密度的变化是增产的重要原因之一。CRU处理显著提升了玉米整个生育期内植株氮素含量及最终子粒产量。花后15 d,CRU处理较UR提高了子粒氮素含量,CRU处理间以CRU2最佳。CRU2处理子粒产量为14.65 t/hm²,分别较CK、UR、CRU1、CRU3提高32.70%、5.78%、1.52%、5.17%。在宁南山区CRU2处理能实现春玉米高产高效。     

外源抗坏血酸对镉毒害小麦幼苗的缓解作用

为了解抗坏血酸(AsA)对Cd2+毒害小麦幼苗生长的缓解作用,以小麦品种周麦27为材料,采用室内水培法分析了在Cd2+胁迫下小麦幼苗经不同浓度AsA处理后的生长及生理变化。结果表明,外源AsA能显著提高Cd2+胁迫下小麦幼苗的株高、根长、地上部干重、根系干重、根系活力、光合色素含量、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,显著降低丙二醛含量和相对电导率以及叶片胞间CO2浓度。说明Cd2+胁迫下外源AsA可以通过提高小麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性来清除活性氧自由基,减少其对光合色素蛋白大分子的攻击作用,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,维持光合作用和细胞膜的稳定性,从而缓解了Cd2+对幼苗生长的毒害作用,其中以35mg·L-1 AsA的缓解效果最好。     

自然降水条件下耕作方式对小麦生长、产量及土壤水分的影响

为探寻小麦高产节水耕作技术,在2011-2013小麦生长季,通过定位试验,以安徽大面积主推小麦品种济麦22为材料,比较分析了在自然降水条件下秸秆还田+深耕+播后镇压、深松+播后镇压、旋耕+播后镇压、旋耕和复式播种作业5种耕作方式下淮北地区小麦生长发育、产量及土壤水分的差异。结果表明,各耕作处理下小麦田间出苗率均在70%以上,基本可以满足小麦生产对田间出苗的要求。在5个处理中,旋耕+播后镇压处理出苗率最高,达83%;复式播种作业处理的单株次生根数最高,2年在生育后期分别达到24.2和28.9条;旋耕+播后镇压处理2年平均及各年度的籽粒产量均最高,分别为8 206.8、8 175.5和8 238.0kg·hm-2,复式播种作业次之,秸秆还田+深耕+播后镇压最低,处理间差异显著。深松和旋耕处理在小麦生育后期0~20cm土层土壤水分含量较低,而40~60cm土层土壤水分含量较高。本试验条件下,旋耕+播后镇压是小麦兼顾高产节水的最优耕作播种方式。     

镉胁迫对小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化作用及镉吸收转运的影响

为了明确镉(Cd)胁迫对小麦幼苗生理生化指标的影响,选用川35050和山农483两个小麦品种,在水培条件下设置0、30、50 μmol/L 3个处理浓度,研究Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗膜脂过氧化作用、糖氮含量和Cd吸收转运的变化.结果表明,Cd胁迫下,两个小麦品种幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量随着Cd浓度增大而上升,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则随着Cd浓度增大而下降.植株地上部和地下部全氮含量和可溶性总糖含量均随Cd浓度增大而下降,游离氨基酸含量则呈相反趋势,糖氨比降低.小麦植株幼苗地上部、地下部Cd含量和积累量在Cd处理间差异显著,地上部/地下部Cd含量比随着Cd浓度的增大而呈下降趋势.Cd胁迫下叶片膜脂过氧化作用加剧、地上部和根系营养平衡失调,是Cd对小麦幼苗产生毒害的重要原因.     

水氮互作对济麦20籽粒蛋白质品质及氮素和水分利用效率的影响

为给强筋小麦高产优质栽培的水氮合理运筹提供理论依据,以强筋小麦济麦20为试验材料,在大田条件下设置了3个施氮水平：0 kg·hm-2（N0）、180 kg·hm-2（N1）、240 kg·hm-2（N2）;每个施氮水平下设置4个灌水处理：不灌水（W0）、底水+拔节水+开花水（W1）、底水+冬水+拔节水+开花水(W2)、底水+冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W3),每次灌水量60 mm,研究了水氮互作对强筋小麦济麦20籽粒蛋白质品质及其相关酶活性、产量及氮素和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,旗叶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、内肽酶、羧肽酶和氨肽酶活性均为N2处理最高,N0处理最低。各施氮水平下硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均以W0处理最低,W3处理与W1和W2处理相比,灌浆后期硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性提高,但各蛋白质水解酶活性降低。不施氮条件下,W3处理促进了籽粒蛋白质积累;施氮条件下,W1、W2和W3处理的籽粒蛋白质含量无显著差异。每公顷施纯氮180 kg条件下,W1处理的沉淀值高于其他灌水处理,湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间、籽粒产量、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学效率与W2处理无显著差异,高于W0和W3处理,水分利用效率高于W2和W3处理。综合考虑籽粒品质、产量、氮素和水分利用效率,施氮量为180 kg·hm-2、全生育期灌底水+拔节水+开花水的N1W1处理为高产优质高效的最佳组合。     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Evaluation of the enzyme-amplified ELISA for the detection of potato viruses A,M, S,X, Y,and leafroll

Various parameters,e.g. types of microtiter plate for DAS-ELISA (double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), use of fresh or frozen amplifier solutions for enzyme-amplified-ELISA, and use of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaDIECA) in sample buffer in cocktail-ELISA were evaluated for the detection of potato viruses A, M, S, X, Y and leafroll from potato foliage. Dynatech Immulon immunoplates provided higher readings for all viruses. Fresh amplifier solution in amplifed-ELISA was superior to frozen solutions. Amplified ELISA gave only marginal improvement in the sensitivity over the standard DAS-ELISA. Addition of NaDIECA in sample buffer did not improve the detection of viruses in DAS-, amplified-, or cocktail-ELISA. Cocktail-ELISA can reduce antigen incubation time to as short as 15 min for PVA, PVM and PVX; 1 hr for PVY and PLRV; and 2–4 hr for PVS using pre-coated plates. Although amplified-ELISA is slightly more sensitive than DAS-ELISA for certain potato viruses, it is not suitable for large-scale indexing of potato viruses in Seed Certification Laboratories, in view of the additional steps needed in carrying out this procedure.     

Study of antimicrobial activity of aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin on cotton, wool, and rabbit hair

Aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin were applied in alone and in combination with each others on cotton, wool and rabbit hair by exhaustion method for the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of these natural ingredients was better in peroxide treated cotton, formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrates than their corresponding intact ones. Aloevera shown better antimicrobial activity than chitosan and curcumin when applied alone and its antimicrobial activity was enhanced by addition of both chitosan and curcumin. The application of aloevera+chitosan+curcumin combination on peroxide treated cotton and formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrate was fast up to twenty five washing cycles.     

Milling,functional and thermo-mechanical properties of wheat,rye, triticale,barley and oat

The milling potential of hulled barley, hulled oat, triticale, rye and wheat was studied using a long tempering process and a laboratory four-roller mill. Regardless of the investigated cereal, the results indicated a significant influence (p < 0.05) of volume per surface area ratio on the milling yield and ash contents of the flour. The lowest milling yield was obtained in case of hulled oat. Solvent retention capacity profiles were determined for all investigated whole cereals and flours for predicting the contribution of different polymers to the functionality of samples. For all solvents higher values were obtained for the whole cereals compared to the corresponding flour. Thermo-mechanical properties of the whole cereals and refined flours were also investigated. If in case of wheat the gluten proteins play an essential role on dough behaviour during kneading at 30 °C, in case of triticale, rye, hulled barley and hulled oat, the fibers play a major role as well. Thermo-mechanical properties of starch registered a large variation between cereals and/or flours. The lowest torque value corresponding to starch gelatinization (C3) was registered in case of the hulled oat flour, 1.92 Nm, while the highest value in case of rye flour, 2.65 Nm.     

Response of permanent and reseeded grassland to fertilizer nitrogen. 2. Effects on concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, S, P, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Mo in herbage at a range of sites

The concentration of mineral elements in herbage from permanent swards of mixed species composition (predominantly Agrostis spp., Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Lolium perenne, Poa spp., etc.) was compared with that from sown perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) at two fertilizer rates (0 and 300kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, both with P and K) and with L. perennel Trifolium repens (at 0 N with P and K). The investigation was conducted over four years at sixteen contrasting sites in England and Wales. Herbage samples for mineral analysis were taken at first and fourth harvests (May and August) each year from plots under 4-weekly cutting. There was a wide degree of variation between sites, particularly for concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na and all trace elements analysed. Herbage from L. perenne reseeds had significantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Co and S, but K, Mo, Zn, Cu and P were generally lower than in the permanent swards. L. perennel T. repens swards had the highest concentration of major cations, but trace element levels were generally intermediate between those for 0 N permanent and L. perenne swards. Fertilizer N reduced concentrations of Ca, Mn, Mo and S, and increased Mg, Na and Zn, with no consistent effects on K, Co and Cu. Herbage at harvest 4, compared with harvest 1, had higher Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Zn and S. Permanent and L. perenne swards responded similarly to fertilizer N and between harvest dates. Results are discussed in relation to previous reports of botanical and fertilizer effects on mineral concentrations, and the mineral requirements of livestock. Changes in mineral concentration resulting from reseeding permanent swards are considered unlikely to increase mineral-related livestock disorders, and in many cases could be beneficial, though problems might arise on sites where some elements, e.g. Cu and Mg, are low.