pH、温度和盐度对单环刺螠消化酶和溶菌酶活力的影响

采用L25(56)正交试验法测定了不同pH(6、7、8、9、10)、温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)和盐度(15、20、25、30、35)对体质量为(71.2±8.5)g的单环刺螠肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力的影响,以及不同盐度对单环刺螠血液溶菌酶活力的影响。试验结果表明,单环刺螠肠消化酶活力的最适环境条件分别为,蛋白酶:pH 8、温度30℃、盐度35;淀粉酶:pH 9、温度25℃、盐度25;纤维素酶:pH6、温度30℃、盐度35;脂肪酶:pH 6、温度25℃、盐度30。盐度15和20两组单环刺螠血液溶菌酶活力均先降后升再降,而盐度30和35两组则先升后降。至处理第4d,各试验组溶菌酶活力依次为:盐度3025352015,盐度15和20两组溶菌酶活力显著低于盐度较高试验组(P0.05)。盐度25~35、pH 6~9为单环刺螠适宜的环境条件,高温(25~30℃)下其消化酶活力较高,而低盐度(15~20)下其消化酶活力和免疫能力明显降低。     

海水养殖动物源弧菌喹诺酮类药物耐药表型与基因型分析

采用琼脂稀释法测定121株海水养殖源弧菌对喹诺酮类药物(恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星和环丙沙星)的敏感性,利用PCR方法检测其质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药基因(qnrVC、qnrS、qnrA和qnrB)、外排泵耐药基因(oqxA、oqxB、acrR、marR和soxR)和整合子(Int1、SXT和ISCR1),同时研究4种外排泵抑制剂(甲基吡咯烷酮,NMP;利血平,RSP;羰基氰氯苯腙,CCCP;苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-β萘酰胺,PAβN)对弧菌恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星和环丙沙星最小抑菌浓度的影响。在121株弧菌中,恩诺沙星耐药菌株31株(25.6%),诺氟沙星耐药株21株(17.4%),环丙沙星耐药株22株(18.2%);4种质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因仅检测到qnrA(2株)和qnrVC(30株),5种喹诺酮类外排泵基因仅在溶藻弧菌352菌株中检测到oqxB;121株弧菌中检测到39株菌携带Int1、42株菌携带SXT、44株菌携带ISCR1;在NMP、RSP、CCCP和PAβN作用下,分别有22株、25株、31株和7株弧菌对恩诺沙星的敏感性下降,分别有6株、5株、9株和4株弧菌对诺氟沙星的敏感性下降,分别有17株、13株、5株和14株弧菌对环丙沙星的敏感性下降。研究结果表明,弧菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药表型与基因型存在较大的不一致性,外排泵抑制剂对弧菌喹诺酮类药物的耐药性具有显著影响,预示弧菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药存在着新的机制。     

陕西省丹江武关河省级自然保护区水生生物生态分布及其多样性

于2008年4月至2009年5月之间,对武关河自然保护区附近流域的水生生物种群进行了调查,分析该区域的自然概况和水生生物的种群、分布及多样性情况。从位置、地质地貌、气候、河流、土壤等方面,发现该处自然条件优越,为生物种群生存提供天然场所。据初步统计,该区域水生生物有浮游植物7门39属,浮游动物共15种,大型甲壳动物和软体动物6种,水生昆虫9种,鱼类35种,两栖动物4种,哺乳动物1种。并总结了全年水质变化情况和水生态系统的内部关系,为今后的进一步调查做一参考。     

水库小流域生态修复对策初步研究

通过对试点水库生态现状调查分析、生态修复规划设计及技术方案的实施，对水库小流域水源涵养林、消落区植被、库尾湿地和水库水体生态修复进行了研究。针对小流域存在的林相结构单一、陡坡种果严重、人工林出现衰退、水土流失、面源污染等生态问题，初步实施了退果还林、人工纯林改造、苗圃建设、消落区植被营造、自然湿地恢复、水体污染控制等生态修复措施。     

甲壳动物幼体消化酶研究进展

通过研究近年来国内外学者关于甲壳动物幼体消化酶方面的研究现状,发现目前已测定出甲壳动物幼体消化酶的种类主要有：蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、羧肽酶A、羧肽酶B、氨肽酶、胶原酶、弹性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、酯酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、几丁质酶、麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、昆布多糖酶等种类,初步归纳了甲壳动物幼体主要消化酶的分子量、最适pH和最适温度;分析了幼体发育过程中消化酶活力变化模式以及与食性的关系,并采用淀粉酶/蛋白酶活力（A/P）比值或淀粉酶/类胰蛋白酶（A/T）比值作为甲壳动物幼体的食性指标;观察了幼体消化器官的发育,阐明幼体消化酶的合成与分泌不仅由遗传控制、中肠腺发育程度等因子决定,而且还与饲料的营养水平有关,提出采用幼体消化酶对饲料组成的适应性研究幼体营养需求的新途径.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：492-501]     

The Apparent Digestibility Coefficients of 13 Selected Animal Feedstuff for Cobia,Rachycentron canadum

The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of crude protein, lipid, phosphorous, and amino acids, as well as energy, of 13 animal feedstuffs were determined for cobia, Rachycentron canadum (initial weight 130.0 g). The feedstuffs tested included five types of fishmeal, two of blood meal, one of poultry meat meal, two of meat‐and‐bone meal, two of feather meal, and one type of shrimp meal. A reference diet was formulated and the test diets contained 70% of the reference diet and 30% of each feedstuff. The ADCs of crude protein, lipid, energy, phosphorous, and amino acids of the test ingredients ranged from 68.97 to 92.5%, 69.3 to 95.7%, 77.5 to 98.3%, 58.2 to 80.1%, and 72.5 to 97.0%, respectively. The ADCs of crude protein of white fishmeal, steam‐dried brown fishmeal, imported flame‐dried fishmeal, spray‐dried blood cells, poultry byproduct meal, meat‐bone meal, and meat meal were significantly higher than those of dried blood meal, fermented feather meal, and hydrolyzed feather meal (P < 0.05). The ADCs of lipid of dried blood meal and hydrolyzed feather meal were significantly lower than those of other feedstuffs (P < 0.05). The ADCs of energy of fermented feather meal and hydrolyzed feather meal were significantly lower than those of other feedstuffs (P < 0.05) and the ADCs of phosphorus of white fishmeal, steam‐dried brown fishmeal, and imported flame‐dried fishmeal were significantly higher than those of the other ingredients (P < 0.05).     

An assessment of the ecological impacts of inter-basin water transfers,and their threats to river basin integrity and conservation

1. Detailed research into the ecological impacts of inter-basin water transfers (IBTs) is virtually nonexistent on a global scale. However, a growing awareness of the serious nature of such impacts—for example, the loss of biogeographical integrity, the loss of endemic biotas, the frequent introduction of alien and often invasive aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals, the genetic intermixing of once separated populations, the implications for water quality, the frequently drastic alteration of hydrological regimes, the implications for marine and estuarine processes, climatic effects, and the spread of disease vectors, amongst many others—demands a most urgent and world-wide appraisal of all current planning and research strategies. 2. This paper first defines the types of extant IBTs, and details some case studies for three widely separated regions of the world, namely: south-eastern Australia, southern Africa, and the central and south-western parts of the United States of America. In doing so, it highlights the chronic paucity of ecological data on their impacts, while simultaneously emphasising their extreme complexities. 3. Finally, we call for an international meeting on such schemes, as a matter of priority and extreme urgency, in order to assess the extent of IBTs, their geographical distribution, and their ecological and sociological impacts and implications.     

Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries,aquaculture, food safety,human health,fish and human welfare,economy and environment

Fisheries and aquaculture production, imports, exports and equitability of distribution determine the supply of aquatic food to people. Aquatic food security is achieved when a food supply is sufficient, safe, sustainable, shockproof and sound: sufficient, to meet needs and preferences of people; safe, to provide nutritional benefit while posing minimal health risks; sustainable, to provide food now and for future generations; shock‐proof, to provide resilience to shocks in production systems and supply chains; and sound, to meet legal and ethical standards for welfare of animals, people and environment. Here, we present an integrated assessment of these elements of the aquatic food system in the United Kingdom, a system linked to dynamic global networks of producers, processors and markets. Our assessment addresses sufficiency of supply from aquaculture, fisheries and trade; safety of supply given biological, chemical and radiation hazards; social, economic and environmental sustainability of production systems and supply chains; system resilience to social, economic and environmental shocks; welfare of fish, people and environment; and the authenticity of food. Conventionally, these aspects of the food system are not assessed collectively, so information supporting our assessment is widely dispersed. Our assessment reveals trade‐offs and challenges in the food system that are easily overlooked in sectoral analyses of fisheries, aquaculture, health, medicine, human and fish welfare, safety and environment. We highlight potential benefits of an integrated, systematic and ongoing process to assess security of the aquatic food system and to predict impacts of social, economic and environmental change on food supply and demand.     

水生动物行为研究及其在水产养殖中的应用简述

行为是动物对外界刺激最直接的反应,是动物最重要的生命特征。动物行为学是生物学的最基础学科之一,广泛应用于水产养殖中,并贯穿驯养、繁殖、育苗、疾病控制、饲料开发、养殖系统设计等。研究人员对行为学在水产养殖中应用的兴趣也日益增加。本研究简要介绍了水生动物行为的特点,以及在水产养殖各环节的应用,如驯养、选育种、病害监测、配合饲料开发、饵料投喂、繁殖、幼体变态、栖息地选择、自相残杀控制、混养技术、养殖系统开发等。     

环境水中农药残留检测的富集净化过程综述

环境水中农药残留量极低，远低于仪器的检出限而无法直接检测，其瓶颈在于如何富集水中的目标物。本文综述了近年来环境水中农药残留检测预处理富集与净化技术的研究进展；重点讨论了液-液萃取法中萃取溶剂的选择、振荡方式、浓缩方式、乳化与盐析现象、pH值、提取液的净化等影响因素；固相萃取法中吸附材料的选择及活化过程、穿透体积、过水流量、水分的去除、固相萃取柱的淋洗、目标化合物的洗脱、 pH与NaCl改进剂、洗脱液的净化等影响因素；简要介绍新型富集方法并探讨了其中存在的不足；展望了环境水中农药残留富集净化技术的发展方向。     

A mortality and associated tissue reactions of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), caused by the microsporidan Loma sp.

Abstract. A systemic infection by the microsporidan Loma sp. became epizootic and resulted in 10% mortality of the population of 337 869 juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), from Crooked Creek, Alaska, at Fort Richardson Hatchery, Anchorage, Alaska in the spring of 1980. The microsporidan, forming xenoparasitic cysts (xenomas) of the cell-hypertrophy tumour type, was found in the gills, arteries, bulbus arteriosus, pseudobranch, choroid gland and kidney. Individual spores were found in cartilage, musculature, liver, arteries, kidney, choroid gland, bulbus arteriosus, ventricle and atrium. Tissue alterations included inflammation, necrosis, and occlusion of arteries; degeneration and necrosis of cartilage and musculature of the tail and head; pericarditis of the bulbus arteriosus; and hyperplasia of heart tissues. Severe infections could impair swimming efficiency, reduce growth rate, and increase mortality after release due to starvation and predation. This represents the first report of microsporidiosis in hatchery-reared chinook salmon caused by Loma sp.     

嘉陵江渠化对主要经济鱼类产卵场的影响

为探究嘉陵江渠化对主要经济鱼类产卵场的影响,2019年3-4月,采用历史资料搜集、访问调查和实地勘察的方法,并结合DNA条形码技术鉴定野外采集的样品。结果显示,原有60个主要经济鱼类产卵场中,41个已经消失,14个存在但已经发生改变,只有5个基本未改变;从产卵场数量、类型和规模来看,均呈减少趋势,仍存在的主要为鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲫（Carassius auratus）产卵场。共鉴定鱼卵1 362粒、鱼苗539尾,隶属2目2科12种。鱼卵仅3种,其中,鲤1039粒,占比76.28%;鲫312粒,占比22.91%;红鳍原鲌（Cultrichthys erythropterus）11粒,占比0.81%。鱼苗11种,包括鲤、鲫、马口鱼（Opsariichthys bidens）、麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）、峨眉鱊（Acheilognathus omeiensis）、大鳍鱊（Acheilognathus macropterus）、兴凯鱊（Acheilognathus chankaensis）、?（Hemiculter leucisculus）、短须颌须鮈（Gnathopogon imberbis）、子陵吻虾虎鱼（Rhinogobius giurinus）、粘皮鲻虾虎鱼（Mugilogobius myxodermus）;其中,兴凯鱊最多,有372尾,占比69.02%;其次为鲫59尾,占比10.95%;鲤57尾,占比10.58%;其他占比仅9.46%。研究表明,产卵场的改变主要集中在水文情势、河床底质和水生植物等方面,梯级水电站开发和采砂作业等导致河道变宽、水位上升、流速降低、卵石漫滩等生境消失、水生植物生物量减少,是原有产卵场消失或改变的主要原因。     

俄罗斯鲟鱼卵与西伯利亚鲟鱼卵的营养成分比较

采用生化方法分析了俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedti)和西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)鱼卵的营养成分,并对两者的营养品质进行了比较。结果表明:这两种鱼卵的水分含量平均值为62.83%～64.88%,粗蛋白平均含量为20.38%～20.77%,粗脂平均含量为10.41%～13.58%。统计分析表明,俄罗斯鲟鱼卵的粗脂肪含量显著低于西伯利亚鲟鱼卵,而粗蛋白、水分和灰分含量略高于西伯利亚鲟鱼卵。俄罗斯鲟鱼卵和西伯利亚鲟鱼卵的氨基酸组成一致,均含有17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为50.66和44.43。两种鲟鱼卵的脂肪酸中,均以C16∶0、C18∶2n6c和DHA为主要脂肪酸,三者总的质量分数达50%左右;而二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的总量俄罗斯鲟鱼卵高于西伯利亚鲟鱼卵,在两种鱼卵中含量分别为19.47%和16.83%。分析结果表明,两种鲟鱼卵均含有丰富的各种营养成分,但从粗蛋白、必需氨基酸(EAA)、DHA和n3PUFA含量来看,俄罗斯鲟鱼卵的营养价值优于西伯利亚鲟鱼卵。     

中国紫菜养殖业的发展现状研究

紫菜养殖是中国水产养殖业中的代表产业之一。从20世纪70年代开始通过引进外资,开发新品种,创新养殖技术,推动出口,加强协会组织建设等一系列举措,经过30多年的发展,紫菜养殖产业逐步趋于成熟,中国已经成为世界有数的紫菜养殖及出口大国。但是,分析研究发现紫菜养殖业快速发展的同时,在高效率生产及稳定供给、原藻质量保证、市场开发、行业协会建设以及政府管理投入方面仍存在着一些亟待解决的问题。因此,针对这些问题制定相应的措施政策对中国紫菜养殖业的可持续发展有着重要意义。     

Equilibrium Moisture Content Isotherms of Codfish (Gadus morhua)

Industrial drying of salted fish is an extremely common practice in the Portuguese industry of codfish processing. The present study aims to obtain sorption isotherms of codfish, which will be useful in designing drying processes and prediction of storage conditions for this product. The equilibrium moisture contents (wet basis) were determined for salted codfish at 15, 18, 20, and 23^ºC at relative humidities ranging from 40 to 70%. Experiments were also carried out for fresh codfish at the temperature of 20^ºC for the same values of relative humidity. The sorption capacity of codfish decreased with an increase in temperature at constant relative humidity. Thirteen models were used to correlate the experimental data analysis of salted codfish: modified BET, Cauri, Chung-Pfost, modified Chung-Pfost, GAB, modified GAB, Halsey, modified Henderson, Kuhn, Oswin, modified Oswin, Smith, and modified Smith. Based on the mean relative percentage deviation, standard error of estimate, randomness of residual, and coefficient of determination, experimental data were well described by all the models. The equilibrium moisture content of salted codfish was best predicted using the modified GAB model, with a coefficient of determination of 0.99.     

人工湿地植物的功能与选择

植物在人工湿地中起着非常重要的作用,它可以拦截大颗粒污染物,吸收降解营养物质;能够稳固湿地床表面基质,降低冰雪在湿地表面的凝结速率;可以改善处理系统景观,为野生生物及微生物的生长提供适宜的环境,具有生态美学和经济价值。选择植物应考虑植物的适应性、净化能力、抗逆性、经济和观赏价值以及物种间的合理搭配。本文阐述了植物在人工湿地中的作用和选择人工湿地植物的一些基本原则,提出了植物在人工湿地实际运用时仍存在的一些问题,对其应用前景做了展望与讨论。     

中国海洋伏季休渔制度研究

自1995年开始,中国正式实施东海、黄海伏季休渔制度,继而扩大至南海,其覆盖面之广和影响力之大是显而易见的。迄今为止,伏季休渔制度已成为中国最有成效的渔业管理措施之一,并为渔业可持续发展起着极其重要的作用。基于中国伏季休渔制度演进及其特征分析,从生物学、生态学、经济学和社会学角度,对伏季休渔制度成效及问题进行分析,并提出了加大渔业资源科学调查投入、合理调整渔业结构、加强宣传教育等一系列完善伏季休渔制度的政策性建议。     

江苏泗阳青虾养殖中期水体的理化环境和浮游植物

2018年7月12日采样分析江苏省泗阳县9处青虾( Macrobrachium nipponense )养殖中期水体的理化环境、浮游植物种类组成和密度,并比较不同养殖模式对养殖环境的影响。结果显示:青虾养殖水体中,溶氧(DO)>8.44 mg/L、pH 7.91~9.26、总氮(TN)1.030~1.571 mg/L、总磷(TP)0.174~0.421 mg/L、高锰酸钾指数(COD Mn )4.39~8.16mg/L,说明青虾养殖水体具有DO和pH较高,N、P及有机质较低的特点。养殖水体内共观察到浮游植物64属/种,以蓝藻和绿藻为主,浮游植物多样性指数较高,群落结构较稳定;浮游植物密度为0.06×10^8~3.06×10^8个/L。RDA分析显示,水温、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2^--N)和COD Mn 是影响青虾养殖水体中优势浮游植物密度的主要环境因子。不同混养种类对青虾养殖水体理化指标和浮游植物具有一定的影响,但管理模式对环境因子的影响更显著。鉴于所调查的青虾养殖水体内pH和Ca 2+质量浓度低于青虾生长最适值及TP和COD Mn质量浓度升高会增加蓝藻水华暴发的风险,建议适当施加生石灰来提高养殖水体中的pH和Ca 2+质量浓度,并通过建立构建生态沟渠、生态塘等生态工程化设施控制养殖水体中TP和COD Mn的增加。     

深凹壳型香港牡蛎家系生长与存活性状比较

为了培育壳型和生长性状优良的深凹壳型香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)新品系,以广东台山镇海湾香港牡蛎野生群体为基础群体,以壳型和生长为主要选育目标,依据壳型指数D和巢式设计建立了30个全同胞家系和1个对照组,评估各家系和对照组在幼虫期和稚贝期的生长和存活性能。结果表明,整个生长阶段,各家系生长性状和存活率的平均值均高于对照组。幼虫期,所有家系壳高、生长速度以及存活率的平均值均高于对照组,所有家系壳高平均值比对照组提高3.78%～7.73%,生长速度提高7.86%,存活率提高2.85%～7.32%。稚贝期,所有家系壳高、壳长以及生长速度、存活率的平均值均高于对照组平均值,壳高提高5.23%～16.32%,壳长提高7.94%～10.69%,生长速度提高9.55%～20.16%,存活率提高3.45%～12.25%。不同家系在不同时期的生长性状和存活性能也表现出较大的差异,G1在整个稚贝期的生长性状、生长速度以及存活率的平均值均显著高于所有家系和对照组的平均值, 12月龄G1家系的壳高、壳长、壳宽、壳型指数D、总重、壳重、软体重、存活率比所有家系平均值提高9.83%～54.75%,相比对照组平均值提高23.34%～80.77%,同时G3、G10、G12、G15、G19、G23、G26在稚贝期也表现出较大的生长优势和存活优势。研究表明,深凹壳型香港牡蛎家系选育群体在生长性状和存活性能上均具有较大的优势, G1、G3、G10、G12、G15、G19、G23、G26可作为后期培育生长性能优良的深凹壳型香港牡蛎新品系的育种材料。本研究为中国华南地区培育出深凹壳型、生长性能良好的香港牡蛎优良品种提供了理论基础和数据材料。     

患铁虾综合征罗氏沼虾眼柄转录组研究

为探索罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)铁虾综合征(IPS)的分子机制,采用高通量测序平台(Illumina Hiseq-2500)分别对患IPS罗氏沼虾(IPS虾)和正常罗氏沼虾开展转录组测序,进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,高通量测序共获得56.42 G高质量数据,拼接后得到221 901条单基因序列(unigene),长度范围为201~30 985 bp,平均长度为1572 bp,N50长度为2867 bp,N90长度为646 bp。将单基因序列分别在Nr、Nt、Swissprot、KEGG、KOG、GO、PFAM数据库进行序列比对及功能注释,103 570条得到注释,其中,GO数据库注释到的单基因序列最多。差异表达分析显示,2003个基因在IPS虾眼柄中差异表达,包括1209个上调基因和794个下调基因,516个基因被注释到242条KEGG通路中,翻译、信号转导和免疫系统富集的差异基因数目最多。催乳素、雌激素、胰岛素、促性腺激素释放激素、胰高血糖素、催产素、谷氨酸能突触、血清素能突触等与生殖调控相关激素的代谢过程在IPS虾与正常虾眼柄之间存在差异。此外,一些已被证明在免疫反应中起重要作用的基因在IPS虾眼柄中显著上调,如血管内皮生长因子受体1、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂6、C型凝集素、芳基硫酸酯酶B、酚氧化酶原激活酶2a、组织蛋白酶B、组织蛋白酶L、甲壳类抗菌肽4等。同时,注释到溶酶体、吞噬体、抗原处理与呈递、细胞凋亡、内吞作用等多条与免疫相关的途径,支持近期研究得出的罗氏沼虾IPS与病原感染相关的结论。本研究为解析罗氏沼虾IPS的成因和分子机制提供了数据支撑。