辽豆10号高产栽培技术推广

辽宁省彰武县双庙乡农业技术推广站自2 0 0 0年开始推广种植辽豆 1 0号大豆品种 ,连续 3年的推广种植表明 ,该大豆品种适合彰武地区种植。特别是 2 0 0 0年 ,在发生了百年不遇的特大干旱、自然条件十分恶劣的条件下 ,66.7hm2 大豆平均产量仍达到 1 5 37.5kg/hm2 ,总产量达 1 0万kg ,总产值达 2 0万元 ,平均产值 30 0 0元 /hm2 ,当年仅从产值上看 ,比玉米增加近 1 35 0元 /hm2 。辽豆1 0号大豆品种在干旱年份也能表现出较好产量 ,深受农民欢迎。 2 0 0 1年彰武地区推广辽豆 1 0号2 0 0hm2 ,平均产量 1 95 0kg/hm2 ;2 0 0 2年再推广333.3hm2 ,…     

平江县发展良种茶园的调查报告

平江县地处湘东北 ,产茶历史悠久。 90年代以来 ,随着茶类结构的调整 ,开发具有本地特色的名优茶 ,良种茶种植面积不断扩大。目前 ,全县有茶园 3 3 3 3 hm2 ,2 0 0 1年总产干茶 1 2 90 t,总产值 1 3 2 1 .1万元。其中良种茶园 1 40 0 hm2 ,已经开采 40 0 hm2 ,产名优茶82 t,产值 73 8万元。每 667m2产名优茶 1 4kg产值 1 2 3 0元。良种茶园面积占茶园总面积的 42 % ,名优茶产值占茶叶产值的 56% ,是我县种植业中效益最高的产业。研制开发的“福寿毛尖”、“时丰银毫”、“连云山金针”先后被评为省、部级名茶。平江县的良种茶园蓬勃发展 ,名…     

菠菜—荷仁豆—棉花立体种植技术

经过多年探讨，我县蔡集镇摸索出一条菠菜—荷仁豆—棉花立体种植模式，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。该镇生产的日本强力菠菜和荷仁豆全部回收出口。据测算，强力菠菜每公顷产值一般可达９０００元左右，荷仁豆在正常年份，产值可达２．２５万元·ｈｍ－２左右，１９９８年由于全国大部分地区受灾，蔡集镇的荷仁豆每公顷产值平均达到６．７５万元，并涌现出一批产值突破９．０万元的大户。今年的棉花虽然前期受灾，价格下调，但每公顷产值一般仍在１．５万元以上。现将主要技术介绍如下：１　套种方法棉花基本收获结束时，在其小行内播…     

棉田高产高效种植模式及配套栽培技术

潜江市棉花生产围绕棉田高产高效这个中心,大量引进试种、试验、示范多种高效立体多熟制种植模式,筛选出几种适合潜江市推广应用的棉田高产高效种植模式,为农民增收,棉田增效开辟了一条行之有效的途径。1　棉田高产高效种植模式1 1棉花—西瓜模式1 1 1效益分析　常年种植面积150hm2左右,西瓜产量48150kg·hm-2,产值10590元,与麦套棉相比,油(麦)瓜棉每公顷平均增收8070元,增74 3%。1 1 2种植方式　小麦—西瓜—棉花:厢宽3m,秋播两幅小麦,幅宽0 6m;中间留瓜行0 8m,窝距0 4～0 5m,密度7500穴·hm-2左右;两边预留棉行1m(含沟),各栽一行棉花,株距…     

稻田春玉米间大豆种植模式及技术要点

为了改善粮食结构单一 ,稻田效益低下的状况 ,笔者于 2 0 0 1年在岳阳县筻口镇开展了 16 5 hm2连片稻田春玉米间大豆示范 ,取得了预期的效果。1　效益分析根据测产调查 ,每公顷玉米产量 4 12 5 kg,产值4 95 0元 ,大豆产量 975 kg,产值 2 145元 ,合计产值为70 95元 ,扣除直接生产成本 2 5 4 1元 ,每公顷纯收入4 5 5 4元 ,比种植早稻增加产值 2 6 85元 ,增加纯收入2 4 18元 ,增收效果明显。另外 ,该种植模式还具有良好的生态效益和开发效益。一是实行水旱轮作 ,用地养地结合、高秆与矮秆作物搭配 ,充分合理地利用了温、光、土等资源 ,有效地改…     

麦田春套黄豆辣椒棉花高效模式栽培技术

1模式特点麦—黄豆—辣椒—棉花春季三套一年四熟的高效种植新模式 ,是我市刊江办事处棉农陈连云于2 0 0 0年探索出的 ,将传统的春套两季作物增加为三季是该模式的创新。经过近两年的小面积示范 ,该模式表现出三个特点 :一是效益较高。两年平均公顷产值 390 30元 ,纯收入 341 0 5元 ,其中黄豆荚公顷产量 480 0 kg,产值 960 0元 ,纯收入 90 75元 ;辣椒公顷产量 1 35 0 0 kg,产值 1 4 85 0元 ,纯收入 1 2 960元 ;小麦公顷产量 2 85 0 kg,产值 2 2 80元 ,纯收入1 870元 ,皮棉公顷产量 1 4 2 5 kg,产值 1 2 30 0元 ,纯收入 1 0 2 0 0元。二是产…     

甘肃省棉花产业发展的问题及对策

1棉花产业发展现状1 .1“九五”全省棉花产业持续、稳定发展2 0 0 0年全省棉花种植面积 3.5万 hm2 ,皮棉总产量 5 .75万吨 ,比 1 996年的 2 .0万 hm2 、2 .5 7万吨分别增长 74.2 3%和 1 2 3.74%。2 0 0 1年又有了大的发展 ,面积达到 5 .7万 hm2 ,总产达到 9.90万吨 ,比 2 0 0 0年分别增长 64.95 %和 72 .1 7% ,创历史最高水平。1 .2种棉效益增加2 0 0 1年 7个产棉大县棉花产值 (按现行价格计算 )达到 8.5 5亿元 (含棉子产值 1 .0 5亿元 ) ,占种植业产值的 2 7.5 8% ;棉区农民人均从棉花产业中获得纯收入 60 0多元 ,占农民人均纯收入的近五分…     

马铃薯稻草覆盖免耕免挖栽培技术

马铃薯是高产粮食作物,目前大薯块主要用作蔬菜,小薯块用作饲料,薯苗用作肥料。我县马铃薯出产期多为3至4月,正值本地蔬菜淡季,又与北方马铃薯出产期9月至10月错开,本地及广东市场需要量大,销售顺畅,价格平稳,前景广阔。2001年,我县马铃薯面积2470hm2,总产37925t,其中稻田马铃薯413.3hm2,每公顷产量21720kg,产值13032元,纯收入5052元,比种植早籼稻增加产值6432元,增加纯收入4107元,比种植大豆增加产值9000元,增加纯收入4005元,比种植甘薯增加产值3960元,增加纯收入2610元,比种植玉米增加产值3085元,增加纯收入1915元。2002年春,收获稻田…     

油菜-西瓜-辣椒-棉花高效模式栽培技术

潜江市地处江汉平原腹地 ,常年植棉 2万hm2 ,皮棉总产 2 .5万吨 ,是国家优质棉基地和产棉大市。1 999～ 2 0 0 2年 ,在渔洋镇成功示范了“油菜—西瓜—辣椒—棉花”高效模式 ,面积 5 0 0万 hm2 ,占该镇棉田面积 1 3.1 % ,取得了公顷产值近 7万元 ,纯收入超过 5万元的好收益。现就该模式的经济效益和主要栽培技术介绍如下 :1经济效益油菜每公顷产 1 430 kg,收入 2 345元 ;西瓜每公顷产 5 5 0 5 0 kg,收入 2 862 6元 ;辣椒每公顷产35 4 0 0 kg,收入 2 690 4元 ;皮棉每公顷产 1 1 40 kg,产值 1 1 993元。每公顷合计产 1 1 40 kg,产值 1 1 993元…     

Ⅱ优3229特征特性及作烟后稻高产栽培技术初探

烟后稻是尤溪县溪尾乡的主要稻作类型,近几年在上级技术部门的指导下,引进杂交稻新组合进行烟后稻高产栽培技术研究、示范与推广.2004年以来年平均种植烟一稻两熟面积达29 hm2以上,年平均产值达3 200元/667m2,比种植双季稻可增加产值1 400元/667m2,2004-2008年5 a累计推广烟后稻面积150 hm2,每年建立中心示范片7 hm2.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.