光照和沙埋对沙生针茅种子萌发与幼苗出土的影响

为了对沙生针茅种子萌发特征和休眠机理的研究,采用种子萌发学和实验生态学方法,研究了不同光照、划破种（果）皮及切除不同比例胚乳对种子萌发的影响和模拟野外条件对不同沙埋深度幼苗出土的影响。结果表明：黑暗条件下种子萌发率显著高于光条件下;移走胚乳75%时,种子萌发最快;不同沙埋深度以0.5 cm的浅层沙埋时的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率最高而休眠率最低;沙埋超过2 cm后,种子萌发率、幼苗出土率与沙埋深度呈负相关,休眠率随着沙埋深度的增加而增加。说明沙生针茅种子为休眠型暗条件萌发类型。人工播种应以0.5~2 cm深度为宜。     

Photobiologische Unkrautregulierung annueller Ackerunkräuter

Photocontrol of weed germination of arable annual weeds Field studies were conducted to test the effect of light during soil tillage on the emergence of common weed species. Soil tillage was conducted at night or during daylight. In 20 out of a total of 23 field experiments, weed density after nighttime tillage was reduced compared to conventional daytime tillage. The average reduction of weed density attributable to photocontrol was 28.4 %. Results of field trials in the literature suggest that the emergence of Chenopodium album, Matricaria species and Stellaria media is especially reduced by nighttime tillage practices, but photocontrol had almost no effect on the emergence of Galium aparine and Polygonum convolvulus. The level of reduction of weed emergence after nighttime tillage was very variable. Important factors affecting this variation were: (1) the different light sensitivities of weed species, (2) the different light sensitivities of populations within one species, (3) the dormancy status of the seeds in a natural seed bank, and (4) the variation of light sensitivity of seeds.     

Genetic analysis of pre-harvest sprouting in a durum wheat cross

Pre-harvest sprouting of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) reduces commercial grade, although the actual effects on processing quality are controversial. Little is known about the genetics of the dormancy component of pre-harvest sprouting resistance in durum. We studied the segregation of dormancy in 98 recombinant inbred lines from a cross of a relatively non-dormant line, CI13102, with a moderately dormant line, Kyle. The lines and parents were grown in field tests over three years, 1996, 1997 and 1998. Spikes were collected at approximately 20% moisture and stored at −23 ∘C. Hand-threshed grain of the lines was germinated, and number of seeds germinated was counted each day. A germination resistance index was calculated to characterize dormancy. Dormancy appeared to be complexly inherited in this cross. Lines were observed that were significantly (P < 0.05) more dormant than the parents. The lines transgressive for dormancy expressed in different combinations of the three environments, indicating an environmental interaction. DNA of lines and parents was tested with simple sequence repeat primers and AFLPs that were used in quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of dormancy. Significant QTLs for dormancy were found, with the most notable being on chromosome 1A, where other QTLs for pre-harvest sprouting resistance have been reported in common wheat.     

Inheritance of Seed Dormancy in Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum)

The genetics of chill-related seed dormancy, exhibited by a lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) genotype native to North America, was investigated. Less than 1 % of the seeds germinated by direct hydration at 20°C, while full germination (98%) was attained by chilling imbibed seeds, for at least 11 days, at 3°C, before transferring them to 20°C. The inheritance of seed dormancy was analyzed in F₁, BC₁, and F₂, populations, derived from mating between a normal non-chill-requiring genotype (P₁) and the above chill-requiring genotype (P₂). F₁ seeds, of both reciprocals, and BC₁ (P₁) seeds were all non-dormant. The proportion of seed dormancy in F₂ and BC, (P₂) was 0.06 and 0.68, respectively. The inheritance model proposed includes six diallelic loci with cumulative effects, in which the presence of at least nine ‘dormancy-conferring’ alleles is necessary for inducing phenotypic seed dormancy. Possible implications of inherent seed dormancy on the utilization of native lisianthus germplasm for breeding are discussed.     

Germination Responses of Cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) to Temperature and Sowing Depth: A Crop Growing Under Extreme Conditions

Cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) is grown in the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru, between 3810 and 4200 m a.s.l. Rural indigenous households have cultivated the cañahua as a subsistence crop for millennia. The seeds have a high content and quality of protein. We studied the relation between the following: (i) temperature and seed germination and (ii) the effect of temperature and sowing depth on seedling emergence of five cultivars and one landrace. Three experiments were conducted as follows: (i) seeds of a cultivar were germinated in Petri dishes at six temperatures (3, 5, 10, 14, 20 and 24 °C), (ii) sown at five depths (0, 5, 10, 25 and 50 mm) in a mixed peat soil substrate at three temperatures and (iii) one landrace (Lasta) and 5 cultivars (Lasta and Saihua growth habit) were sown in 6 depth (0, 5, 10, 25, 35 and 50 mm) in a sandy loam at two temperatures (5 and 15 °C). Temperature had significantly effect on the germination percentages of the plants (P < 0.001). Seeds germinated at the lowest temperature (3 °C). The estimated base temperature was close to 0 °C. A polynomial function described well the relation between time to 50% germination (t₅₀) and temperature in the interval from 3 to 24 °C resulting in a linear relationship between germination rate and temperature. Shallow sowing depth (5–25 mm) resulted in 80% germination at 15 °C. There were significant differences of emergence in relationship to burial depth (P < 0.001). Only few seedlings emerged when seeds were sown at 50 mm depth. We did not find significant differences in emergence of seedlings between Lasta and Saihua at 15 °C. Nevertheless, at 5 °C, seedlings of cañahua belonging to the Lasta growth habit form did have higher germination rate as were shown for the Kullaca cultivar and the Umacutama landrace. This may be attributed to larger seed size of these cultivars.     

The effects of cis-trans ABA on embryo germination and seed dormancy in wheat

Pre-harvest sprouting of wheat grain can cause economic losses especially in cultivars with low levels of seed dormancy. The aim of this study was to determine genotype differences in embryo sensitivity to germination in response to exogenous (+/–) cis-trans ABA treatments at different concentrations. Six white and four red seed-colored bread wheat genotypes that differed in dormancy were grown in a field near Swift Current, Saskatchewan in 2000 as a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The seed samples from this experiment were germinated in a controlled environment at 20 °C without light. The exogenous ABA treatments were 0 μM – whole seed (control), 0 μM-embryos, 25 μM – embryos and 50 μM – embryos. The ABA experiment was a factorial design with four randomized complete blocks with four ABA treatments in all combinations with the ten genotypes. A weighted (by day) germination index (WGI) was calculated for each genotype in each ABA treatment. Genotypes differed in response to ABA. The genotypes, ABA concentration and genotype by ABA concentration interaction effects were significant (p ≤ 0.05). Excised embryos showed significantly decreased dormancy in most of the experimental genotypes. The addition of exogenous ABA enhanced embryo dormancy of most genotypes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Germination ecology of nutraceutical herbs for agronomic perspectives

The growing need for nutraceutical foods has elicited increasing interest in the herbs traditionally used for ethnobotanical purposes. Their richness in antioxidants inspired this research, which is aimed at cultivating them as crops. Sixteen wild species of crucial interest as food were studied in term of seed propagation. The frequent dormancy was reduced or removed by physical, or physiological seed treatments in laboratory experiments in Petri dishes. However, their direct field sowing, in spring and autumn, did not show the same performance in spite of the efficacy of the treatments. This specially occurs in the case of species with very small seeds suggesting a burial involvement of this soil-mediated inhibition. This inhibition was markedly lower after greenhouse sowing in a soft substrate (peat–pearlite) confirming the hypothesis that the soil acts (via hypoxia) as a crucial obstacle to germination. The study of the emergence reduction by a slight burial (1 cm), compared to unburied germination, allowed to evaluate, for each species, the burial-mediated inhibition. After the 1000 seed weight measurement a relation between these two parameters (burial inhibition and seed weight) was fitted. A polynomial regression confirmed the inverse relationship between seed weight and burial-mediated inhibition showing the remarkable burial-intolerance of very small seeds. Consequently the greenhouse sowing in substrate appears the most suitable agronomic strategy overall for food herbs characterized by little seeds. Critical issues are discussed regarding these weeds becoming real nutraceutical crops.     

2种雀稗属牧草种子休眠机理及其破除方法研究

以2种雀稗属牧草种子为材料,从种子的吸水性、浸提液活性的生物测定和GA3、ETH、IAA等外源激素浸泡处理等角度,研究2种雀稗属牧草种子休眠机理及破除方法.结果表明:1)2种雀稗属牧草种子生活力均达到92.2％以上,但发芽率较低.宽叶雀稗和巴哈雀稗的发芽率分别仅为59.3％和10.0％,都具有明显的休眠现象.2)2种雀稗属牧草种子的种皮均不限制种子吸水,但巴哈雀稗种子种皮对种子萌发有机械障碍.3)2种雀稗属牧草种子浸提液对白菜种子及自身萌发具有明显的抑制作用,说明2种雀稗属牧草种子内源抑制物含量较高.可知,宽叶雀稗种子休眠属于生理休眠,巴哈雀稗种子休眠属于综合休眠.4)GA3、IAA、ETH、H2SO4及复合处理对宽叶雀稗种子萌发均有不同程度的抑制作用.GA3、H2SO4及复合处理对巴哈雀稗种子萌发有促进作用.H2SO4处理5 min巴哈雀稗种子效果最佳,可提高发芽率35.3％.     

Seed priming improves germination in saline conditions for Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus caudatus

Seed priming has proved to be an effective method in imparting stress tolerance to plants using natural and/or synthetic compounds to treat the seeds before germination. The present work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of priming treatments in seeds of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus caudatus to improve germination under NaCl. Species‐specific protocols for seed hydropriming and osmopriming were established by germinating seeds under different water potentials and creating seed imbibition curves. Primed seeds were then germinated under different concentrations of NaCl, and the effect of priming was analysed based on the parameters, such as final germination percentage (FGP), germination index (GI) and mean germination time (MGT). Seed hydropriming and osmopriming caused significant improvements in germination velocity and uniformity, reflected in high FGP, high GI and reduced MGT under salinity. C. quinoa had a higher tolerance to salinity than A. caudatus during seed germination. Improved germination in salinity resulted from osmopriming seeds with solutions of low water potential for A. caudatus, while for C. quinoa, this effect was achieved from hydropriming and osmopriming seeds with solutions of high water potential. Primed tolerance to moderate salinity was achieved for A. caudatus, and for both species, the salinity threshold for germination to occur was slightly broadened.     

Evolution of weed beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seed bank: Quantification of seed survival,dormancy, germination and pre-emergence growth

Weed beet is an important weed of sugar beet crops. Weed and cropped beets can cross easily and the management of weed beet is therefore crucial in the case of the advent of GM sugar beet, especially herbicide-tolerant cultivars, in order to ensure the co-existence of GM and non-GM crops and to avoid the appearance of herbicide-resistant weed beet. The inability of weed beet to compete in most other crops of the rotation makes the seed bank evolution a crucial stage of the life-cycle because in the rotation, sugar beet is at the most cultivated only every 3 years. The present study used seed burial experiments and laboratory analyses to characterise each step of the evolution of the weed beet seed bank and the external factors that could modify seed persistence in the soil. A monthly seed mortality of 10% was observed between October and December, while mortality was nil during the other seasons. Equations were then developed to describe the observed seasonal variations in seed survival. Seed dormancy also varied with season: the proportion of non-dormant seeds increased during winter (appearance of secondary dormancy) and decreased during the remaining seasons (loss of dormancy). In addition, the germinating seeds decreased with seed age and seed depth, while the presence of light stimulated germination. These observations were also translated into equations. Last, the pre-emergence hypocotyl growth and its variability were studied according to seed age, but no significant effect was observed. The results confirm the importance of the effects of cropping system on the evolution of the weed seed bank, especially the effect of soil tillage, which determines the date and conditions of seed burial, seed excavation and germination stimulation.     

多花黄精种子结构与休眠及萌发的关系研究

本实验主要针对多花黄精种子的形态学结构、内含物等进行研究,使用机械法去除种皮及化学试剂去除种皮束缚,以探究多花黄精种子结构及其休眠类型与萌发之间的关系。结果表明,多花黄精种子粒径大小为(3.950±0.422)mm×(3.683±0.404)mm。鲜种子千粒重为(25.036±2.117)g,生活力为(83.33±5.51)%,鲜种子含水量为(45.29±2.76)%,种子吸水4 d后可达饱和;10%硫酸处理种子1 min为最佳处理方式,可有效打破休眠状态,并提高萌发率。     

Effects of Thermal and Salt Treatments during Imbibition on Germination and Seedling Growth of Sorghum at 42/19 °C

This investigation tested the influence of thermal treatment of seeds at various stages of imbibition on the germination percentage, speed and growth response of seeds and seedlings. Seeds of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L Moench) were treated in 2, 4 or 6 g NaCl l^?1 solutions and exposed for 2 h to 45 °C during the first, second or third days of imbibition. Thereafter, the seeds were dried and germinated at 42/19 °C (day/night temperature). Salt treatments did not improve the final germination percentage but increased germination speed over untreated seeds. The higher the salt concentration used, the greater the dry weights of plumules and radicles. Thermal treatment on the third day of imbibition yielded higher germination percentages than untreated seeds, while thermal treatment on the second day gave faster germination. Both the second and third day thermal treatments gave superior germination indices and higher plumule‐to‐radicle ratios. It is concluded that thermal treatment may assist in acclimating seeds to heat stress.     

In vitro germination and viability of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) pollen

An in vitro method for the germination of common buckwheat pollen was developed. Pollen grains were successfully germinated in an artificial medium consisting of 0.2 g each of MnSO₄, Ca(NO₃)2.4H₂O and KNO₃, 0.04 g H₃BO₃, 15 g sucrose and 30 g polyethylene glycol (molecular weight approximately 20,000) dissolved in 100 ml of double distilled water. The viability of pollen was assessed by in vivo and in vitro germination tests at 20 °C and 25 °C over a 38 h time period. Pollen grains were collected and germinated at 4 h intervals from freshly harvested flowers grown under 16 h day length and a constant temperature. Maximum pollen viability was found 2 h and 6 h after first light when plants were maintained at 25 °C and 20 °C, respectively. Viability, as measured by germination percentage, was similar at both temperature regimes. Some pollen remained viable for approximately 34 to 38 h in intact flowers, but all pollen lost viability in less than an hour when stored at room temperature without humidity control. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

广西绞股蓝种子休眠与萌发特性研究

对广西绞股蓝种子进行了生活力测定、发芽试验、吸水率测定及离体胚萌发试验,并对广西绞股蓝种子进行酸碱处理、低温层积和干藏处理、GA₃和6-BA溶液处理,探讨不同的处理对广西绞股蓝种子萌发的影响。结果表明新鲜广西绞股蓝种子的活力高达98%,但在6个恒温和1个变温条件下,其萌发率最高仅为11.7%,说明广西绞股蓝具有明显的休眠现象。种子吸水性测定结果表明,广西绞股蓝种皮限制种子吸水,离体胚萌发实验证实广西绞股蓝种子的胚在离体条件下没有休眠现象,说明种皮障碍是导致广西绞股蓝种子休眠的主要原因。低温层积不能解除广西绞股蓝种子的休眠,而干藏则会导致种子内部失水,从而导致种子生活力降低。浓硫酸和不同浓度的NaOH溶液处理均不能打破种子的休眠,仅6-BA溶液处理对4℃层积后的种子萌发起到一定的促进作用。     

Genetic variation for secondary seed dormancy and seed longevity in a set of black‐seeded European winter oilseed rape cultivars

Secondary seed dormancy in oilseed rape is a phenomenon that allows seeds to survive in the soil for many years without germination. Following soil cultivation, dormant seeds may germinate in subsequent years, and they are the main reason for the occurrence of volunteer oilseed rape plants in successive crops. Inheritance of secondary dormancy may be related to seed longevity (SL) in the soil. Genetic reduction in secondary dormancy and SL could provide a mean to reduce the frequency of volunteer plants and especially the dispersal of transgenic oilseed rape. The aim of the present study was to analyse secondary dormancy, germination rate and SL of 28 black‐seeded winter oilseed rape cultivars using in vitro laboratory tests. The material was tested in field experiments at six different locations in Germany in 2008/2009. Significant effects of the genotype and the location on all traits were found. Heritability was high for secondary dormancy (0.97) and moderate for germination rate (0.70) and SL (0.71). Results indicate that a selection for low secondary dormancy would be effective.     

Difference of optimum germination temperature of seeds of intact and dehusked japonica rice during seed development

The effects of incubation temperature on germination of intact and dehusked japonica rice that had been harvested every 5 days from 10 days after anthesis (DAA) to 70 DAA were surveyed. At 30 ^°C incubation, the germination percentage of intact seeds at 25 DAA exceeded that of dehusked seeds. This tendency persisted until 65 DAA, when around 95% of both intact and dehusked seeds germinated. Germination percentages of intact seeds incubated at 20 ^°C were lower than seeds incubated at 30 ^°C for all DAA. However, germination percentages of dehusked seeds incubated at 20 ^°C were consistently higher than at 30 ^°C. Germination percentages of intact and dehusked seeds were similar at 20 ^°C incubation. Germination of intact seeds under 34/11 ^°C (16/8 h) was higher than at 30 ^°C. In contrast, germination of dehusked seeds under 34/11 ^°C (16/8 h) was lower than at 30°C. Inhibitory effects of removing husk on germination were observed from 15 to 70 DAA. Almost all of the intact seeds at 45 DAA germinated when imbibed 35, 30 and 25 ^°C, and germination percentages decreased with decreasing incubation temperatures from 20 to 15 ^°C. By contrast, germination percentage of dehusked seeds was highest in 20 ^°C incubation temperature; further increase or decrease of incubation temperature reduced germination percentage. The optimum germination temperature of intact and dehusked seeds of japonica rice differs during seed formation, such that the extent of germination inhibition by husk removal depends on the incubation temperature.     

多花黄精种子萌发过程的形态和解剖研究

为解除多花黄精种子休眠、促进种子萌发,利用Nikon-SMZ 800体式显微镜观察多花黄精种子不同萌发时期的外观形态,采用石蜡切片法将多花黄精种子特殊部位制成切片,在Olympus-BX 61光学显微镜下观察其解剖结构,探究多花黄精种子萌发过程中的形态变化及解剖特征。结果表明,1)多花黄精种子萌发过程可分为:刚采摘、未萌发、刚萌发、小球茎形成、初生根茎形成和出苗6个阶段;2)成熟的多花黄精种子,其胚未分化出明显的子叶、胚芽和胚根,随着种子的萌发而分化成成熟胚;3)多花黄精种子的萌发伴随着胚乳的降解;4)多花黄精种子同时存在生理休眠和形态休眠,具有形态生理休眠特性。     

积雪处理和室内干燥贮藏对6种荒漠植物种子活力的影响

以古尔班通古沙漠6种荒漠植物种子为材料,以同期收获室内干藏种子为对照,研究了3种积雪处理对其种子活力的影响.结果表明,积雪处理造成灰绿藜和驼绒藜种子萌发率显著下降,且导致积雪处理后灰绿藜未萌发种子丧失活力而死亡,诱导驼绒藜未萌发种子部分进入休眠并造成一定数量种子丧失活力;对雾冰藜和驼绒藜种子萌发率影响不显著,未诱导2种植物未萌发种子进入休眠或造成种子死亡;未能解除小车前和亚麻芥种子休眠,但能使大多数未萌发种子保持活力.     

Establishment of reliable methods of in vitro pollen germination and pollen preservation of Brassica rapa (syn. B. campestris)

A simple and reliable method for evaluating the viability of Brassica pollen was established in which the in vitro germination rate of pollen was adopted as the index of the viability of pollen grains. Pollen grains were preincubated in an atmosphere in which the relative humidity (RH) was fixed to 52% or 66% at 20 °C for 5 hours. They were cultured for 16 hours at 25 °C in a liquid Kwack's medium (1964) supplemented with 20% sucrose, and the pH was adjusted to 8.0. They were then observed under a microscope and the number of germinating and unchanged pollen grains were counted. The germination rate of pollen was improved and stabilized by preincubation and the use of a high pH medium. More than 90% of the freshly harvested pollen grains of Brassica rapa (syn. B. campestris) germinated constantly in these conditions Undehisced anthers were collected from flowers at anthesis and dehydrated by incubation at 20 °C for 16–24 hours in an atmosphere where the RH was fixed to 15% or 32%. They were put into a plastic vial and preserved in a freezer at -20 °C. The germination percentage of the preserved pollen was scored at intervals during preservation. The germination rate of the pollen grains preserved at -20°C for 1 year was higher than 50% and the pollen proved to be efficient for seed set. Most of the seeds germinated normally. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

浓硫酸与沸水浸泡对厚荚相思种子离体萌发的影响

厚英相思种子是硬实性种子,本试验采用浓硫酸与沸水浸泡处理方法打破其休眠.结果表明,浓硫酸25min 沸水浸泡20min的处理方法最好,萌发率可达95%;浓硫酸与沸水浸泡相结合的处理方法对种子的萌发率、萌发整齐度均优于单独用浓硫酸处理或沸水浴处理,而异状萌发率、腐烂率也较低.该处理方法对提高其它相思类的种子萌发率有参考价值.